Lombard/Subject personal pronouns

Lombard language course
Morphology of Lombard language

Articles
Nouns
AdjectivesAdjective degrees
PronounsSubject personal pronouns •• Object and term personal pronouns •• Pronominal and adverbial particles - Demonstrative pronouns •• Possessive pronouns •• Indefinite pronouns
VerbsMoods and tenses •• Infinitive •• Gerund and gerundial complements •• Participle - Present Indicative •• Past Indicative (Perfect Indicative) •• Imperfect Indicative •• Past Perfect Indicative •• Simple Future Indicative •• Compound Future Indicative •• Present Subjunctive •• Past Subjunctive (Perfect Subjunctive) •• Imperfect Subjunctive •• Past Perfect Subjunctive •• Present Conditional •• Past Conditional •• Present Imperative •• Future Imperative •• Continuous construction ••• Irregular verbs
••• Auxiliary verbs
••• Modal verbs
••• Phrasal verbs
Prepositions and prepositional locutions
Adverbs and adverbial locutions
Pronominal and adverbial particles
Negation
Other constructions replacing the adverbs "easily" and "hardly"
Conjunctions and conjunctive locutions

Lombard The reference orthography for this page of Lombard course is New Lombard orthography

Subject personal pronouns

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Lombard has two types of personal subject pronouns: strong subject pronouns and weak subject pronouns (or redundant subjects).

Strong subject pronouns can be omitted.

Weak subject pronouns are usually always obligatory for the 2nd and 3rd person singular in all dialects, while for other persons they are obligatory depending on the dialect. Their use in sentence construction is explained in the module on sentence construction.

Strong subjects

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Western Lombard

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Dialect►►► MI CO NO LC PV VA Br LO Bst Lgn Lagh Vtel Trz Olp English
language
1^sing mi mi mi men mi me mi I
2^sing ti te ti ta ti ti ti ti you
3^masc sing lu lu lu lu lu lu lu lu lu lu lu lu he
3^fem sing lee lee lee lee lee lee lee lee lee lee lee lee she
1^plu num
nun
nunch
noeugn num nunch noeugn num nun
nungn
we
2^plu vialter violter vialtar violtar violtar violter viotri you
3^masc plu lor lor lor loi lor lor they
3^fem plu * lore lore lore loi lore lore they

Eastern Lombard

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Dialect►►► BG BS CR Cr Cam English
language
1^sing me me me I
2^sing te te te you
3^masc sing lu lu lu lu he
3^fem sing lee lee lee lee she
1^plu noter noter noalter we
2^plu vus (mas.)voter/(fem.)votre voalter you
3^masc plu lor lur lor they
3^fem plu * lore lure lore they

Alpine Lombard

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Dialect►►► TI Breg °Vtel Posch Ciav Os MesCal English language
1^sing mi mi I
2^sing ti ti you
3^masc sing lu lu lu lu lu lu he
3^fem sing lee lee lee lee lee lee lei
1^plu num noaltri nioltar we
2^plu voaltri violtar you
3^plu masc lor lor they
3^plu fem * lore lore they

* the difference between “lor” and “lore” is often only graphic in New Lombard Orthography because in most dialects there is no difference in pronunciation between masculine and feminine

Weak subjects

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They are indicated in brackets when they are not mandatory.

Dialect►►► MI CO CO NO LC PV VA Br LO Lgn Bst Lagh Vtel Trz Olp BG BS CR Cr TI Breg °Vtel Posch Ciav Os MesCal Cam
1^sing (a) (a) ma (a) a (a) ma ((me[1]))
2^sing te te at / ‘t ta ta te atì te te
to
ta te ta te
3^masc sing el / l' el / l' el /l' al / l' el / l' al el /l' el / l' al / l' al / l' / 'l el / l' al / l' el / l'
3^fem sing la /l' la /l' la / l' la ala / al' la / l' la / l' la / l' la / l' la / l'
1^plu (a) (a) (a) a en / on am / an an
2^plu (a) (a) i i (a) ((ve[2]))
3^plu (i)/(a) i i i i i i i i i i i
universal * (a)
(al)[3]
ul - [4] a a a - [5] a

* The universal pronoun is used for the impersonal form and sometimes takes the place of the weak third person singular pronoun in the particular cases described about the construction of the sentence. (in brackets the cases in which it is not mandatory)

Note

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  1. it is used only before the reflexive pronoun “se”
  2. it is used only before the reflexive pronoun se
  3. outside Milan
  4. not used
  5. not used