Lombard/Subject personal pronouns

The reference orthography for this page of Lombard course is New Lombard orthography

Subject personal pronouns

Lombard has two types of personal subject pronouns: strong subject pronouns and weak subject pronouns (or redundant subjects).

Strong subject pronouns can be omitted.

Weak subject pronouns are usually always obligatory for the 2nd and 3rd person singular in all dialects, while for other persons they are obligatory depending on the dialect. Their use in sentence construction is explained in the module on sentence construction.

Strong subjects

Western Lombard

Dialect►►►	MI	CO	NO	LC	PV	VA	Br	LO	Bst	Lgn	Lagh	Vtel	Trz	Olp	English language
1^sing	mi			mi	mi				men	mi	me	mi			I
2^sing	ti			te	ti		ta		ti	ti		ti		ti	you
3^masc sing	lu	lu	lu	lu	lu	lu	lu	lu	lu	lu	lu	lu			he
3^fem sing	lee	lee	lee	lee	lee	lee	lee	lee	lee	lee	lee	lee			she
1^plu	num nun nunch			noeugn	num	nunch			noeugn	num		nun nungn			we
2^plu	vialter			violter	vialtar				violtar	violtar	violter	viotri			you
3^masc plu	lor			lor	lor				loi	lor		lor			they
3^fem plu *	lore			lore	lore				loi	lore		lore			they

Eastern Lombard

Dialect►►►	BG	BS	CR	Cr	Cam	English language
1^sing	me	me	me			I
2^sing	te	te	te			you
3^masc sing	lu	lu	lu	lu		he
3^fem sing	lee	lee	lee	lee		she
1^plu	noter	noter	noalter			we
2^plu	vus	(mas.)voter/(fem.)votre	voalter			you
3^masc plu	lor	lur	lor			they
3^fem plu *	lore	lure	lore			they

Alpine Lombard

Dialect►►►	TI	Breg	°Vtel	Posch	Ciav	Os	MesCal	English language
1^sing				mi	mi			I
2^sing				ti	ti			you
3^masc sing	lu	lu	lu	lu	lu	lu		he
3^fem sing	lee	lee	lee	lee	lee	lee		lei
1^plu		num		noaltri	nioltar			we
2^plu				voaltri	violtar			you
3^plu masc				lor	lor			they
3^plu fem *				lore	lore			they

* the difference between “lor” and “lore” is often only graphic in New Lombard Orthography because in most dialects there is no difference in pronunciation between masculine and feminine

Weak subjects

They are indicated in brackets when they are not mandatory.

Dialect►►►	MI	CO CO	NO	LC	PV	VA	Br	LO	Lgn	Bst	Lagh	Vtel	Trz	Olp	BG	BS	CR	Cr	TI	Breg	°Vtel	Posch	Ciav	Os	MesCal	Cam
1^sing	(a)				(a)		ma		(a)	a		(a)	ma		((me))
2^sing	te			te	at / ‘t	ta	ta		te	atì	te	te to	ta				te					ta	te
3^masc sing	el / l'			el / l'	el /l'		al / l'		el / l'	al	el /l'	el / l'		al / l'	al / l' / 'l		el / l'					al / l'	el / l'
3^fem sing	la /l'				la /l'		la / l'		la	ala / al'	la / l'	la / l'	la / l'		la / l'								la / l'
1^plu	(a)				(a)				(a)	a		en / on			am / an								an
2^plu	(a)				(a)				i	i		(a)			((ve))
3^plu	(i)/(a)			i	i				i	i	i	i		i	i		i					i	i
universal *	(a) (al)	ul			-				a	a		a		-	a

* The universal pronoun is used for the impersonal form and sometimes takes the place of the weak third person singular pronoun in the particular cases described about the construction of the sentence. (in brackets the cases in which it is not mandatory)