Cookbook:Cream
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Cream is a high-fat liquid dairy product derived from milk before homogenization.[1] The terms cream or creme are also used to refer to a variety of substances of thick high-fat products, such as chocolate cream, coconut cream, or whipped cream.
Varieties
editCreams differ primarily in their fat content.[2][3][4] The English-speaking world generally recognizes the following grades of cream:[1][3][5][6]
Characteristics
editCream is produced by separating milk into low-fat and high-fat parts. Unhomogenized milk will separate naturally when left to sit,[3][9] a process that takes about 24 hours to complete.[13] Modern manufacturers use a centrifuge to speed up the separation process.[2][3][9] The finished cream may then be homogenized,[2] which will prevent it from separating further, and pasteurized, which reduces microbial growth.[1][11]
Like milk, cream has a very mild flavor, with higher fat content increasing the depth of flavor. Unpasteurized cream left to separate at room temperature will become slightly fermented, giving it a more complex and "buttery" flavor; however, cream that is quickly centrifuged and pasteurized has a much milder flavor.[13]
Most of the specialized characteristics of cream versus milk are determined by the fat content.[11] For example, all creams are off-white in color, since the fat carries fat-soluble yellow pigments.[1][10] The more of these pigments the animal gets in its diet and the more fat in the cream, the yellower the cream will be. Because butterfat is largely solid at or below room temperature, cream is thicker than milk, and higher-fat creams are thicker than lower-fat ones.[1] The tiny fat droplets distributed in the milk give it a very silky and smooth texture without feeling greasy,[11][2] and if the cream is unhomogenized, the fat will slowly separate out and form a thicker layer at the surface.[11] Creams with a fat content of 30–50% can be whipped to a foam, making whipped cream.[8][5] Due to the interference between fat and protein, heavier creams are less susceptible to curdling than milk is, and both heavy and double cream can be simmered.[2][11]
There is often a trade-off between cream shelf life and whipping properties. Ultrapasteurization extends a cream's lifespan, and homogenization prevents it from separating; however, both of these processes make cream more difficult to whip.[9][5] Sometimes, these creams have additional stabilizers added to compensate for this fact.[1][6][10]
Selection and storage
editCream grading aside, if you want to know exactly how much fat is in your cream, take a look at the nutritional information[8]—these will help you predict its properties. Cream is perishable and must be stored in the fridge. Pasteurized cream lasts a week or two, and ultrapasteurized cream lasts for several.[5] Do not freeze cream.[1] Additionally, keep it in a sealed container away from light to prevent the development of off odors and flavors.[1][9]
Use
editLiquid cream can be processed to form a variety of products. Sour cream is cream (>18% milkfat) that has been cultured with lactic acid bacteria. This produces a sour taste and thickens the cream. Crème fraîche is similarly cultured with bacteria, but it is not as sour or as thick as American sour cream. Mexican crema (or cream espesa) is similar to crème fraîche. Cream with a milkfat content greater than 30% can be turned into whipped cream. Churning cream causes the fat droplets to aggregate and make butter.
In cooking, cream's fat helps deepen and carry flavor, and it provides richness and body.[1][2] In savory preparations, cream can be added to soups and sauces—usually heavier creams are used here,[4][14] since light cream is sensitive to heat and can curdle easily if cooked and/or combined with acidic ingredients.[2][11] Both lighter and heavier creams are used in patisserie, either in liquid or whipped form.[2][5][11][15] They may also be added to beverages for richness.[1][11]
Substitution
editCreams with a high fat content can be easily diluted with milk to substitute for a lower-fat cream.[11] The exact amounts to use can be easily determined using a mixture calculation. Some non-dairy cream substitutes exist, depending on what you're using the cream for. For example, coconut cream can be reasonably whipped, and non-dairy milks can have stabilizers and fat added so they have some of the same properties as cream.
Recipes
editReferences
edit- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Labensky, Sarah; Martel, Priscilla; Damme, Eddy Van (2015-01-06). On Baking: A Textbook of Baking and Pastry Fundamentals, Updated Edition. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-13-388675-7.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Farrimond, Stuart (2017-09-19). The Science of Cooking: Every question answered to perfect your cooking. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-4654-7079-9.
- ↑ a b c d Friberg, Bo (2016-09-13). The Professional Pastry Chef: Fundamentals of Baking and Pastry. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-46629-2.
- ↑ a b c d Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2012-04-11). The Culinarian: A Kitchen Desk Reference. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-544-18603-3.
- ↑ a b c d e f Goldstein, Darra (2015). The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-931339-6.
- ↑ a b Gisslen, Wayne (2016-09-21). Professional Baking. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-14844-9.
- ↑ a b The Culinary Institute of America (CIA) (2015-02-25). Baking and Pastry: Mastering the Art and Craft. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-92865-3.
- ↑ a b c d Wolke, Robert L. (2011-01-12). What Einstein Told His Cook 2: The Sequel: Further Adventures in Kitchen Science. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-07982-1.
- ↑ a b c d e f Amendola, Joseph; Rees, Nicole (2003-01-03). Understanding Baking: The Art and Science of Baking. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-44418-3.
- ↑ a b c d Figoni, Paula I. (2010-11-09). How Baking Works: Exploring the Fundamentals of Baking Science. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-39267-6.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Gibson, Mark (2018-01-04). Food Science and the Culinary Arts. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-811817-7.
- ↑ The Chefs of Le Cordon Bleu (2011-12-02). Le Cordon Bleu Patisserie and Baking Foundations. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-4390-5713-1.
- ↑ a b Davidson, Alan (2014-01-01). Jaine, Tom (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-967733-7.
- ↑ Gisslen, Wayne (2015-03-12). Essentials of Professional Cooking, 2nd Edition. Wiley Global Education. ISBN 978-1-119-03072-0.
- ↑ Stamm, Mitch (2011-07-01). The Pastry Chef's Apprentice: An Insider's Guide to Creating and Baking Sweet Confections and Pastries, Taught by the Masters. Quarry Books. ISBN 978-1-61058-027-4.