Flora of New York/Ammaryllidaceae & Asparagaceae

← Asparagales (2) Iridaceae & Asphodelaceae	Flora of New York — Asparagales (3) Ammaryllidaceae & Asparagaceae				→ Poales (1) Typhaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Xyridaceae
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

Order	Family	Subfamily	Tribe	Genus	Common name(s)	#
Asparagales	Orchidaceae	Vanilloideae	Pogonieae	Pogonia	snakemouth orchid	3
		Vanilloideae	Pogonieae	Isotria	fiveleaf orchid	3
		Cypripedioideae	—	Cypripedium	lady's slipper	7
		Epidendroideae	Neottieae	Epipactis	helleborine	2
			Neottieae	Neottia	twayblade	4
			Triphoreae	Triphora	noddingcaps	1
			Arethuseae	Arethusa	dragon's mouth	2
			Malaxideae	Liparis	widelip-orchid	2
			Malaxideae	Malaxis	adder's-mouth-orchid	3
			Maxillarieae	Corallorhiza	coralroot	6
			Maxillarieae	Aplectrum	Adam and Eve	1
			Calypsoeae	Calypso	fairy slipper	1
			Calypsoeae	Tipularia	cranefly orchid	1
		Orchidoideae	Orchideae	Amerorchis	roundleaf orchis	1
				Coeloglossum	frog-orchid	1
				Galearis	galearis	1
				Platanthera	fringed-orchid	18
			Cranichideae	Goodyera	rattlesnake-plantain	3
			Cranichideae	Spiranthes	ladies'-tresses	14
	Hypoxidaceae	—	—	Hypoxis	eastern yellow stargrass	1
	Iridaceae	Iridoideae	Irideae	Iris	iris	10
		Iridoideae	Sisyrinchieae	Sisyrinchium	blue-eyed grass	7
		Crocoideae	Ixiae	Crocus	crocus	4
	Asphodelaceae	Hemerocallidoieae	Hemerocallideae	Hemerocallis	daylily	2
	Ammaryllidaceae	Allioideae	—	Allium	garlic, onion, leek, chives	14
		Amaryllidoideae	Narcisseae	Narcissus	daffodil	4
		Amaryllidoideae	Galantheae	Galanthus (snowdrop) Leucojum (snowflake)	2	3
	Asparagaceae	Scilloideae	Ornithogaleae	Ornithogalum	star-of-Bethlehem	2
		Scilloideae	Hyacintheae	Chionodoxa (glory of the snow) Hyacinthoides (English-bluebell) Muscari (grape-hyacinth) Scilla (squill)	4	5
		Agavoideae	Agaveae	Yucca (Adam's needle) Hosta (plantain lily)	2	4
		Asparagoideae	—	Asparagus	asparagus	1
		Nolinoideae	—	Convallaria	lily-of-the-valley	2
		Nolinoideae	—	Maianthemum (mayflower) Polygonatum (Solomon's-seal)	2	6

Family AmaryllidaceaeEdit

The Amaryllidaceae (family)...

Subfamily AllioideaeEdit

AlliumEdit

Allium subg. AnguinumEdit

Allium tricoccum
wild leeks, ramps

Subg. Anguinum contains the native wild leeks, also known as ramps.

Asparagales — Amaryllidaceae — Allioideae — Allium subg. Anguinum
Allium subg. Anguinum	Wild leeks	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Allium tricoccum Aiton var. tricoccum 1789. Allium tricoccum Aiton 1808. Allium triflorum Raf. 1822. Ophioscorodon tricoccum (Aiton) Wallr. 1840. Aglitheis tricoccum (Aiton) Raf. 1903. Validallium tricoccum (Aiton) Small	Common wild leek Wild leek Ramps Ramp Small white leek Small wild leek Wood leek Ail des bois Ail sauvage Ail trilobé	Native, C:8, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can FNA Trop. Images, wsp Note: FLNPS
Allium tricoccum Aiton var. burdickii Hanes 1953. Allium tricoccum var. burdickii Hanes 1979. Allium burdickii (Hanes) A.G.Jones	Narrow-leaf wild leek, Burdick's wild leek, Ramp Ail de Burdick	Native, C:8, Endangered, No recent reports, DEC-A^[1]			NYFA-Z USDA-NN NPT Can ARS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered.

Allium subg. AmeralliumEdit

Asparagales — Amaryllidaceae — Allioideae — Allium subg. Amerallium
Allium subg. Amerallium	Onion	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Allium canadense var. canadense	Meadow garlic, Canadian garlic, Wild onion	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Images, wsp Note: FLNPS
Allium cernuum var. cernuum	Nodding onion	Native, Threatened, DEC-B^[1]			NYFA-2 USDA-NN Images, wsp Note: FLNPS
Allium neapolitanum Cirillo	Ail de Naples, Neapolitan garlic, White garlic	Introduced, Old-World native			NYFA-X USDA-X0 Images, wsp
↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (b) Threatened.

Allium subg. CepaEdit

Allium schoenoprasum L.
wild chives

Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) is a circumboreal species. Although escapes of these widely-cultivated plants are common, natural populations are now considered to be endangered in New York.

Asparagales — Amaryllidaceae — Allioideae — Allium subg. Cepa
Allium subg. Cepa sect. Schoenoprasum	Chives	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Allium schoenoprasum L. 1753. Allium schoenoprasum L. 1753. Allium sibiricum L. yyyy. A. schoenoprasum var. laurentianum yyyy. A. schoenoprasum var. sibiricum	Wild chives	Native, C:9, Endangered, Note^[1]^[2]			NYFA-U USDA-NN NPT FNA Images, wsp
Allium subg. Cepa sect. Cepa	Onions	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Allium cepa L.	Garden onion, Cultivated onion	Introduced, Not naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-C0 Images, wsp
↑ USDA-NRCS PLANTS shows Allium schoenoprasum var. schoenoprasum as introduced in North America, but not present in NY. It shows var. sibiricum as native to North America, present in NY, and threatened in MI, MN, and NH. The New York Flora Atlas treats these varieties as cultivars and gives the species a state-exotic status. Flora of North America treats the species as a polymorphic North American native, with no reliable varietal separations. ↑ New York Rare Plant Status Lists, November 2017:Changes Since the June 2010 Rare Plant Status Lists: Taxa added to the Active List: Allium schoenoprasum G5 S1

Allium subg. AlliumEdit

Asparagales — Amaryllidaceae — Allioideae — Allium subg. Allium
Allium subg. Allium sect. Allium	Garlic & Leeks	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Allium vineale L.	Wild garlic, Wild onion, Onion-grass	Introduced, Widespread weed, NE-3^[1]			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Images, wsp
Allium sativum L. var. ophioscorodon	Hardneck garlic	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp
Allium sphaerocephalon L.	Round-head garlic	Introduced			NYFA-X Images, wsp
Allium porrum L.	Leek	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-X0 Images, wsp
Allium subg. Allium (excluded taxa)	Garlic & Leeks	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Allium oleraceum L.	Wild garlic	Introduced, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-XW NPT Images, wsp
Allium sativum L. var. sativum	Garlic	Introduced, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-XX Images, wsp
Allium paniculatum L. var. paniculatum	Mediterranean onion	Introduced, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-X0 Images, wsp
Allium ampeloprasum L.	Broadleaf wild leek, Broad-leaved wild leek	Introduced, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-X0 Images, wsp
↑ Category 3 Plants - widespread non-native species - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

Subamily AmaryllidoideaeEdit

The Amaryllidoideae (amaryllis subfamily)...

Tribe NarcisseaeEdit

NarcissusEdit

Asparagales — Amaryllidaceae — Amaryllidoideae — Narcisseae — Narcissus
Narcissus	Daffodil	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Narcissus poeticus L.	Poet’s narcissus, Pheasant’s-eye narcissus, Daffodil	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. 1753	Daffodil, Common daffodil, Trumpet narcissus	Introduced, from Eurasia, Macaronesia			NYFA-X USDA-XX ARS FNA Images, wsp
Narcissus × incomparabilis Mill. (pro sp.) [ poeticus × pseudonarcissus ]	Nonesuch daffodil	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-X0 Images, wsp
Narcissus (excluded taxa)	Daffodil	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Narcissus jonquilla L	Jonquil, Daffodil	Introduced, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-X0 Images, wsp

Tribe GalantheaeEdit

LeucojumEdit

Asparagales — Amaryllidaceae — Amaryllidoideae — Galantheae — Leucojum
Leucojum	Snowflake	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Leucojum aestivum L. 1759	Summer snowflake, Loddon-lily	Introduced, from Eurasia			NYFA-X USDA-XX ARS FNA Images, wsp

GalanthusEdit

Asparagales — Amaryllidaceae — Amaryllidoideae — Galantheae — Galanthus
Galanthus	Snowdrop	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Galanthus elwesii Hook.f. 1875 1882. G. graecus Orph. ex Boiss.	Giant snowdrop, Greater snowdrop	Introduced, from Eurasia			NYFA-X USDA-X0 ARS FNA Images, wsp
Galanthus nivalis L. 1753 1839. G. imperati Bertol. 1888. G. nivalis ssp. imperati Baker	Snowdrop, Common snowdrop Perceneige	Introduced, from Eurasia			NYFA-X USDA-XX ARS FNA Images, wsp

Family AsparagaceaeEdit

Subfamily ScilloideaeEdit

Tribe OrnithogaleaeEdit

OrnithogalumEdit

Ornithogalum umbellatum L.
common star-of-Bethlehem

Asparagales — Asparagaceae — Scilloideae — Ornithogaleae — Ornithogalum
Ornithogalum	Star of Bethlehem	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ornithogalum umbellatum L. 1753. Ornithogalum umbellatum L.	Common star-of-Bethlehem, Pyrenees Star of Bethlehem, Nap-at-noon, Sleepy dick Dame de onze heures	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Invasive, WW			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp
Ornithogalum nutans L. (1753)	Drooping star-of-Bethlehem, Nodding star-of-Bethlehem	Introduced, Eurasia native			NYFA-X USDA-XX ARS FNA Images, wsp

Tribe HyacintheaeEdit

Subribe HyacinthinaeEdit

ScillaEdit

Asparagales — Hyacinthaceae — Hyacinthoideae — Hyacintheae — Hyacinthinae
Scilla	Scilla	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Scilla siberica Andrews 1804. Scilla siberica Andrews 1804. Scilla siberica Haw. 1998. Othocallis siberica (Haw.) Speta	Siberian squill, Wood squill	Introduced from Eurasia, Naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-X ARS Images, wsp

ChionodoxaEdit

Asparagales — Hyacinthaceae — Hyacinthoideae — Hyacintheae — Hyacinthinae
Chionodoxa	Glory-of-the-snow	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Chionodoxa luciliae 1844. Chionodoxa luciliae Boiss. 1899. Chionodoxa gigantea Whittall 1971. Scilla luciliae (Boiss.) Speta	Glory of the snow, Lucile's glory of the snow	Introduced, Naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-X0 FNA Trop. Images, wsp

MuscariEdit

Asparagales — Hyacinthaceae — Hyacinthoideae — Hyacintheae — Hyacinthinae
Muscari	Grape-hyacinth	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Muscari botryoides	Common grape-hyacinth, Compact grape-hyacinth, Italilan grape-hyacinth, Grape-hyacinth	Introduced from Europe, Naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-XX ARS Images, wsp
Muscari neglectum	Grape hyacinth, Starch grape hyacinth	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Unknown naturalization			NYFA-X USDA-X Images, wsp

HyacinthoidesEdit

Asparagales — Hyacinthaceae — Hyacinthoideae — Hyacintheae — Hyacinthinae
Hyacinthoides	Hyacinthoides	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard 1753. Hyacinthus non-scriptus L. 1803. Scilla non-scripta (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link 1934. Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard	English-bluebell	Introduced, Not naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-X Images, wsp
Hyacinthoides hispanica (Mill.) Rothm. 1768. Scilla hispanica Mill. 1944. Hyacinthoides hispanica (Mill.) Rothm. 1983. Scilla non-scripta ssp. hispanica (Mill.) 1993. Hyacinthoides non-scripta ssp. hispanica (Mill.)	Spanish bluebell	Introduced, Not naturalized			NYFA-Xm USDA-XX FNA Trop. Images, wsp

Subfamily AgavoideaeEdit

YuccaEdit

Asparagales — Asparagaceae — Agavoideae — Agaveae — Yucca
Yucca	Yucca	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Yucca filamentosa	Yucca, Adam's needle, Spanish bayonette	Introduced, North America native			NYFA-X USDA-N NSE BNA Images, wsp

HostaEdit

Asparagales — Asparagaceae — Agavoideae — Agaveae — Hosta
Hosta	Plantain-lily	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Hosta lancifolia (Thunb.) Engl.	Narrowleaf plantain lily, Narrow-leaved plantain-lily	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-X Images, wsp
Hosta ventricosa	Blue plantain-lily	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-X Images, wsp
Hosta plantaginea	Fragrant plantain lily	Introduced, No NY reports			NYFA-X USDA-X Images, wsp

CamassiaEdit

Camassia scilloides
wild hyacinth, eastern camas

Camassia scilloides (wild hyacinth) was listed in the 1912 Flora of Onondaga County as Quamasia hyacinthina Raf., a "very rare" plant found on the bank of Onondaga Creek in 1900.^[1] It is not listed in the New York Flora Atlas.

↑ L. Leonora Hutchinson Goodrich (1912) Flora of Onondaga County as Collected by the Members of the Syracuse Botanical Club. p. 64.

Asparagales — Asparagaceae — Agavoideae — Camassia
Camassia Raf. (1818)	0	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory 1818. Cyanotris scilloides Raf. 1824. Quamasia scilloides (Raf.) Raf. 1896. Quamasia hyacinthina Britton 1908. Camassia esculenta (Ker Gawl.) B.L.Rob.) 1936. Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory	Eastern camas Atlantic camas Wild hyacinth Camassie faux-scille Jacinthe des bois	N. America native			USDA-NN FNA BNA Images, wsp

Subamily AsparagoideaeEdit

The Asparagoideae (asparagus subfamily)...

AsparagusEdit

Asparagales — Asparagaceae — Asparagoideae — Asparagus
Asparagus	Asparagus	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Asparagus officinalis L. 1753. Asparagus officinalis L. 1753. Asparagus officinalis ssp. officinalis 1753. Asparagus officinalis var. altilus L. 1783. Asparagus tenuifolius Lam. 1864. Asparagus altilus (L.) Asch.	Garden asparagus, Common asparagus, Asparagus Asperge, Asperge officinale	Introduced Perennial, Forb-herb			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp

Subfamily NolinoideaeEdit

The Nolinoideae subfamily...

ConvallariaEdit

Convallaria majalis
lily of the valley

The lily-of-the-valley plants that have been found to have naturalized or persisted from old plantings in New York have been the Eurasian lily-of-the-valley (C. majalis ssp. majalis). The American lily-of-the-valley (C. majalis ssp. majuscula^[1]) is considered to be native to the Appalachian Mountain region with a natural range extending only as far north as West Virginia. These North American natives have not been reported outside of cultivation in New York.

↑ Gandhi.. 2012. Nomenclatural and taxonomic analysis of Convallaria majalis, C. majuscula, and C. montana

Asparagales — Asparagaceae — Nolinoideae — Convallaria
Convallaria	Lily of the valley	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Convallaria majalis L. ssp. majalis 1753. Convallaria majalis L.	Eurasian lily-of-the-valley, European lily-of-the-valley Muguet	Introduced, Naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-X FNA Images, wsp
Convallaria (excluded taxa)	Lily of the valley	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Convallaria majalis L. ssp. majuscula (Greene) Gandhi, Reveal, and Zarucchi 1840. Convallaria montana Raf. 1908. Convallaria majuscula Greene 1964. Convallaria majalis var. montana (Raf.) H.E.Ahles 2012. Convallaria majalis ssp. majuscula	American lily-of-the-valley	N. America native, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-0 USDA-N0 ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp Note: Gandhi^[1]
↑ Gandhi.. 2012. Nomenclatural and taxonomic analysis of Convallaria majalis, C. majuscula, and C. montana

MaianthemumEdit

Maianthemum canadense Desf.
Canada mayflower

Asparagales — Asparagaceae — Nolinoideae — Maianthemum
Maianthemum	Mayflower	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Maianthemum canadense Desf. 1807. Maianthemum canadense Desf. 1814. Smilacina canadensis Pursh 1888. Unifolium canadense Greene	Canada May-flower, Canadian May-lily, Wild lily-of-the-valley, False lily-of-the-valley, Two-leaved Solomon’s-seal Maïanthème du Canada	Native, C:5, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Zoochore			NYFA-5 USDA-N NPT Can FNA Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp
Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link ssp. racemosum 1753. Convallaria racemosa L. 1807. Smilacina racemosa Desf. 1821. Maianthemum racemosum Link 1840. Vagnera retusa Raf. 1889. Unifolium racemosum (Britton 1893. Vagnera racemosa Morong 1903. Vagnera australis Rydb.	False Solomon’s-seal, False spikenard, Solomon’s-plume, Feathery false lily of the valley Smilacine à grappes	Native, C:6, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Zoochore			NYFA-5 USDA-N NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp
Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link 1753. Convallaria stellata L. 1807. Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. 1821. Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link	Starry Solomon's-seal, Little false Solomon’s-seal, Starflower Solomon’s-seal, Starflower Solomon's-plume Smilacine étoilée, Maïanthème étoilé	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-N Can ARS Trop. Images, wsp
Maianthemum trifolium (L.) Sloboda 1753. Convallaria trifolia Smilacina trifolia Tovaria trifolia Vagnera trifolia 1852. Maianthemum trifolium L	Three-leaved Solomon's-plume, Threeleaf false lily of the valley, Threeleaf false Solomon's seal, Swamp false Solomon's seal Smilacine trifoliée, Smilacine à trois feuilles	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-N Images, wsp

PolygonatumEdit

Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott
Solomon’s seal

Asparagales — Asparagaceae — Nolinoideae — Polygonatum
Polygonatum Mill.	Solomon's-seal	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh 1803. Convallaria pubescens Willd. 1814. P. pubescens (Willd.) Pursh auct. P. biflorum sensu Gray & Britton	Hairy Solomon’s seal, Downy Solomon's-seal Sceau-de-Salomon pubescent	Native, C:7, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-N NPT Can ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp
Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. biflorum 1788. Convallaria biflora Walter 1817. Polygonatum biflorum Elliott 1917. P. biflorum var. hebetifolium 1927. P. hebetifolium (R.R. Gates) Bush	Giant Solomon’s seal, Great Solomon’s seal, Common Solomon's-seal, Smooth Solomon’s seal, King Solomon's-seal Sceau-de-Salomon à deux fleurs	Native, C:7, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-N NPT Can ARS FNA Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp
Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult.f.) Morong 1830. Convallaria commutata Schult.f. 1835. P. commutatum A.Dietr. 1894. P. biflorum var. commutatum	Large Solomon's-seal, Giant Solomon’s seal, Great Solomon’s seal Sceau-de-Salomon géant, Sceau-de-Salomon canaliculé	Native, C:5, Unrankd FACU Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-U USDA-NN NPT ARS FNA Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp
Polygonatum (excluded taxa)	Solomon's-seal	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Polygonatum latifolium (Jacq.) Desf. 1775. Convallaria latifolia Jacq. 1797. Convallaria hirta Bosc ex Poir. 1807. P, latifolium (Jacq.) Desf. 1814. P. hirtum (Bosc ex Poir.) Pursh 1840. Sigillaria hirta (Bosc ex Poir.) Raf.	Broad-leaved Solomon's-seal Broadleaf Solomon's-seal	Introduced from Europe, N.Y. excluded, Cultivated			NYFA-XCLD USDA-X0 NPT ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) Allioni Convallaria multiflorum	Eurasian Solomon's-seal	Introduced from Europe, N.Y. excluded, Cultivated			USDA-0X Images, wsp

← Asparagales (2) Iridaceae & Asphodelaceae	Flora of New York — Asparagales (3) Ammaryllidaceae & Asparagaceae				→ Poales (1) Typhaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Xyridaceae
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

[1] New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered.

[2] New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (b) Threatened.

[3] USDA-NRCS PLANTS shows Allium schoenoprasum var. schoenoprasum as introduced in North America, but not present in NY. It shows var. sibiricum as native to North America, present in NY, and threatened in MI, MN, and NH. The New York Flora Atlas treats these varieties as cultivars and gives the species a state-exotic status. Flora of North America treats the species as a polymorphic North American native, with no reliable varietal separations.

[4] New York Rare Plant Status Lists, November 2017:Changes Since the June 2010 Rare Plant Status Lists: Taxa added to the Active List: Allium schoenoprasum G5 S1

[NE3-5] Category 3 Plants - widespread non-native species - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[6] L. Leonora Hutchinson Goodrich (1912) Flora of Onondaga County as Collected by the Members of the Syracuse Botanical Club. p. 64.

[7] Gandhi.. 2012. Nomenclatural and taxonomic analysis of Convallaria majalis, C. majuscula, and C. montana

[8] Gandhi.. 2012. Nomenclatural and taxonomic analysis of Convallaria majalis, C. majuscula, and C. montana

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