Lombard/Dictionaries and Wiktionary

Lombard language dictionaries

In the module about the orthography it was explained that Lombard historically has never had a common orthography, but there are different orthographies, each linked to the literary tradition of the main town and cities. For this reason it is difficult to find real dictionaries of Lombard language on the market, which as already mentioned is a cluster of dialects, but rather dictionaries of local dialects written in their historical orthographies. Furthermore, the available dictionaries do not give definitions in Lombard, but in reality translations from Lombard to Italian or from Italian to one of the variants of Lombard in a certain orthography. Furthermore, as regards the dictionaries, those available online are written in an archaic Italian, that of the mid-nineteenth century. Anyone wishing to write Lombard using the New Lombard Orthography could however get into trouble due to the need to convert words written with another orthography into the New Lombard Orthography. Precisely for this reason, within this course there will be modules whose purpose is to help in this orthographic conversion into the New Lombard Orthography, while the Lombard language wikictionary, written above all in New Lombard Orthography, aims to show within the same page the different ways of writing and pronouncing the same word in the different variants of the Lombard language.

Dictionaries available on line

Among the dictionaries that can be consulted online we can list:

Dictionaries	Orthographies	Dialects	Importance of the orthography in the past (before 1950)	Importance of the orthography nowaday	How to convert in to New Lombard Orthography
F. Cherubini, Vocabolario milanese-italiano, 1814 F. Cherubini, Vocabolario milanese-italiano, 1839 → 1856 C. Arrighi, Dizionario milanese-italiano: col repertorio italiano-milanese, 1896 G. Capis, G. A. Biffi, Varon milanes de la lengua de Milan e Prissian de Milan de la parnonzia milanesa, 1750 Banfi, Vocabolario Milanese-italiano a uso della gioventù	Classical Milanese Orthography	MI	FO	FO	►
G. B. Melchiori, Vocabolario bresciano-italiano: con appendice e rettificazioni, 1817 (Vol.1) G. B. Melchiori, Vocabolario bresciano-italiano: con appendice e rettificazioni, 1817 (Vol.2)	Classical Brescian orthography	BS	• RAR	-
Vocabolario ortografico italiano-bresciano di Giovanni Scaramella	Giovanni Scaramella’s orthography	BS	-	• RAR
B. Samarani, Vocabolario cremasco-italiano, 1852	Classical Cremasque orthography (by Bonifacio Samarani)	Cr	MED	• RAR
A. Peri, Vocabolario cremonese italiano, 1847	Classical Cremasque orthography (by Angelo Peri)	CR	MED	• RAR
Sito web del dialetto di Albosaggia Vocabolario italiano-dialèt bośàc'		Vtel	-	• RAR
Vocabolario Pavese-italiano e Italiano-pavese	Classical Pavese orthography by Carlo Gambini	PV	• RAR	-
Vocabolario Pavese-Italiano con l'aggiunta delle frasi più comuni	Classical Pavese orthography by Rodolfo Manfredi	PV	• RAR	-
Vocabolario dialettale di Chiuro e Castionetto	Orthography by the IDEVV	Vtel	-	• RAR
Vocabolario Bergamasco-Italiano di Stefano Zappettini del 1859	Close to theclassical Milanese Orthography	BG	• RAR	-
Piccol dizionario del dialetto pizzighettonese a cura di Pietro Bonardi e Jessica Bettinelli		CrCR	-	• RAR
A. Tiraboschi, Vocabolario dei dialetti bergamaschi antichi e moderni, 1873 C. Francia, E. Gambarini, Dizionario bergamasco-italiano e italiano-bergamasco, 2005	Orthogfraphy of the Duchy	BG	MED	MED	►
Pietro Monti, Vocabolario dei dialetti della città e diocesi di Como, 1845.	Milanese Orthography, Comasque variant	CO , Lagh	FO	• RAR
dizionari.lombard (written only in lombard)	Scriver Lombard	All dialects	-	FO

Note

FO = fundamental

MED = of medium importance

• RAR = rare

Wiktionary in Lombard language

The image below shows the main page of the Lombard language Wiktionary. To search for a word, simply write the word in the search box and then click on "search for the right word" or "ENTER" on the computer keyboard.

How to search for a word in the Lombard language Wiktionary

Inside the Wiktionary pages, as shown in the example below, there are:

• Definitions in Lombard;
• The spellings of the same word in different orthographies and dialects;
• The pronunciation of the same word in different dialects;
• The etymology;
• Translation into several languages;
• ...

Example of Wiktionary page in Lombard language

As with all Wiki projects, anyone can contribute by accepting to release a contribution under the conditions of the GNU Free Documentation License.

Automatic translators

Since the end of 2022, the progress of artificial intelligence, in particular made available by Open AI, has begun to actually allow the automatic translation of the Lombard language as well. Furthermore, since June 2024, again thanks to artificial intelligence, the Lombard language has been introduced into "Google Translate". Nowadays translations do not always provide accurate and correct results. Translations from English to Lombard are not always successful, and anyway, given the widespread presence of errors, can be used mainly by a person who knows Lombard as a starting point to speed up a translation; this is comprehensible since artificial intelligence draws from online materials that are written in different orthographies and dialects. We could expect an improvement in the coming years if the lombard writers converge in the use of a single orthography. Translations from Lombardy to English are better, although also in this case they are not 100% accurated.

Google translate

From 28 June 2024, automatic translations into Lombardy are available on "Google translate"

The openAI chat

To use the open AI chat you must go to the site "https://chat.openai.com/auth/login" and register. Once you have registered, you can log in with your username and your password. After logging in you will have an automatic chat that gives answers thanks to artificial intelligence taking as source material what foeund on the web.

To obtain translations from Lombard to Ensglish you must write in the chat: "translate from Lombard into English:" followed by the text to be translated. We proceed in a similar way to obtain translations from Italian to English.

Note