Lombard/Pronominal and adverbial particles

The reference orthography for this page of Lombard course is New Lombard orthography

Pronominal particles (and adverbial particle “ghe”)

Western Lombard

Pronominal particles (not in suffix form) are placed before the predicate, when there is more than one type follow the order of the table below.
Attention: they can be used for verbs in the moods indicative, subjunctive or conditional, instead in the other cases the suffixes are used (see the following paragraph).

	Attention: it is not a pronominal particle but an adverbial one in function of: Complement of state in place Complement of motion to place Complement of motion through place or it is pronominal in function of: Complement of topic 1	Complement of term Complement of advantage	Direct object	Complement of topic 2 Complement of motion from place 3 attention Complement of specification Partitive complement
1^sing.	ghegaagh / gh'	memaam/ m'	memama / m'	ne
2^sing.	ghegaagh / gh'	tetaat / t'	tetaat / t'	ne
3^sing. "m"	ghegaagh / gh'	ghegaagh / gh'	elal	ne
3^sing. "f"	ghegaagh / gh'	ghegaagh / gh'	la	ne
1^pl.	ghegaagh / gh'	ne	ne	ne
2^pl.	ghegaagh / gh'	vean / v'	veav / v'	ne
3^pl. "m"	ghegaagh / gh'	ghegaagh / gh'	je ja / ia ai /ei	ne
3^pl. "f"	ghegaagh / gh'	ghegaagh / gh'	je ja / ia ai /ei	ne
Reflexive	-	se	se	-

Dialects

In addition:
en = a (Universal weak subject personal pronoun) + ne and when the univesal pronoun is optional 'en or ne is used depending on the phonetics
em (archaic)= a ( Universal weak subject personal pronoun)) + me
¹ complement of topic that in extended form would be introduced by the preposition "sora" or "in su" (or, soeu...)
² complement of topic that in extended form would be introduced by the preposizzion "de" (in dialet Milanes o "da" depending on the dialect...)

³ complement of motion from place that in estende form would be introduced by the preposizzion "de" (o "da" depending on the dialect...)

Attention: Its usage as a complement of motion from place is not allowed in all the dialects; for example it is allowed in Laghee dialect but it is not allowed Milanese dialect.

In the dialects where it cannot be used as a complement of motion from place the estende form "via / via de lì / via de là" is used istead as a complement of motion form place.

Examples:

El ne va (Laghee dialect)

El va via de là (MIlanes dialect)

In addition:
There i salso the passivating impersonal pronominal particle "se" (o sa depending on the dialect) which is used to construct the impersonal or passive impersonal forms.
►see►►Lombard/Verbal diathesis

Eastern Lombard

	Attention: it is not a pronominal particle but an adverbial one in function of: Complement of state in place Complement of motion to place Complement of motion through place or it is pronominal in function of: Complement of topic 1	Complement of term Complement of advantage	Direct object	Complement of topic 2 Complement of motion from place 3 attention Complement of specification Partitive complement
1^sing.	ghe	me	me	ne
2^sing.	ghe	te	te	ne
3^sing. "m"	ghe	ghe	la	ne
3^sing. "f"	ghe	ghe	la	ne
1^pl.	ghe	me	me	ne
2^pl.	ghe	ve	ve	ne
3^pl. "m"	ghe	ghe	ja / ia	ne
3^pl. "f"	ghe	ghe	ja / ia	ne
Reflexive	-	se	se	-

¹ Complement of topic that in extended form would be introduced by the preposition "sora" or "in su" (o su, soeu...)
² Complement of topic that in extended form would be introduced by the preposition "de" (o "da" dependig on the dialects...)

³ Complement of motion to place that in extended form would be introduced by the preposition "de" (o "da" depending on the dialects...).

In addition:
There i salso the passivating impersonal pronominal particle "se" (o sa depending on the dialect) which is used to construct the impersonal or passive impersonal forms.
►see►►Impersonal passive form
►see►►Impersonal active form

References

• Claudio Beretta, A lezione di grammatica milanese, Circolo Filologico Milanese, pag.78-79 MI
• Nozioni di Grammatica del Dialetto BergamascoBG

Pronominal particles as a suffix

Western Lombard

Attention: they can be used for infinitive, gerund moods and imperative mood in 1st and 2nd person

	Attention: it is not a pronominal particle but an adverbial one in function of: Complement of state in place Complement of motion to place Complement of motion through place or it is pronominal in function of: Complement of topic 1	Complement of term Complement of advantage	Direct object	Complement of topic 2 Complement of motion from place 3 Complement of specification Partitive complement
1st sing.	-gh	-m	-m	-nn/-n
2nd sing.	-gh	-t	-t	-nn/-n
3rd sing. "m"	-gh	-gh	-ll / -l	-nn/-n
3rd sing. "f"	-gh	-gh	-lla / -la	-nn/-n
1st pl.	-gh	-n /-nn	-n /-nn	-nn/-n
2nd pl.	-gh	-v	-v	-nn/-n
3rd pl. "m"	-gh	-gh	-i	-nn/-n
3rd pl. "f"	-gh	-gh	-i	-nn/-n
Reflexive	-	-ss -s	-ss -s	-

¹ Complement of topic that in extended form would be introduced by the preposition "sora" or "in su" (o su, soeu...)
² Complement of topic that in extended form would be introduced by the preposition "de" (o "da" dependig on the dialects...)

Esatern Lombard

Attention: they can be used for infinitive mood and imperative mood in 1st and 2nd person

	Attention: it is not a pronominal particle but an adverbial one in function of: Complement of state in place Complement of motion to place Complement of motion through place or it is pronominal in function of: Complement of topic 1	Complement of term Complement of advantage	Direct object	Complement of topic 2 Complement of motion from place 3 Complement of specification Partitive complement
1st sing.	-ga	-m	-m	-nn/ -n
2st sing.	-ga	-t	-t	-nn/ -n
3rd sing. "m"	-ga	-ga	-ll / -l	-nn/ -n
3rd sing. "f"	-ga	-ga	-lla /-la	-nn/ -n
1st pl.	-ga	-n	-n	-nn/ -n
2nd pl.	-ga	-s	-s	-nn/ -n
3rd pl. "m"	-ga	-ga	-i	-nn/ -n
3rd pl. "f"	-ga	-ga	-le	-nn/ -n
Reflexive	-	-ss -s	-ss -s	-

How to add suffixes

Western Lombard

(examples in Milanese dialect)

Note: The gerund it exists only in some dialect of southern Lombardy and imported from the Italian language [1]

1st conjugation

Suffix to be added	Rule for the infinitive	Examples	Rule for the imperative	Examples	Rule for the gerund	Examples
-m	add -m	mangià → mangiàm		2nd person singolar mangia → mangiom 2nd person plural mangé → mangem	add -om	mangiand → magiandom
-t	add -t	mangià → mangiàt			add -ot	mangiand → magiandot
-gh	add -gh	mangià → mangiàgh	2nd person singolar Replace the suffix with -egh (*with the exception of monosyllabic verbs, for which -gh is added) 1st person plural add -igh 2nd person plural Replace the suffix with -eegh	2nd person singolar mangia → mangegh da → dagh 1st person plural mangem → mangemigh 2nd person plural mangé → mangeegh dé → deegh	add -om	mangiand → magiandom
-n	add -nn	mangià → mangiànn			add -on	mangiand → magiandon
-v	add -v	mangià → mangiàv			add -ov	mangiand → magiandov
-ss	add -ss	mangià → mangiàss	2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -es (i after g o c is removed) 1st person plural add -es 2nd person plural replace the suffix with -eeves and move the accent to ee	2nd person singolar mangia → manges 1st person plural mangèm → mangèmes 2nd person plural mangé → mangeeves	add -os	mangiand → magiandos
-nn	add -nn	mangià → mangiànn	2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -en''' (i after g o c is removed) (*except for monosyllabic verbs, for which -nn is added) 1st person plural add -en 2nd person plural replace the suffix with-een (i after g o c is removed)	2nd person singolar mangia → mangen da → dann 1st person plural mangèm →mangèmen 2nd person plural mangé→ mangeen dé → deen	add -on	mangiand → mangiandon
-ll	add -ll	mangià → mangiàll	replace the suffix with -el (i after g o c is removed)	mangia → mangel	add -ol	mangiand → mangiandol
-la	add -lla	mangià → mangiàlla	replace the suffix with -ela (i after g o c is removed)	mangia → mangela	add -ol	mangiand → mangiandola
-i	add -i	mangià → mangiài	replace the suffix with -ei (i after g o c is removed)	mangia → mangei	add -oi	mangiand → mangiandoi

2nd conjugation

Suffix to be added	Rule for the infinitive	Examples	Rule for imperative	Examples	Rule for the gerund	Examples
-m	add -m	piasé → piasém			add -om	piasend → piasendom
-t	add -t	piasé → piasét			add -ot	piasend → piasendot
-gh	add -gh	piasé → piaségh	2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -egh 1st person plural replace the suffix with -égh 2nd person plural add -igh	2nd person singolar ved → vedegh 1st person plural vedì → vedégh 2nd person plural vedèm → vedèmigh	add -ogh	piasend → piasendogh
-n	add -nn	piasé → piasénn			add -on	piasend → piasendon
-v	add -v	piasé→ piasév			add -ov	piasend → piasendov
-ss	add -ss	piasé→ piaséss	2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -es (i after g o c is removed) 1st person plural ... 2nd person plural replace the suffix with -eeves and move the accent to ee	2nd person singolar piàs → piases 1st person plural … 2nd person plural piasì → piaseeves	add -os	piasend → piasendos
-nn	add -nn	vedé → vedénn	2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -en''' (i after g o c is removed) 1st person plural ... 2nd person plural replace the suffix with-én (i after g o c is removed)	2nd person singolar ved → veden 1st person plural ... 2nd person plural vedì → vedeen	add -on	vedend→ vedendon
-ll	add -ll	vedé → vedéll	replace the suffix with -el (i after g o c is removed)	véd → vedel	add -ol	vedend→ vedendol
-la	add -lla	vedé → vedélla	replace the suffix with -ela (i after g o c is removed)	véd → vedela	add -ola	vedend→ vedendola
-i	add -i	vedé → vedéi	replace the suffix with -ei (i after g o c is removed)	véd → vedei	add -oi	vedend→ vedendoi

3rd conjugation

Suffix to be added	Rule for the infinitive	Examples	Rule for the imperative	Examples	Rule for the gerund	Examples
-m	replace the suffix with -om add -iom after g o c add -som after ù	scriver → scrivom lensger → lengiom tradù → tradusom			add -om	scrivend → scrivendom
-t	replace the suffix with -et add -som after ù	scriver → screvet lensger → leget tradù → traduset			add -ot	scrivend → scrivendot
-gh	replace the suffix with -igh add -sigh after ù	scriver → scrivigh lensger → ligigh tradù → tradusigh	2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -egh 2nd person singolar add -igh 2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -eegh	2nd person singolar scrìv → scrivegh 1st person plural scrivem → scrive,gh 2nd person plural scrivì → scriveegh	add -ogh	scrivend → scrivendogh
-n	replace the suffix with -en add -sen after ù	scriver → scriven lensger → legen tradù → tradusen			add -on	scrivend → scrivendon
-v	replace the suffix with -ev add -sev after ù	scriver → scrivev lensger → legev tradù → tradusev			add -ov	scrivend → scrivendov
-ss	replace the suffix with -s (solo una "s") add -sess after ù	lensger→ lenges	2nd person singolar add -es (i after g o c is removed) 1st person plural add -es 2nd person plural aggiungi -eeves e porta l'avvento sopra "ee"	2nd person singolar scond → scondes 1st person plural scondem → scondemes 2nd person plural scondì → scondeeves	add -os	scrivend → scrivendos
-nn	replace the suffix with -en	lensger → lensgen	2nd person singolar cambia el sufiss con -en''' (i after g o c is removed) 1st person plural ... 2nd person plural replace the suffix with-een (i after g o c is removed)	2nd person singolar scond → sconden 1st person plural ... 2nd person plural scondì → scondeen	add -onn	lensgend→ lensgendonn
-ll	replace the suffix with -el add -ll after ù	lensger→ lensgel tradù → tradull	add -el	lénsg → lensgel	add -ol	scrivend → scrivendol
-la	replace the suffix with -ela add -lla after ù	lensger → lensgela tradù → tradùlla	add -ela	lensg → lensgela	add -ola	legend→ legendola
-i	add -ei add -i after ù	lensger → lensgei tradù → tradùi	add -ei	lénsg → lensgei	add -oi	legend→ legendoi

4th conjugation

Suffix to be added	Rule for the infinitive	Examples	Rule for the imperative	Examples	Rule for the gerund	Examples
-m	add -m	fornì → fornìm			add -om	fornend → fornenendom
-t	add -t	fornì → fornìt			add -ot	fornend → fornendom
-gh	add -gh	fornì → fornìgh	2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -egh (*except for monosyllabic verbs, to which -gh is added) 2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -éegh 2nd person plural add -igh	2nd person singolar finiss → finissegh dì → digh 2nd person singolar disì → diseegh 2nd person plural desem → disemigh	add -ogh	fornend → fornendogh
-n	add -nn	fornì → fornìnn			add -on	fornend → fornendon
-v	add -v	fornì → fornìv			add -ov	fornend → fornendov
-ss	add -ss	fornì→ fornìss	2nd person singolar cambia 'l sufiss con -isses (for inchoative verbs) or replace the suffix with -es (for non-inchoative verbs) 1st person plural replace the suffix with -issemess (for inchoative verbs) o replace the suffix with -emes (for non-inchoative verbs) 2nd person plural replace the suffix with -eeves	2nd person singolar cusiss → cusisses 1st person plural cusissem → cusissemes sentem → sentemes 2nd person plural cusì → cuseeves	add -os	fornend → fornendos
-nn	add -nn	fornì → fornìnn	2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -en (for inchoative verbs) or replace the suffix with -issen (for non-inchoative verbs) (i after g o c is removed) (*except for monosyllabic verbs, to wich -nn is added) 1st person plural ... 2nd person plural replace the suffix with -en (for inchoative verbs) or replace the suffix with -isseen (for non-inchoative verbs) (i after g o c is removed)	2nd person singolar finiss → finissen senta → senten di → dinn 1st person plural ... 2nd person plural finì → finisseen sentì → senteen	add -on	fornend→ fornedon
-ll	add -ll	fornì → fornìll	replace the suffix with -issel (for inchoative verbs) o replace the suffix with -el (for non-inchoative verbs)	finiss → finissel senta → sentel	add -ol	fornend→ fornendol
-la	add -lla	fornì → fornìlla	replace the suffix with -issela (for inchoative verbs) o replace the suffix with -ela (for non-inchoative verbs)	finiss → finissela senta → sentela	add -ola	fornend→ fornendola
-i	add -i	fornì → fornìi	replace the suffix with -issei (for inchoative verbs) o replace the suffix with -ei (for non-inchoative verbs)	finiss → finissei senta → sentei	add -oi	fornend→ fornendoi

Combined suffixes

The suffixes can also be more than one but at most two, in this case we are talking about combined suffixes. The order of the suffixes is that of the table. Suffixes consisting only of consonants are added to the end of the word with an "e" in between (in milanese o or an other vowel depending on the dialect, for example it’s quite evident that in Varesino dialect "a" is used instead)

for example: -gh + -ll = -ghel , -m + -nn = -men , -ss + -el = -ssel; the only exception is the first person plural (num) which for phonetic reasons is replaced by the first person singular, i.e., for example: -n + -el does not become -nel , but -mel, like the singular.

Examples:

Eastern Lombard

The manner of adding suffixes is similar to that of Western Lombard.