Lombard/Irregular verbs

The reference orthography for this page of Lombard course is New Lombard orthography

Verbs that have many irregular forms

Main irregular verbs

In addition to the auxiliary verbs, there is a small series of verbs that have many irregular forms. They are fà, andà, dà, stà, trà, savé, volé, podé, dì, dové (here written in Milanese dialect, but what is said stands for all dialects). For consultation of the conjugations, see Lombard language wiktionary:

► conjugation of "fà"
► conjugation of "andà"
► conjugation of "dà"
► conjugation of "trà"
► conjugation of "stà"
► conjugation of "savé"
► conjugation of "podé"
► conjugation of "dì"
► conjugation of "dové"

It should be noted that despite their irregularities, the way for conjugating "fà", "trà", "dà", "stà" is similar.

Verbs ending in -ù and in -oeu

Two series of irregular verbs should also be noted which, however, can be considered regular with small precautions, they are:

• Verbs ending in -ù (prodù, tradù, dedù...); they can be considered regular (except for the past participles in some dialects and obviously in the infinitive, see next paragraph) by adding an "s" i.e. they are conjugated as if their infinitive were produser, traduser, or a "c" for the formation of past participles in the dialects where this is regular (for example the Bergamasque dialect in which the past participle of prodù is producid).
• Verbs ending in -oeu (toeu, distoeu...) can be considered regular (except for the past participles in some dialects and obviously the infinitive , see next paragraph) if you add a "v" (or a "g" depending on the dialect) i.e. they are conjugated as if their infinitive were toeuver, distoeuver. ..

Verbs ending in -egnì/-egn

The verbs with this ending, in addition to the possible irregularity in the past participle (see the following paragraphs), present a small irregularity in different dialects in the voices of the present indicative without desinence, i.e. only the 3rd singular in Western Lombard and the 3rd singular, the 1st and 3rd plural in Eastern Lombard. This irregularity consists in ending with -n instead of -gn.
For example:
in Milanese dialect: verb "tegnì"
Present indicative: mi tegni; ti te tegnet, lù el ten, num tegnom, vialter tegnii, lor (i) tegnen.

in Bergamasque dialect: verb "tegn"
Present indicative: mi tegne; ti te tegnet, lù el ten, noter am ten, voter tegnii, lor ten.
then for the rules of pronunciation in Bergamasque dialect the non-doubled final "n" is not pronounced.

Irregularity due to the apophony

Another predictable irregularity is the apophony, it consists in the transformation of "o" into "oeu" in Western Lombard or "u" into "oeu" in eastern Lombard for certain verb forms. Only the example of the verb "vorè" (usually written "volé" in standard NOL considering the "r" as a result of the rhotacism of the "l") in Milanese dialect is shown here although apophony is present in many disyllabic verbs that have "o" in the infinitive (or "u" in Eastern Lombard) not linked to a consonant on the penultimate syllable (before the consonant "v", "r"/"l", "g" or "d") such as "trovà", "mojà", "drovà" etc...

Voré (Milanese dialect)

	Present indicative	Imperfect indicative	Simple future indicative	Present subjunctive	Imperfect subjunctive	Present conditional	Present imperative
Mi	voeuri	vorevi	voraroo	voeura	voressi	voraria/vorariss/vorarissi	-
Ti te	voeuret	vorevet	voraree(t)	voeuret	voresset	vorariet/vorarisset	voeur!
Lu el /lee la	voeur	voreva	vorarà	voeura	voress	voraria/vorariss	voeura!
Nun	voeurom	vorevom	vorarèm	voeurom	voressom	vorariom/vorarissom	vorèm!
Vialter	vorii	vorevov	vorarii	vorii	vorèssov	vorariov/vorarissov	voree!
Lor (i)	voeuren	voreven	vorarànn	voeuren	vorèssen	vorarien/vorarissen	voeuren!

infinitive	gerund	participle
voré	vorend(o)	vorud

There is another exact opposite apophony, specular to the previous one, that of the transformation of "oeu" into "o" in Western Lombard or "oeu" into "u" in Eastern Lombard for the verbs of the third conjugation such as "moeuver", "scoeuder ", "noeuser" and also "toeu" which, as mentioned, is conjugated as if it were "toeuver"....

Moeuver (Milanese dialect)

	Present indicative	Imperfect indicative	Simple future indicative	Present subjunctive	Imperfect subjunctive	Present conditional	Present imperative
Mi	moeuvi	movevi	movaroo	moeuva	movessi	movaria /movarissi	-
Ti te	moeuvet	movevet	movaree(t)	moeuvet	movesset	movariet / movarisset	moeuv!
Lu el /lee la	moeuv	moveva	movarà	moeuva	movess	movaria/movariss	moeuva!
Nun	moeuvom	movevom	movarèm	moeuvom	movessom	movariom/movarissom	movèm!
Vialter	movii	movevov	movarii	movii/moeuvov	movessov	movariov/movarissov	movì!
Lor (i)	moeuven	moveven	movarann	moeuven	movessen	movarien/movarissen	moeuven!

infinitive	gerund	participle
moeuver	movend(o)	movud

The apophonies are different between western Lombard (of which a representative example is the Milanese dialect) and eastern Lombard since le conjugations of verbs in eastern Lombard are different, however their collocation is intuitive , following the example of the Milanese dialect just shown.

Verbs that are irregular only in the past participle

Many verbs are regular in all forms except the past participle. Irregularities in the past participle are more prevalent in the Milanese dialect than in the other dialects, while Eastern Lombard dialects have the least amount of irregularities in the past participles. Irregular verbs in past participles can be grouped into groups with similar irregularities, so we can observe how irregular participles present a rule in their irregularity. Listed below are some irregular verbs divided into groups. The subdivision into groups based on the ending can help in understanding by analogy how a past participle of a verb not listed in the tables below can be made.

Ending in -ader

They are regular in these dialects:
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -ader → -as (IPA: /az/ - MI )

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
evader	-	evas	to escape	MI
dissuader	-	dissuas	to dissuade	MI
invader	-	invas	to invade	MI
persuader	-	persuas	to persuade	MI

Ending in -arger

They are regular in these dialects:
They are irregular in these dialects: MI General rule (MI ): -arger → -ars (IPA: /ars/ - MI )

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
sparger	-	spars	to scatter	MI

Ending in -arì /-arè

Ending in -parì / -parè

They are regular in these dialects: MI
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -arì /arè→ -ars (IPA: /ars/ - MI ) in addiction to regular forms

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
parì / parè	parud	pars	to seem	MI
descomparì	descomparid	descompars	to disappear	MI
comparì	comparid	compars	to appear	MI
valì / valé	valud	vals	to be worth	MI

Ending in -$arì con $ ≠ p

They are regular.

Ending in -eder

Disyllabic

Without a precise rule.

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
ceder	cedud	-	to yield	MI
leder	-	les	to harm, to damage	MI

Plurisyllabic

They are regular in these dialects: MI
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -eder → -ess (IPA: /ɛs/ - MI ) in addiction to regular forms

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
suceder	sucedud	sucess	to happen	MI

Ending in -esger, -eger, -ensger o -iger

They are regular in these dialects: MI
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
Regola frequente (MI ): -eger / -enger / -iger → -et (IPA: /ɛt/ - MI ) often in addiction to regolar form, only rarely regular
Attention: Not even in Milanese dialect these verbs always have irregular forms; for example lensger → lensgiud (but not let)

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
corresger	corresgiud	corret	to correct	MI
dirisger	dirisgiud	diret	to direct	MI
esiger		esat	to demand	MI
lensger	lensgiud		to read	MI
protesger	protesgiud	protet	to protect	MI
strensger	strensgiud	stret strecc	to shake	MI MI (arcaic or provincial)
tensger	tensgiud	tint	to dye	MI

Ending in -ender

They are regular in these dialects: MI
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
Frequent rule(MI ): -ender → -es (IPA: /ez/ - MI ) sometimes in addiction to regular forms, pnore rarely only regolar

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
difender	difendud	difes	to defend	MI
dipender	dipendud	dipes	to depend	MI
imprender	imprendud	-	to learn	MI
render	-	res	to make	MI
ofender	-	ofes	to offend	MI
pretender	pretendud	pretes	to pretend, to demand	MI
condiscender	-	condisces	to condescend	MI
discender	-	disces	to descend	MI
comprender	comprendud	compres	to comprehend	MI
intender	intendud	intes	to mean, to understand	MI
spender	spendud	spes	to spend	MI
stender	stendud	stes	to draft	MI
sospender	sospendud	sospes	to suspend	MI
tender	tendud	tes	to strive, to stretch	MI
vender	vendud	-	to sell	MI

Ending in -erger o erder

They are regular in these dialects: MI
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -erder / erger → -ers (IPA: /ɛrs/ - MI ) in addiction to regular forms

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
disperder	disperdud	dispers	to disperse	MI
perder	perdud	pers	to lose	MI
emerger	emergiud	emers	to emerge	MI
somerger	somergiud	somers	to submerge	MI

Ending in -e$$ì con $ consonante

They are regular in these dialects:
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -e$$ì → -e$$ud (IPA: /ɛ$$y:/ - MI ) sometimes in addiction to regular forms

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
svegnì	-	svegnud	to faint	MI
tegnì	-	tegnud	to hold	MI
vegnì	-	vegnud	to come	MI
sentì	sentid	sentud	to feel, to hear	MI

Ending in -eter

Ending in -meter

They are regular in these dialects: MI
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -eter → -iss (IPA: /is/ - MI ) in addiction to regular forms

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
ameter	ametud	amiss	to admit	MI
meter	metud	miss	to put	MI
prometer	prometud	promiss	to promise	MI

Ending in -neter

They are regular in these dialects:
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -eter → -ess (IPA: /ɛs/ - MI )

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
aneter	-	aness	to annex	MI
coneter	-	coness	to connect	MI

Ending in -ider

They are regular in these dialects: MI
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -ider → -is (IPA: /iz/ - MI ) sometimes in addictoin to regular forms

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
decider	decidud	decis	to decide	MI
divider	dividud	divis	to divide	MI
incider	-	incis	to engrave	MI
intrider	-	intris	to soak	MI
recider	-	recis	to sever	MI

Ending in -inder

They are regular in these dialects:
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -inder → -iss (IPA: /is/ - MI ) with some exception

Verb in Lombard regola -inder	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
rescinder	-	resciss	to rescind	MI
scinder	-	sciss	to break down, to split	MI

Ending in -inger -inguer o -enger

Ending in -$inger -$inguer -$enger con $ ≠ r

They are regular in these dialects: MI
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -inger /inguer/enger → -int (IPA: /ĩ:t/ - MI ) with some exceptions

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
depensger	depensgiud	depenc	to paint	BG
distinguer	-	distint	to distinguish	MI
estinguer	-	estint	to extinguish	MI
tenger	tengiud	tint	to dye	MI

Ending in -imer

Ending in -rimer

They are regular in these dialects:
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -imer → -ess (IPA: /ɛs/ - MI )

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
comprimer	-	compress	to compress	MI
oprimer	-	opress	to oppress	MI
reprimer	-	repress	to repress	MI
imprimer	-	impress	to impress	MI
esprimer	-	espress	to express	MI

Ending in -dimer

They are regular in these dialects:
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -imer → -ent (IPA: /ẽ:t/ - MI )

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
redimer	-	redent	to redeem	MI

Ending in -ister

They are regular in these dialects: MI
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -ister → -istid (IPA: /isti:/ - MI ) in addiction to regular forms

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English
assister	assistud	assistid	to assist	MI
esister	esistud	esistid	to exist	MI

Ending in -oder

They are regular in these dialects:
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -oder → -os (IPA: /ɔz/ - MI )

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
esploder	-	esplos	to explode	MI
roder	-	ros	to gnaw	MI

Ending in -olver

They are regular in these dialects:
They are irregular in these dialects: MI General rule (MI ): -olver → -olt (IPA: /ɔlt/ - MI )

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
assolver	-	assolt	to fulfil	MI

Ending in -onder

Ending in -fonder

They are regular in these dialects: MI
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -onder → -us (IPA: /yz/ - MI ) in addiction to regular forms

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
fonder	fondud	fus	to melt	MI

Ending in -$onder con $ ≠ f

They are regular in these dialects: MI
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -onder → -ost (IPA: /ɔst/ - MI ) in addiction to regular forms

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
rispondere	rispondud	rispost	to answer	MI

Ending in -order o -orer

They are regular in these dialects: MI
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -order/-orer → -ors (IPA: /ɔrs/ - MI ) in addiction to regular forms

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
morder	mordud	mors	to bite	MI
ocorer	ocorud	ocors	to be needed	MI
corer corer	corud -	- cors	to run (transtive verb) to run (intransitive verb)	MI MI

Ending in -oeu / -oeujer

They are regular in these dialects:
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -oeu / oeuj → -olt (IPA: /ɔlt/ - MI )

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
toeu	-	tolt toeuj toeud toeult	ro remove	MI MI (arcaic) Br Br
distoeu	-	distolt	to divert	MI
regoeujer	-	racolt regolt	to gather	MI MI (provincial)

Ending in -oeuder o -oeuver

They are regular in these dialects: MI
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -oeuder /oeuver → -oss (IPA: /ɔs/ - MI ) in addiction to regular forms

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
moeuver	movud	-	to move	MI
moeuves	-	moss	to move	MI
scoeuder	scodud	scoss	to shake, to quench, to collect	MI

Ending in -ofrì

They are regular in these dialects: (MI )
They are irregular in these dialects: MI BG
General rule (MI ): -ofrì → -ofert (IPA: /u'fɛrt/ - MI ) sometimes in addiction to regular forms in disuse

General rule (BG ): -ofrì → -oferid (IPA: /ofe'rit/ - BG )

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
ofrì ofrì	-	ofert ofrid	to offer	MI BG
sofrì	(sofrid)	sofert	to suffer	MI

Ending in -oprì

They are regular in these dialects: BG MI
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -oprì → -opert (IPA: /u'pɛrt/ - MI ) sometimes in addiction to regular forms in disuse

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
scoprì	(scoprid)	scopert	to discover	MI

Ending in -omper

They are regular in these dialects: BG
They are irregular in these dialects: MI BG
General rule (MI ): -omper → -ot (IPA: /ɔt/ - MI )

General rule (BG ): -omper → -ot (IPA: /ɔt/ - BG ) in addiction to regular forms

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
romper romper	- rompid	rot rot	to break	MI BG

Ending in -onger

They are regular in these dialects:
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -onger → -ont (IPA: /ũ:t/ - MI ) in addiction to regular forms

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
vonsger	vonsgiud	vont vonc	to grease	MI MI (arcaic or provincial), BG

Ending in -onner

They are regular in these dialects:
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -onner → -ost (IPA: /ɔst/ - MI )

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English
suponner	-	supost	to suppose	MI
disponner	-	dispost	to arrange	MI
esponner	-	espost	to expose	MI
preponner	-	prepost	to put before, to put in charge	MI
proponner	-	propost	to propose	MI

Ending in -orger

They are regular in these dialects: MI
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -orger → -ort (IPA: /ɔrt/ - MI ) in addiction to regular forms

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
acorges	acorgiud	acort	to notice, to realize	MI
sorgere	sorgiud	sort	to rise	MI

Ending in -orì

Almost all regular with some exceptions (see table below)

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
morì	-	mort	to dead	MI
dolì	dolud -	- dolsud	to ache (transititive) to ache (intransitive)	MI

Ending in -ù

They are regular in these dialects:
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -ù → -ot (IPA: /ɔt/ - MI )

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English
condù	-	condot condut	to conduct, to lead	MI MI (arcaic)
dedù	-	dedot dedut	to deduce	MI MI (arcaic)
indù	-	indot indut	to induce, to lead, to infer	MI MI (arcaic)
introdù	-	introdot introdut	to introduce	MI MI (arcaic)
prodù	-	prodot produt	to produce	MI MI (arcaic)
redù	-	ridot redut	to reduce	MI MI (arcaic)
sedù	-	sedot sedut	to seduce	MI MI (arcaic)
tradù	-	tradot tradut	to translate	MI MI (arcaic)

Ending in -uder

They are regular in these dialects:
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -uder → -us (IPA: /yz/ - MI )

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
concluder	(concludud)	conclus	to conclude	MI
deluder	-	delus	to disappoint	MI
eluder	-	elus	to evade	MI
escluder	-	esclus	to exclude	MI
iluder	-	ilus	to deceive	MI

Ending in -ulger

They are regular in these dialects:
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -ulger → -ult (IPA: /ylt/ - MI )

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
indulger	-	indult	to indulge	MI

Ending in -umer

They are regular in these dialects:
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -umer → -ont (IPA: /ũ:t/ - MI )

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
assumer		assont	to hire	MI
presumer		presont	to assume, to presume	MI

Ending in -uger

They are regular in these dialects:
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -uger → -ut (IPA: /yt/ - MI )

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
distruger	-	distrut	to destroy	MI

Ending in -uter

They are regular in these dialects:
They are irregular in these dialects: MI
General rule (MI ): -uter → -us (IPA: /ys/ - MI )

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
discuter	-	discuss	to discuss	MI

Other irregular participles

Verb	Participi passad forma regolar	Participi passad forma iregolar		Dialet
estrà	-	estrat	to extract	MI

Other irregular past participles not classifiable in the previous cases

Verb in Lombard	Past participle regular form	Past participle irregular form	Verb in English	Dialects
coeuser coeuser	cosud -	cot cocc	to cook	MI BG , MI (arcaic o provincial)
dervì	dervid	avert vert	to open	MI MI (provincial)
scernì	scernid	scelt	to choose	MI
scriver	scrivud -	scrit screit scricc	to write	MI NO , MI (provincial) BG
vedé ved	vedud -	vist vest	to see	MI BG
viver	vivud	vissud	to live	MI
vorè	vorud	vorsud	to want	MI

Defective verbs that have only the past participle

There are some verbs in Lombardy that exist only in the form of Past participle, most of them have been introduced only in the Dialects more italianized, especially Milanese, under the thrust of the Italian language. Therefore, it is possible to construct only the compound tenses of these verbs, while in the simple tenses it is necessary to use other verbs.

Past participle of the difective verb	Usable verb(s) in the simple tenses	Verb in English	Dialects
aces	pizzà	to turn on	MI
adot	tirà in ball, presentà	to invoke	MI
aflit	tormentà, tossegà	to afflict	MI
assis	setàss	to sit	MI
consont	consumà	to consume	MI
cospers	sbrofà	to sprinkle	MI
contus	macà	to contuse	MI
dilet	havégh in del coeur	to prefer	MI
fint	fà finta	to pretend	MI
intrus	cascià dent a forza, cascià dent de sfros	to intrude	MI
prefiss	prefissà	to set	MI
sciolt	deslenguà	to melt	MI
trafit	infilzà	to pierce	MI
rosegad	roder	to gnaw	MI

Defective verbs that do not have the past participle

Some verbs are defective due to the lack of the past participle, which is replaced by the past participle of other verbs.

Lombard verb difective	Past participle replacement	Verb in English	Dialects
conquider	conquistad	to conquer	MI
incuter	fad vegnì	to strike	MI
rediger	compilad	to draw up	MI