Latin/Lesson 2-Adjectives

Latin
Intro:	1 • 2
Chapter 1	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6
Chapter 2	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8
Chapter 3	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8
Chapter 4	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10
Chapter 5	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9

Adjectives

Overview of Adjectives

An adjective is simply any word that describes a noun, such as an object or subject in a sentence. Of course, whole phrases may be used to describe nouns, but adjectives are individual words. In English, for example:

The red dog attacked the crazy fox.

An adjective can also be used in a sentence opposite a form of "to be." (called a predicate adjective)

The boy is good.

In Latin, the same is true.

Adjectives in Latin

Like nouns, adjectives in Latin are declined. The vast majority take either the first and second declension (antiquus -a -um) or the third declension (ferox, ferocis). All such adjectives must agree with the nouns they describe in gender, number, and case.

Most third declension adjectives do not have separate masculine and feminine forms. (Neuter adjectives follow the third declension neuter pattern.)

First and second declension adjectives have three distinct genders. Feminine adjectives require the first declension, masculine the second (masculine pattern), and neuter the second (neuter pattern).

These words will look like the adjective antiquus (old, ancient):

antiquus (masculine), antiqua (feminine), antiquum (neuter).

Third declension adjectives typically look more like ferox, ferocis (wild, bold).

Adjectives often come after the word they describe. Since word order is not central to the meaning of a Latin sentence the adjective may appear anywhere within the sentence. In poetry, for example, several words often separate an adjective from the noun it modifies.

For example:

Explanation- The good boy loves the wild dog.
Latin:	Puer	bonus	amat(1)	canem(2) (acc)	ferocem(3) (acc).
English:	[The] boy	good	[he] loves	[the] dog	wild.

• ⁽¹⁾ amāre, [to] love. amat, [he] loves.
• ⁽²⁾ canis, dog (masc.)
• ⁽³⁾ ferox, ferocis, wild. ferocem (acc.)

Bonus, a first and second declension adjective, is masculine, nominative, and singular to agree with puer, the word it is describing.

Ferocem, a third declension adjective, is masculine, accusative, and singular to agree with canem. Canem is accusative because it is the object of amat.

Here is an example of plural adjectives:

Explanation- The good boys love the wild dogs.
Latin:	Puerī (plur)	bonī (plur)	amant (plur)	canes (plur, acc)	feroces (plur, acc).
English:	[The] boys	good	[they] love	[the] dogs	wild.

The words bonus and ferocem become boni and feroces to agree with the plurals pueri and canes.

However, if a girl (puella) happened to love that boy:

Explanation- The good girl loves the good boy.
Latin:	Puella	bona	amat	puerum (acc)	bonum (acc).
English:	[The] girl	good	[she] loves	[the] boy	good.

Bonus must become bona in order to modify puella, which is feminine.

Finally, if the girl isn't good, but rather wild:

Explanation- The wild girl loves the good boy.
Latin:	Puella	ferox	amat	puerum (acc)	bonum (acc).
English:	[The] girl	wild	[she] loves	[the] boy	good.

Even though puella is first declension, ferox remains third declension. In the same way, a good lion would be bonus leo.

Adjectives must agree in gender, number, and case, but not necessarily in declension.

The Positive, Comparative, and Superlative Adjectives

The positive form of the adjective is the plain form of the adjective (e.g. good), the comparative form is used to compare two things (e.g. better), and the superlative form is used to compare more than two things (e.g. best).

To make most Latin adjectives comparative you add -ior to the adjective. To translate back into English you would say either the adjective -er (e.g. taller) or more the adjective (e.g. more tall). To form the superlative you add -issmus. This translates to either the adjective -est (e.g. strongest) or most the adjective (e.g. most strong).

However not all adjectives follow this rule; the following are irregular adjectives and their English translations:

Irregular Adjectives

English	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
good	bonus	melior	optimus
bad	malus	peior	pessimus
small	parvus	minor	minimus
large	magnus	māior	maximus
much	multus	plūs	plūrimus
thrifty	frūgī	frūgālior	frūgālissimus
worthless	nēquam	nēquior	nēquissimus

Exercise

EXERCISE • Lesson 2-Adjectives • Translate

1. est bonus
2. sum ferox
3. estis boni
4. sunt bonae

SOLUTION • Latin/Lesson 2-Adjectives • Translate

1. He is good
2. I am wild
3. You (pl.) are good
4. They are good