Latin/Lesson 6-Pronouns

Latin
Intro:	1 • 2
Chapter 1	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6
Chapter 2	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8
Chapter 3	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8
Chapter 4	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10
Chapter 5	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9

Personal Pronouns in English

Lesson Vocabulary
Latin	English
cibus	food
laborat	he/she works

Pronouns are nouns which are used instead of another noun ('pro', in place of 'noun', noun.)

There are three categories of pronouns which are divided up into persons: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. In addition, pronouns can be singular or plural. They are declined like all other nouns.

Person	Singular	Plural
1st	I	we
2nd	you, thou	you (all)
3rd	he/she/it	they

Personal Pronouns in Latin

1st/2nd Person Pronouns

Table of Personal Pronouns in all of their cases: I, thou, we, ye

Note: thou is the archaic singular of the archaic plural ye - useful for distinguishing you (singular) from you (plural)

	Singular				Plural
Case	1st Person		2nd Person		1st Person		2nd Person
Nominative	ego	I	tū	you	nōs	we	vōs	you
Genitive	meī	of me	tuī	of you	nostrī(nostrum)	of us	vestrī (vestrum)	of you
Dative	mihi	to me	tibi	to/for you	nōbīs	to us	vōbīs	to/for you
Accusative	mē	me	tē	you	nōs	us	vōs	you
Ablative	mē	from me	tē	from you	nōbīs	from us	vōbīs	from you

Nota Bene: the genitive is used in certain phrases like:

1. memor nostrī, mindful of us
2. paucī vestrum, a few of you.

For the possessive uses (my sister, your bicycle) sometimes uses the possessive adjectives:

Latin	English
meus, mea, meum	my
tuus, tua, tuum	thy
suus, sua, suum	his/hers, its, their
noster, nostra, nostrum	our
vester, vestra, vestrum	your
Pater noster	Our father

3rd Person Pronouns

Technically, 3rd person pronouns do not exist in Latin as they do in English. However, they do have equivalents.

Adjectives modify nouns and take the gender of the noun which they modify. However, adjectives do not necessarily need a substantive present in the sentence to modify. The substantive can be presumed. In this way, '3rd person' pronouns are formed.

Example 1

Take the masculine form of the adjective 'ille'. Literally it means 'That (masculine) thing.' However one could take it for simply meaning 'he', depending on the context. Similarly, the pronoun 'iste' means 'that (masc.) thing'. Iste and ille are declined in exactly the same way, but there are a slight difference of meaning between them: 'ille' is often used with proper names for marking dignity or worth and 'iste' conveys a contemptuous sense.

Examples:

- Annibal, ille inclytus filius Amilcaris (Hannibal, that renowned Hamilcar's son).

- Iste servus improbus ante te (this bad slave in front of you).

If no substantive is provided assume words like these: 'man', 'woman', 'thing', 'idea', 'concept', 'reason' etc. Let context be your guide.

Common Adjectives Used as 3rd Person Pronouns In Latin

Declension of Ille (that)

Declension of ille (that): Singular

	Latin			English
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ille	illa	illud	he	she	it
Genitive	illius	illius	illius	his	her, hers	its
Dative	illī	illī	illī	to him	to her	to it
Accusative	illum	illam	illud	him	her	it
Ablative	illō	illā	illō	by, with, from him	her	it

Declension of ille (that): Plural

	Latin			English
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	illī	illae	illa	they, those
Genitive	illōrum	illārum	illōrum	their, theirs, of those
Dative	illīs	illīs	illīs	to them, to those
Accusative	illōs	illās	illa	them, those
Ablative	illīs	illis	illīs	by, with, from them, those

Ille is often used as a kind of pronoun. In situations with multiple phrases or sentences, however, it is syntactically different from is, ea, id (see below).

For example: "Canis puero cibum dat. Is laborat in agro." means "The dog gives food to the boy. The dog works in the field".

However: "Canis puero cibum dat. Ille laborat in agro." means "The dog gives food to the boy. The boy works in the field".

Thus, ille, unlike the other pronouns makes a previous object into the subject (and vice versa).

Examples of the Usage of Ille:

Latin	English
Ille est dominus.	He is the master. (ille as pronoun)
Ille dominus est malus.	That master is bad. (ille as adjective)
Illam videt	He sees her. (or 'she sees her' - illam as pronoun)
Illam puellam videt	He (or she) sees that girl (illam as adjective).

Declension of Is, ea, id: (personal pronouns w/ translations)

Singular

Case	Latin			English
	M	F	N	M	F	N
Nominative	is	ea	id	he	she	it
Genitive	ēius			his	her, hers	its
Dative	eī			to him	to her	to it
Accusative	eum	eam	id	him	her	it
Ablative	eō	eā	eō	by/with him	by/with her	by/with it

Plural

Case	Latin			English
	M	F	N	M	F	N
Nominative	ii	eae	ea	they, those
Genitive	eōrum	eārum	eōrum	their, theirs, of those
Dative	eīs, iīs			to them, to those
Accusative	eōs	eās	ea	them, those
Ablative	eīs, iīs			by, with, from them, those

Like ille, is can be used as a form of a pronoun.

Examples of the Usage of Is

Latin	English
Is est dominus.	He is the master. ("is" as pronoun)
Is dominus est malus.	The master is bad. ("is" as adjective)
Eam videt.	He sees her. (or 'she sees her', "eam" as pronoun)
Eam puellam videt.	He (or she) sees the girl. ("eam" as adjective)

Declension of the Relative pronoun qui, quae, quod: (meaning who, which)

Singular

	M	F	N	M	F	N
Nominative	quī	quae	quod	who		which
Genitive	cūius			whose		of which
Dative	cuī			to whom		to which
Accusative	quem	quam	quod	whom		which
Ablative	quō	quā	quō	by, with, from whom, which

Plural

	M	F	N	M	F	N
Nominative	quī	quae	quae	who		which
Genitive	quōrum	quārum	quōrum	whose		of which
Dative	quibus	quibus	quibus	to which
Accusative	quōs	quās	quae	which
Ablative	quibus	quibus	quibus	by which, in which, etc

Uses of the Relative Pronoun

The relative pronoun takes on the case depending on the function it serves in the relative clause. For example, in the sentence "He sees the man who has a slave," "who" is translated as nominative because it is the subject of the clause "who has a slave." The antecedent (noun to which the pronoun refers) is usually before the relative clause.

Examples of the Usage of the Relative Pronoun

1. Virum videt (he/she sees) qui servum (servant) habet (he/she has).

   He sees the man who has a slave

2. Ille est vir cujus servus est malus.

   That's the man whose slave is bad.

3. Quis eum videt?

   Who sees him?

Declension of hic, haec, hoc (meaning "this")

Singular

	Masculine	Femine	Neuter
Nominative	hic	haec	hoc	this
Genitive	huius
Dative	huic
Accusative	hunc	hanc	hoc
Ablative	hōc	hāc	hōc

Plural

	Masculine	Femine	Neuter
Nominative	hī	hae	haec	these
Genitive	hōrum	hārum	hōrum
Dative	hīs
Accusative	hōs	hās	haec
Ablative	hīs

N.B. Hic as an adverb that means 'here'. N.B. Hic can also be used as a pronoun.

Example of the Usage of Hic

Latin	English
'Hic' servus, non ille, est malus.	This slave, not that one, is bad.