Latin/Lesson 3-Future

Latin
Intro:	1 • 2
Chapter 1	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6
Chapter 2	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8
Chapter 3	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8
Chapter 4	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10
Chapter 5	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9

Future I, Active

Future active is a tense which, unsurprisingly, refers to something which has not yet happened. The endings are fairly basic, and follow fairly regular rules - however, the future endings used in 1st and 2nd conjugation differ from the endings of 3rd, 3rd-io (not a typo!), and 4th.

For example - "amo, amare" (1st conjugation) would be

	singular	plural
1st	Ama bo* I will love	Ama bimus We will love
2nd	Ama bis You will love	Ama bitis Y'all will love
3rd	Ama bit He/She/It will love	Ama bunt* They will love

^*1st person singular and 3rd person plural use bo and bunt, not bi. Note the B and the BIs - the distinguishing feature of future tense in Latin.

With "venio, venire" (4th conjugation--io), however, the endings are different. In future, this is what they look like:

	singular	plural
1st	Veni am I will come	Veni emus We will come
2nd	Veni es You will come	Veni etis Y'all will come
3rd	Veni et He/She/It will come	Veni ent They will come

[deleted paragraphs go here. deleted to maintain rigorous accuracy, which we will go back to striving for.)

To clarify: venire, venio.. we know it is 4th conjugation verb and if we look at its first person singular conjugation, we see that it is an io verb, because the conjugation of the first person singular is "venio". (an io category exists within 3rd and fourth conjugations and is a more general concept which we will briefly introduce here by using venire, venio as an example).

Let's first identify what we know.

We know it is 4th conjugation -io because it ends in ire, which tells us that it is 4th conjugation, and io because its nominative singular ends in io (venio). Because it is io, we leave the i in. So, when we are asked (as all textbooks should phrase these new questions):

1. What are the steps to form the future 2nd person conjugation?

We say:

1. It is better to know more than you need: check the infinitive nominative singular, we now know that it is 4th conjugation io. 2. We now know that we can form the stem: the stem is veni and can then add a personal ending--leaving in the i. We leave in the i because it is io. Because it looks weird, we never leave the i in the future perfect.

What is the form for venire, in the future tense, in the 2nd person?

The answer is venies.

Conjugation in the Future tense
	1st	2nd	3rd	mixed	4th	Irregular
Infinitive:	amare	sedere	legere	capere	venire	ire	velle	esse
Singular
1st person:	amabo	sedebo	legam	capiam	veniam	ibo	volam	ero
2nd person:	amabis	sedebis	leges	capies	venies	ibis	voles	eris
3rd person:	amabit	sedebit	leget	capiet	veniet	ibit	volet	erit
Plural
1st person:	amabimus	sedebimus	legemus	capiemus	veniemus	ibimus	volemus	erimus
2nd person:	amabitis	sedebitis	legetis	capietis	venietis	ibitis	voletis	eritis
3rd person:	amabunt	sedebunt	legent	capient	venient	ibunt	volent	erunt