Lombard/Prepositions and prepositional locutions

The reference orthography for this page of Lombard course is New Lombard orthography

List of prepositions

Prepositions are words used to relate nouns or phrases. The prepositions are listed below (the list is made in the Milanese dialect, but the possible variants in the different dialects are indicated in the tables), their use will be explained in the following paragraphs.

de Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA de MI /de/ da Br TI /da/ a Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA a MI /a/ in Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA in MI /ĩː/ con Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA con MI /cũː/ in su Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA in su MI /ĩːˈsy/ in soeu Lagh /ĩːˈsø/ soeu BG /sø/ per Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA per MI /per/ par Lagh /par/ intra Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA intra MI /ˈĩːtra/ infra MI /ˈĩːfra/ vers Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA vers MI /'vɛrs/ invers MI /ĩːˈvɛrs/ che Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA che MI /ke/ ca VA /ka/ come Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA come MI /ˈkume/

sora Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA sora MI /'sura/ sota Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA sota MI /'sɔta/ oltra Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA oltra MI /ˈultra/ olter MI /ˈulter/ voltra MI /ˈvultra/ pu Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA pu MI /ˈpy/ asca Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA asca MI /ˈaska/ second Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA second MI /ˌseˈkũːt/ segond MI /ˌseˈɡũːt/ senza Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA senza MI /ˈsẽːsa/ amalastant Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA amalastant MI /amalaˈstãːt/ condemanch Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA condemanch MI /kũːdeˈmaŋk/ entro Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA entro MI /ˈentro/

In addition to the prepositions, there are locutions that play the role of prepositions (prepositional locutions), they will be seen in the following paragraphs (in milanese dialect; to know the dialectal variants, please refer to the consultation of Lombard language Wiktionary).

Prepositions to connect sentences

As will be said about the Construction of the sentence there are cases in which the sentences can be connected each other through prepositions, followed by a verb in the infinitive.

We can classify the following cases:

• sentences with gerundial complement
• sentences of purpose
• consecutive sentences
• sentences of deprivation
• sentences of necessity or convenience

Another use is the one of the verbs with servile function governed by Preposition, dealt with in the module about servile verbs

Sentences with gerundial complement

For these sentences, see the module about gerundive complements

Sentences of purpose

They are subordinate sentences that specify the purpose for which what is described in the main sentence is done. Can be introduced:

• by the Preposition "de" if the subordinate clause specifies the specific purpose for which the subject of the main clause is intended.

Example:

La firlaforla l’è l’arnes de fà i bus in del mur. (dialect: MI )

(The drill is the tool for making holes in the wall)

• by the preposition "per" in all cases of purpose sentences, the alternative use to the preposition "de" seen above is also possible.

Example:

A son scapad via per minga fàss ciapà. (dialect: MI )

(I fled to don't get caught)

La firlaforla l’è l’arnes per fà i bus in del mur. (dialect: MI )

(The drill is it is the tool for making holes in the wall)

• by the prepositional locution "cont el fin de" (alternative to per when you want to emphasize that something has been designed by paying attention to the achievement of a certain purpose)

Example:

La Noeuva Ortografia Lombarda l’è on'ortografia cont el fin de ciapà dent tute I variante locai de la lengua lombarda.

The New Lombard orthography is a spelling in order to understand all the local variants of the Lombard language.

Consecutive sentences

They are subordinate sentences that represent the consequence of the action specified in the main sentence It is constructed by inserting adverbs such as "tant", "inscì", "assee" in the main clause and introducing the secondary clause with the Preposition "de":

Example:

L'è stad tant svelt de finì in cinch minut. (dialect: MI )

(It was quick enough to finish in five minutes)

L'hà caminad inscì tant de stracàss (dialect: MI )

(He walked so much that he got tired)

Sentences of deprivation

They are subordinate sentences that represent an action that has not been performed. The secondary clause is introduced by the Preposition "senza":

Example:

He worked without eating. (dialect: MI )

(Lù l’ha lavorad senza mangià)

Sentences of necessity or convenience

They are subordinate clauses that represent an action that is necessary or convenient to do. The secondary clause is introduced by the Preposition "de": The verb of the main clause is vessegh (vesser + adverbial particle "ghe") or havégh

Example:

A gh'è nagot de di (dialect: MI )

(There is nothing to say)

(A) gh'hoo nagot de fà (dialect: MI )

(I have nothing to do)

....

Preposition to connect nouns

Prepositions and prepositional locutions of time

Preposition	+ article?	Usage / meaning / complement	Example	Example in English
(none Preposition)	NO	fixed time - days of the week (unusual action)	lunedì	on Monday
	NO	fixed time - days of the week and phase of the day (unusual action)	lunedì matina	on Monday morning
	YES	fixed time - dates	el 15 de sgiugn	on June 15th
de	NO	fixed time - days of the week (usual action)	de lunedì	on Monday
	NO	fixed time - some expressions	De 'sti di	these days
	NO	fixed time - seasons of the year	d'estad	in summer
	YES / NO → as the preposition "a" for a specific time	continued time; means "starting from", "since"	Son stad 'dree a lavorà di vot ore de la matina	I've been working since eight o'clock in the morning
a	NO	fixed time - particular public holiday	a Natal	at Christmas
	YES	fixed time - hours	ai vundes hours	at eleven
	YES	fixed time - ahead of an expression that indicates a particular moment	a la fin de la sgiornada	at the end of the day
de ... a	YES	continued time - time extremes of a time interval	dalla mattina alla sera	from morning to evening
de ... con	YES	continued time - time extremes of a time interval only in the expression "d'on dì con l'alter" and similar	d'on ann con l’alter	from year to year
in	YES (in de)	fixed time - ahead of years, centuries ...	in del 1985 in del secol quell di vint	in 1985 in the twentieth century
	NO	fixed time - ahead the seasons of the year	in estad	in summer
	YES (in de)	fixed time - ahead of the parts of the day	in de la matina	in (within) the morning
intra / infra / tra / fra	NO	fixed time - to mean a moment a specific time later	tra des minut	in ten minutes
de chì a / entro	YES/NO → as the preposition "a" for the fixed time	fixed time - to express a maximum time limit forward in time with respect to the current time	de chì a des minut de chì a Natal	in ten minutes by Christmas
de lì a / entro	YES / NO → as Preposition "a" for the fixed time	determined time - to express a maximum time limit forward in time with respect to a past moment	de lì a des minut de lì a Natal	in ten minutes by Christmas
dopo / de poeu de	YES / NO → as the preposition "a" for the fixed time	fixed time - after	after la fine de la scuola / de poeu de la fin de la scuola	after the end of school
oltra	YES	fixed term - beyond	oltra el mes de masg a riva l'estad	beyond the month of May summer comes
fina a	YES / NO → as the preposition "a" for the fixed time	continued time - until	fina a la fin de la scola	until the end of school
prima de / inanz de	YES / NO → as the preposition "a" for the fixed time	fixed time - before	prima de the end of the school / inanz de the end of the school	before the end of the school
per	NO	continued time - duration	Hoo lavorad per cinch ore	I worked for five hours
in the cors de	YES	fixed time - during	in del cors de la partida	during the match

Prepositions to indicate approximation

To indicate an approximate time in cases where normally, to indicate a precise moment, the preposition "a" is required, the preposition "in su" or "vers" is used instead. (when specifying time (hours), only "vers" can be used.

Example

Se vedom ai ses ore (See you at six) - [precise time]

Se vedom vers i ses ore (See you around six) - [approximate time]

Se vedom al calà del sol (See you at sunset) - [precise time]

Se vedom in sul calà del sol (See you around sunset) - [approximate time]

Prepositions and prepositional locutions of place

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / use	Example	Example in English
a	YES	a) state in place - precise place not limited (excluding addresses and city, town and village names, god and saints.) b) motion to place - precise place not limited (excluding addresses and city, town and village names, god and saints.)	a) Stoo de cà al quint pian b) Voo al quint piani	a) I live on the fifth floor b) I go to the fifth floor
	NO	a) state in place - cities and towns b) motion to place - cities and towns	a) Stoo de cà a Milan b) Voo a Milan	a) I live in Milan b) I'm going to Milan
de	YES	motion from place - excluding cities, towns, villages	Vegni del quint pian	I come fromthe fifth floor
	NO	motion from place – cities, towns, villages	Son vegnud de Milan	I came from Milan
	YES	motion by place - excluding cities, towns, villages and substantives indicating professions	Passi del quint pian	I pass fromthe fifth floor
	NO	motion from place – cities, towns and villages	Passi de Milan	I pass throught Milan
in	NO	a) state in place -addresses b) motion to place - addresses	a) in via Milano; a1) in via Milano 33 b) in Milano Street	a) in Via Milano; a1) at Milano Street, 33 b) to Milano Street
	NO	a) state in place - expressions with "countryside", "mountain" and the like b) motion to place - expressions with "countryside", "mountain" and the like	a) Stoo de cà in campagna b) Voo in campagna	a) I live in the countryside b) I go to the countryside
	NO	a) state in place - expressions with "terra" (ground) and "let" (bed) b) motion to place - expressions with "terra" (ground) and "let" (bed)	a) L'è distes in terra b) L'è borlad sgiò in terra b) L'è andad in let	a) He is lying on the ground a) He fell to the ground a) He went to bed
	NO	a) state in place - states and geographical regions b) motion to place - states and geographical regions	a) Stoo de cà in Lombardia b) Voo in Lombardia	a) I live in Lombardy b) I go to Lombardy
	NO when talking about the place in relation to its function and you don't want to indicate a particular place YES ( → in de) in other cases except those indicated in the lines above	a) state in place - within a precise circumscribed place b) motion to place - within a precise circumscribed place	a) Sont in ofizzi Voo in ofizzi b) Sont in de l'ofizzi del sindich a1) Voo in de l’ofizzi del sindich	a) I'm in office I go to the office b) I'm in the mayor's office a1) I go to the mayor's office
in de	SI → in de	a) state in place - nouns that indicate professions b) motion to place - nouns that indicate professions c) motion by place - nouns indicating professions	a) Sont in del sindich b) Voo in del sindich c) Pass in del sindich	a) I am at the mayor’s b) I go to the mayor c) I pass by the mayor
de...in	NO	a) motion by place / from place to place - through places of the same type	El viasgia de paes in paes	He travels from country to country
for	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	b) motion to place - with the verb "partì" (to leave)	a) Lù l’è partid per Milan	a) He left for Milan
	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	b) motion by place - going around continuously	a) El sgira for the city	a) He walks around the town
	NO	b) State in place - only in the phrase "per strada" (om the road, street…)	a) L'hoo trovad per strada	a) I found it on the street
sora	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	state in place / motion to place / motion to place – above, over, (on)	Sora ‘l tecc	Above the roof, (On the roof)
in su	YES	state in place / motion to place - on	a) in sul tavol	a) on the table
	YES	state in place / motion to place - books and internet sites or similar	in sul liber in sul sit de la Wikipedia	in the book on the wikipedia site
de là de	YES (excluding city, towns and village names, god and saints.)	state in place / motion to place - beyond	La cà l'è de là di alber	The house is beyond the trees
dedent de/dedent a	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	state in place – inside
foeura de	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	state in place - outside
foeura de	NO	state in place - out	The era foeura de post	It was out of place
foeura	NO	state in place - out	Se vedeva che la vegniva de fuori cità	You could tell she was from out of town
sota	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	state in place / motion to place – below, under	El gat l'è sota 'l tavol	The cat is under the table
adree adree a	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	state in place / motion by place – along and very close to	adree adree a l mur	along and very close to the wall
a la papala de	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	status in place & relationship (in front of & in a way to be seen publicly)	a la papala de tucc	in front of everyone
apos a /depos a	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	state in place - behind (but very close)	apos a l’uss	(just) behind the door
arent a / visin a	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	state in place / motion to place – near, next to	El gat l'è arent al can	The cat is next to the dog
apress a / tacad a	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	state in place / motion to place – beside, very close to	Stoo de cà apress a Milan	I live very close to Milan
de dree a / de dree de	YES (city, town and village names, god and saints. excluded)	state in place / motion to place - behind (at a fixed distance)	El can l'è de dree al gat	The dog is behind the cat (and is not running after him)
denanz a / denanz de	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	state in place / motion to place - in front	La gesa l'è denanz al municipi	The church is in front of the town hall
adree a	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	state in place - after (in pursuit)	El can l'è adree al gat	The dog is after the cat (and wants to catch up him)
	YES (excluding city, tonw and village names, god and saints.)	state in place - along	Adree a la riva del mar	Along the seashore
de fianch a / de fianch de	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	state in place / motion to place – alongside, beside	El gat l'è de fianch a la porta	The cat is alongsidethe door
a travers a / a travers de	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	motion by place – across, through	El gat l'è passad a travers di cespuli	The cat went through the bushes
vers	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	motion to place - direction - towards	Semm 'dree a caminà vers Milan	We are walking towards Milan
sgiò de	NO	motion from place (with place = predefined or desired position or route) - out	L'è andad sgiò de strada	He went off the road
	YES	motion by place (with place = road you are about to travel) - for	L'è andad sgiò d' ona strada	He went a road
in di pagn de	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	state in a figurative place - in the shoes of
infra / intra / tra / fra	YES / NO → as for the preposition "in"	state in place / motion to place – between or among two or more elements	El gat l'è infra la cadrega e 'l sofa	The cat is between the chair and the sofa
in mez a	YES (excluding city, town and villages names)	state in place / motion to place - in the middle of	El gat l'è in mez a la stanza	The cat is in the middle of the room
in fond a	YES (excluding city, town and villages names)	state in place / motion to place - at the bottom of, in the back of	El gat l'è in fond a the room	The cat is in the back of the room
in fris a	YES (excluding city, town and villages names)	motion by place – along and very close to	in fris al fiume	along and very close to the river
in pari a	YES (excluding city, town and villages names)	state in place (even in motion) – on the side of, neither a little in front nor a little behind	El gat el corr in pari al can	the cats runs on the side of the dog
intorna de / intorna a	YES (excluding city, town and villages names)	state in place / motion to place - around	El gat el corr intorna al tavol	The cat runs aroundthe table
lì adree a	YES (excluding city, town and villages names)	state in place – in the vicinity of, near	El sta de cà lì adree a Milan	He lives near Milan
lontan de	YES (excluding city, town and villages names)	state in place, motion to place - away from	El gat l'è lontan del tavol	The cat is away from the table
in quell de	NO	state in place / motion to place (just for cities town and villanges, alternative to the preposition "a")	Se sem incontrad in quell de Milan	We met in Milan
foeura de	SI (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints., in that case only "foeura")	state in place / motion to place	foeura del guss Foeura Milan	Out of the shell Outside Milan
in di part de	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	state in place / motion to approximate place for geographical names – somewhere near	El stà de cà in di part del Vigentin	He lives near Vigentino
dessoravia de	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	state in place - even above / just above	Havéghen dessoravia del coo
contra de / contra a /contra	YES	state in place - against

Note

Argument prepositions

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / use	Example	Example in English
de	YES to specify something on someone in particolar NO in a more generic sense	argument – related to the predicate	Sem 'dree a parlà de animai selvadigh Sem ‘dree a parlà del scorbat	We are talking about wild animals We are talking about the crow
in su	YES	argument - related to a noun	Sem 'dree a fà on discors in su animai selvadigh	We're having a talk about wild animals
sora	YES	argument - related to a noun	Sem 'dree a fà on discors sora i animai selvadigh	We're having a talk about wild animals
a proposit de	YES	argument - related to a noun	Sem 'dree a fà on discors a proposit di animai selvadigh	We're having a talk about wild animals

Note

Origin preposition

The preposition "de" is used and it works as the same preposition used for motion from place (see above). Example:

(English) He was born to a Piedmontese father

(Lombard) L'è nassud d'on pader piemontes

Prepositions and prepositional locutions of relationship

Preposition	+ articles?	Complement / use	Example	Example in English
with	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	relationship with another entity	Cont el Giovann voo minga d'acord	With John I don't get along
infra / intra / fra / infra	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	relationship within a group	Infra de num l’è sucessa ona roba strana	Something weird happened between us
in di confront de	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	relationship to another entity	Te se see minga comportad ben in di confront del Giovann	You have not behaved well towards John

Prepositions to construct comparatives

"de", "che", come, compagn de, istess de, al pari de; for their use see ►►► "adjective degrees"

Prepositions and prepositional locutions of agent / cause / efficient cause / dependence

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / use	Example	Example in English
de	YES (excluding city, towns and village names, god and saints.)	effective agent / cause	L'edifizzi l'è stad trad sgiò del teremot	The building was knocked down bythe earthquake
	YES (excluding city, ton and village names, god and saints.)	dependens	El prezzi de la benzina el dipend del prezzi del petroli	The price of petrol depends onthe price of oil
	YES/NO	cause (only for feelings or physical discomfort)	El barbon l'è mort de(l) frecc	The homeless man died of cold
for	YES (excluding city, towns and village names, god and saints.)	cause (always)	El barbon l'è mort per el frecc	The clochard died from the cold
per via de	NO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in other cases	cause (always)	El barbon l'è mort per via del frecc	The clochard died due to the the cold
a caosa de	NO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in other cases	cause (always)	El barbon l'è mort a caosa del frecc	The clochard died due to the the cold
in reson de	NO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in other cases	cause		by reason of
in virtù de	NO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in other cases	cause		by virtue of

Prepositions and prepositional locutions of means

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / use	Example	Example in English
with	NO in cases not normally preceded by an article YES in other cases	mean (tool used)	Hoo fad el bus con la firlaforla	I made the hole with the drill
in	NO	mean (of transport)	Voo a cà in machina	I go home by car
per	NO	mean (of telecommunication)	El parla per television	He talks on television
grazzie a	NO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in other cases	mean (generic), with emphasis on a derived benefit	L'hà riessid a passà l'esam grazzie a quell liber là.	He managed to pass the exam thanks to that book
per mez de	NO when the following noun is plural and would normally be preceded by a partitive article or in cases not usually preceded by an article YES in other cases	mean (generic)	I hann menad inanz la soa ricerca de lor per mez de espriment	They carried out their research by means of experiments
de	YES	mean (when the mean has allowed or allows to learn, understand, recognize ... something)	I recognized him de la vos	I recognized him ??thanks to the voice
	NO	in some other rare expression	Tegnì de man (on quaivun)	Hold (someone’s) hands

Prepositions of abundance and lack

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / use	Example	Example in English
de	NO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in the other cases	abundance	El cavagn l'è pien de nos El cavagn l'è pien di nos che t'hee comprad	The basket is full of nuts The basket is full of the nuts you bought
	NO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in the other cases	lack

Prepositions of deprivation

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / use	Example	Example in English
of	NO in cases not usually preceded by article YES in the other cases	deprivation	Privà on quaivun del pan	Deprive someone of the bread

Prepositions and prepositional locutions of companionship and union

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / use	Example	Example in English
con	YES	companionship and union	Mi son con la mia morosa	I am with my girlfriend
insema a	YES	companionship	Mi son insema a la mia morosa	I am with my girlfriend
intra/intra / intra / intra	YES	companionship	Lù a l'è intra i tosane	It's among the girls

Concessive prepositions

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / use	Example	Example in English
con	YES	concessive	Cont el frecc che ‘l faseva sont sortid istess	With the cold weather it was I went out anyway
amalastant	YES	concessive	Amalastant el frecc che faseva sont sortid istess	Despite it was cold, I went out anyway
a dispet de	YES	concessive - in spite of	A dispet de la sua apparenza l’era divers	In spite of his appearance he was different
a onta de	YES	concessive - in spite of

Nominative prepositions

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / usage	Example	Example in English
of	NO	naming	La cità de Milan	The city of Milan

Prepositions of distance

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / usage	Example	Example in English
a (...de)	NO ahead of city, town and village names, god and saints. YES in the other cases	distance	Sem rivad a des chilometri de Vares	We have arrived 10 kilometers from Varese

Distributive prepositions

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / usage	Example	Example in English
a ...a	NO	distributive - in some other sentences	Caminèm a du a du	Let’s walk two by two
per	NO	distributive - in some other sentences	Caminèm in fila per du	we walk in line for two
	NO	distributive - distribution of something	Ghe n'è assee per tucc	There is enough for everyone

Prepositions of material

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / usage	Example	Example in English
of	NO	material	El rampin l'è de ferr	The hook is (made) of iron

Addiction prepositions

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / usage	Example	Example in English
asca	YES	addition – wich means "and in addiction there ‘s also"	Cent franch asca i interess	One hundred francs plus interests
pu	YES	addition – wich means "wich are added to"	Cent franch pu i interess	One hundred francs plus interests

Prepositions and prepositional locutions of exclusion and deprivation

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / usage	Example	Example in English
senza	YES	deprivation - without	Senza de mi el ghe sariss mai stad	Without me there would never have been it.
foeura che / via che	YES	exclusion - except	Tucc i dialet de la lombardia foeura che / via che 'l Mantovan i partegnen a la lengua lombarda.	All dialects of Lombardy except Mantuan belong to the Lombard language
condemanch	YES	exclusion - except

Prepositions of quality

Preposition	+ articles?	Complement / usage	Example	Example in English
de	NO	quality	L'è on oget de valor	It is a valuable object (English language uses adjectives instead of "de" + noun)
con	NO	quality (thanks to odue to something owned or belonging)	On om cont ona longa barba	A man with a long beard

Prepositions of punishment/sentence

Preposition	+ articles?	Complement / usage	Example	Example in Italian
a	NO	punishment/sentence to be served	L'è stad condanad a des ann de prison	He was sentenced to ten years in prison
de	NO	fine given or to be given	He is stad multad de desmila euro	He was fined ten thousand euros (no preposition in English)

Partitive prepositions

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / usage	Example	Example in English
de	NO in the cases not normally preceded by an article YES in the other cases	distributive	Domà trii de lor a inn boni de scriver	Just three of them are able to write
intra /infra / tra /fra	NO in the cases not normally preceded by an article YES in the other cases	distributive	Domà trii infra de lor a inn boni de scriver	Just three among of them are able to write

Prepositions and prepositional locution of limitation

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / use	Example	Example in English
of	NO	limitation - something possessed by the subject	L'è curt de cervell	He is short on brains
in sgener de	NO	limitation - general	In sgener de	In terms of
intuitù de	NO	limitation - general		concerning, regarding
in quant a	YES	limitation - general	In quant a la matematica l'è assee bravo	As for mathematics, he's quite good
for	YES	limitation - opinions	Per el Giovann l'è inscì	In John 's opinion that’s how it is
second /segond	YES	limitation - opinions	Second el Giovann l'è inscì	In John 's opinion that’s how it is
a segonda de (abbreviation segonda) /a secondo de (abbreviation second)	YES	limitation	a segonda de	depending on

Prepositions for the direct object and for the term complement

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / usage	Example	Example in English
(no prepositions)	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	object - affirmative form	El gat l'ha mangiad la polpeta El gat l'hà mangia ona polpeta	The cat ate the meatball The cat ate a meatball (English language also does not use prepositions)
	YES (except for city, town and village names, god and saints.)	direct object - negative form in cases where the noun in the direct object wants the definite article or the indefinite one if you want to mean "all excet one or some item"	El gat l'hà mangiad minga la polpeta El gat l'hà mangiad nò ona polpeta	the cat didn't eat the meatball The cat didn't eat a meatball (he ate them all but one) (English language also does not use prepositions)
of	NO	direct object - negative in the other cases	El gat l'hà mangiad minga de polpete	The cat didn't eat meatballs (English language does not use prepositions instead)
a	YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)	term (always)	Gh'hoo dad ona polpeta al gat	I gave a meatball to the cat

Prepositions of purpose and advantage

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / use	Example	Example in Italian
de	NO	purpose – if you want to indicate that a thing is specially designed for that purpose	i scarp de tennis	tennis shoes
for	YES (except city, trowns and village names, god and saints.)	purpose - if you want to indicate that the action described by the predicate is done for a purpose	El lavora for la soa vita He works 'for' his life
	YES (except city, towns and village names, god and saints.)	advantage (for/to the benefit/advantage of)	El lavora per i sò fioeui	He works for his children

Prepositional locutions of disadvantage

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / use	Example	Example in English
contra de / contra a /contra	YES	disadvantage - against
a svantagg de / a dagn de	YES	disadvantage - for the detriment of / to the disadvantage of

Prepositions of separation and estrangement

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / use	Example	Example in Italian
de	YES (except city, town and village names, god and saints.)	separation	Separém i boni di cativ	Let’s separate the good from the bad
	YES (except city, town and village names, god and saints.)	estrangement	I boni a s'inn slontanad di cativ	The good ones have moved away from the bad ones

Prepositions to build the predicative complement

Usually the predicate complement of the subject is not introduced by Preposition:

Examples:

El Lessi l'è considerad on geni (Alexios is considered a genius)

El Valeri l'è stad elensgiud sindich (Valerio was elected mayor)

However, there are cases where prepositions are used, for example:

→ Preposition "come"

Example:

L'è stad ciapad come garzon (He was hired as an apprentice)

→ Preposition "de"

Example:

El fa de testimoni (He acts as a witness)

Prepositions of quantity

Prepositions to say the number of elements constituting an entity

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / use	Example	Example in English
de	NO	quantity (referring to the entities constituting the entity represented by the preceding noun)	Ona partida de des toch La partida l'era de des toch	A set of ten pieces The set was ten pieces
in	NO	quantity (number of elements that make up a group)	Serom in trii	We were three / We were three of us
(none preposition)	NO	quantity (number of elements regardless of the idea of a group)	I eren trii	They were three

Preposition to say the number of parts an entity is divided into

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / use	Example	Example in Italian
in	NO	quantity (number of parts an entity is divided into)	Sparti in trè part	To divide into three parts

Prepositions to say the price

Prepositions are not used to indicate the price of an object:

Examples:

El compiuter el costa cinch-cent euri (The compiuter costs 500 euros)

To say the price something is sold or bought, the preposition "a" is used

Example:

L'hoo comprad a cinch-cent euri (I bought it for 500 euros)

L'hoo vendud a cinch-cent euri (I sold it for 500 euros)

Prepositions to be indicative of approximation

In evaluations, measurements and assumptions in the cases where no preposition is normally required, the input of the preposition "in su'" is equivalent to saying "roughly", "about" or "approximately"

Example

El pesa in sui sessanta chilogram (It/He weighs about sixty kilograms, It/He weighs approximately sixty kilograms)

Conversely, if you want to indicate an interval, use "infra" / "intra" / "tra " / "fra" .... "e"

Example

El palazz l'è alt intra (i) trii e (i) quindes meters (The palace is between three and fifteen meters high)

Prepositions of estimation

To indicate the estimated value of something, the preposition "per" is used:

Example:

Quest anell chì l'è stad stimad per cinch-cent milion (This ring was valued at five hundred millions)

What was said in the previous paragraph applies to approximations and intervals, that is to say the prepositions in su or infra...e must be used.

Prepositions to specify the age

Prepositions are not used to indicate a person's age:

Examples:

El Lessi el gh'ha quarant'ann (Alexios is forty years old)

To specify the age when something happened we use the preposition "a"

Example:

Lù l'è andad in spos a vint ann (He got married at the age of twenty)

By the same way, an approximate age can be indicated by preceding the preposition "in su" istead of "a"

Transformation prepositions

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / use	Example	Example in English
in	NO	different types of transformation	El liber l'è stad tradot in Lombard	The book has been translated into Lombard

Prepositions and prepositional locution of swap and substitution

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / use	Example	Example in Italian
per	YES (except for city, town and village names, god and saints.)	swap, exchange	L'ha scambiad ona roba per l'altra	He swapped one thing for the other
inveci de /inscambi de	YES (except for city, town and village names, god and saints.)	swap	(1) L'ha ciapad su ona roba inveci de l'altra (2) L'ha ciapad su ona roba inscambi de l'altra	(1) He picked up one thing instead of the other (2) He picked up one thing instead of the other / He picked up one thing in exchange for the other
al post de	YES (except for city, town and village names, god and saints.)	substitution	L'ha metud on roba al post de l'altra	He put one thing in place of the other / He put one thing instead of the other
in nom de	YES (except for city, town and village names, god and saints.)	substitution - in the name of

Prepositions of manner

Complements of manner are usually expressed through adverbs, sometimes they are also expressed through adverbial locutions which can be made up by:

con + noun

Example:

Hoo lavorad con impegn (I worked with effort)

de + adjective

Example

Hoo lavorad de crapon (I worked stubbornly)

however, there are numerous locutions constructed with other prepositions. Examples: sul seri → (1) really; (2) seriously per nom → by name

Prepositions to indicate feelings, moods and conditions

Usually feelings, moods or conditions are expressed by adjectives.

Examples:

El Lessi l'è feliz (Alezios is happy)

Sometimes you can write "in" + feeling / moods / condition

Example:

El paes l'è in agitazzion (The village is in turmoil)

Attention: in the cases where in Lombard there are no nouns to describe certain conditions but verbs used as a noun are used instead, the translation by this way with the preposition "in" is not possible, contrarywise you have to use the construction "adree a + verb in the infinitive" (curtailment "'dree a +..."). For example, since there is no noun to say "arrival", the verb "to arrive" (or "to come"), which in Lombard is "rivà" / "ruvà" is used instead as if it were a noun. "the arrival" is therefore expressed in Lombard by "el rivà" but “arriving” cannot be translated to "in rivà" but must be translated with "'dree a rivà"

Example:

A gh'è on temporal (che l'è) 'dree a rivà (There is a storm (that is) coming)

A gh'è on temporal che l'è 'dree a rivà (There is a storm that is coming)

Prepositions of circumstance

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / use	Example	Example in English
con	NO	circumstance	It was raining col sol	It was raining raining while the sun was shining (in Lombard language it is expressed as "It was raining raining with the sun")

Prepositional locutions of relation

Preposition	+ article?	Complement / use	Example	Example in English
a l'uso de	NO	relation (similarity) - in the likeness of
front a	YES	relationship (with something or someone to deal with) - faced with
in di confront de	YES	relationship – (1) against; (2) toward; (3) towards
sul gust de	YES	relation - similar to (in terms of style)	Quest vestid chì a l'è fad sul gust de quell de vint ann fa.	That dress is made in the stile of the one from twenty years ago.
a foeusgia de /a fosgia de	NO	relation - similar to (in terms of shape), in the shape of, in the form of, shaped like
a forma de	NO	relation - similar to (in terms of shape), in the shape of, in the form of, shaped like
a moeud de	NO	relation - similar to (in terms of manner), like
a l'usanza de	YES	relation - according to the custom of

Prepositions to form phrasal verbs

Some verbs change their meaning when they are followed by a preposition or an adverb.
►►► see ►►► Lombard/Phrasal verbs