Flora of New York/Euphorbiaceae, Linaceae

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	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

Clade	Clade	Order	Family	Subfamily	Tribe	Genus	Common names	#
rosids	basal rosids	Vitales	Vitaceae	Vitoideae	Parthenocisseae	Parthenocissus	creeper, woodbine, ivy	3
					Viteae	Vitis	grape	8
					Ampelopsideae	Ampelopsis	peppervine	3
	basal fabids	Zygophyllales	Zygophyllaceae	Tribuloideae	—	Tribulus	puncturevine	1
	basal fabids	Zygophyllales	Zygophyllaceae	Zygophylloideae	—	Zygophyllum	beancaper	1
	fabids COM clade	Celastrales	Parnassiaceae	Parnassioideae	—	Parnassia	grass of parnassus	1
			Celastraceae	Celastroideae	—	Celastrus	bittersweet, staff vine	2
			Celastraceae	Celastroideae	—	Euonymus	burning bush, spindletree, wahoo	6
		Oxalidales	Oxalidaceae	—	—	Oxalis	woodsorrel	6
		Malpighiales	Hypericaceae	—	Hypericeae	Triadenum	marsh St. John's wort	2
			Hypericaceae	—	Hypericeae	Hypericum	St. John's wort	18
			Podostemaceae	Podostemoideae	—	Podostemum	river weed	1
			Elatinaceae	—	—	Elatine	water wort	3
			Violaceae	Violoideae	Violeae	Hybanthus	greenviolet	1
			Violaceae	Violoideae	Violeae	Viola	violet	57
			Salicaceae	Salicoideae	—	Populus	cottonwood, aspen, poplar	11
			Salicaceae	Salicoideae	—	Salix	willow	36
			Euphorbiaceae	Acalyphoideae	Acalypheae	Acalypha	copperleaf, three-seed mercury	4
						Mercurialis	herb mercury	1
						Ricinus	castor bean	1
				Crotonoideae	Crotoneae	Croton	rushfoil, hogwort	1
				Euphorbioideae	Euphorbieae	Euphorbia	spurge, sandmat	21
			Linaceae	Linoideae	Lineae	Linum	flax	9

Family Euphorbiaceae

The Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) ...

Subfamily Acalyphoideae

Tribe Acalypheae

Acalypha

Acalypha rhomboidea

The genus Acalypha has about 450 species worldwide, of which only three are currently considered native to New York State.

Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Acalyphoideae — Acalypheae — Acalypha
Genus Acalypha	Copperleaf	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. 1836. Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. 1836. Acalypha urticifolia Raf. 1853. Acalypha virginica var. rhombifolia Riddell 1865. Acalypha virginica var. genuina (L.) Müll. Arg. (i) 1892. Acalypha virginica f. intermedia Millsp. 1984. Acalypha virginica var. rhomboidea (Raf.) Cooperr.	Common copperleaf, Common threeseed mercury, Rhombic copperleaf, Rhombic threeseed mercury, Virginia threeseed mercury	Native, CoC: 0, Secure FACU Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Acalypha gracilens A.Gray 1848. Acalypha gracilens A.Gray 1853. Acalypha virginicavar. gracilens	Slender threeseed mercury, Slender copperleaf	Native, CoC: 6, Likely secure FAC-FACU Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: 4	USDA-N0 Go Botany ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Acalypha virginica L. 1753. Acalypha virginica L. 1817. Acalypha digyneia Raf. 1853. Acalypha virginicavar. virginica 1891. Ricinocarpus virginicus Kuntze	Virginia three-seeded mercury, Three-seeded mercury, Virginia copperleaf, Virginia mercury	Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, DEC-A^[1], S1, G5-T5 FACU Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: 1	USDA-N Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Acalypha australis L. 1753. Acalypha australis L.	Asian three-seeded-mercury, Asian copperleaf, Australian acalypha	Introduced from Asia, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5 counties iNat: 5 counties NYFA: X iNat	USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered.

Ricinus

Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Acalyphoideae — Acalypheae — Ricinus
Genus Ricinus	Ricinus	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ricinus communis L. 1753. Ricinus communis L.	Castor-bean, Castor bean, Castorbean, Castor-oil plant	Introduced, Impersistent, Not naturalized Perennial, Shrub		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies

Mercurialis

Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Acalyphoideae — Acalypheae — Mercurialis
Genus Mercurialis	Mercurialis	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Mercurialis annua L. 1753. Mercurialis annua L.	Herb-mercury ⓘ Herb mercury ⓘ Annual mercury ⓘ Boys-and-girls ⓘ French mercury ⓘ	Introduced, Impersistent		NYFA: X	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies

Subfamily Crotonoideae

Tribe Crotoneae

Croton

Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Crotonoideae — Crotoneae — Croton
Genus Croton	Rushfoil	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Croton capitatus Michx.	Woolly croton ⓘ Hogwort ⓘ	Introduced from southern US, midwestern US, N. America native, Not naturalized, SNA		NYFA: Richmond (1882) NYFA: X iNat	USDA-NX ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies

Subfamily Euphorbioideae

Tribe Euphorbieae

Euphorbia

Two subgenera of Euphorbia (commonly known as spurge) can be found in New York.

Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce

Subgenus Chamaesyce contains North American spurges or sandmats, many of which are treated in a separate Chamaesyce genus by some sources. Recent phylogenic studies, however, have shown the Chamaesyce genus to be embedded within Euphorbia.^[1]

The name Chamaesyce is from the Greek chamai (meaning "on the ground") and skyon (meaning "fig," as in Ficus). A common pronunciation of Chamaesyce, according to Botanary is kam-ay-SY-kee.^[2]

↑ The New York Flora Atlas states: "Steinmann and Porter (2002) provide strong evidence that the segregate genus Chamaesyce is nested within Euphorbia. Therefore we recognize Euphorbia in a broad sense including Chamaesyce."
↑ Dave's Garden. Botanary: Chamaesyce

Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Alectoroctonum

Euphorbia corollata
American spurge

Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce
Genus Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Alectoroctonum	Spurge	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Euphorbia corollata L. 1753. Euphorbia corollata L. 1859. Tithymalopsis corollata (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke 1898. Euphorbia marilandica Greene 1903. Tithymalopsis olivacea (Small) Small 1836. Agaloma corollata (L.) Raf.	Flowering spurge American spurge Blooming spurge Poison-milkweed Euphorbe pétaloïde	Native, CoC: 3, Secure Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies
Euphorbia ipecacuanhae L. 1753. Euphorbia ipecacuanhae L. 1903. Tithymalopsis ipecacuanhae (L.) Small 1911. Euphorbia arundelana Bartlett 1912. Agaloma arundelana (Bartlett) Nieuwl. 1913. Tithymalopsis arundelana (Bartlett) Small	Ipecac spurge ⓘ American ipecac ⓘ Carolina ipecac ⓘ Wild ipecac ⓘ	Native, CoC: 5, Endangered		NYFA: 1	USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Euphorbia marginata Pursh 1814. Euphorbia marginata Pursh 1909. Tithymalus marginatus (Pursh) Cockerell	Snow-on-the-mountain, Mountain snow spurge	Introduced from Great Plains, Rockies, N. America native FACU Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: X	USDA-NX Go Botany Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies

Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Anisophyllum

Euphorbia maculata

Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce
Genus Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Anisophyllum	Spurge, Sandmat	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Euphorbia vermiculata Raf. 1818. Euphorbia vermiculata Raf. 1897. Euphorbia rafinesquei Greene 1912. Chamaesyce rafinesquei (Greene) A.Heller 1913. Chamaesyce rafinesquei (Greene) Small (iso.) 1920. Chamaesyce vermiculata (Raf.) House	Hairy spurge ⓘ Wormseed sandmat ⓘ Worm-seed sand-mat ⓘ Wormseed spurge ⓘ Worm-seeded spurge	Native, CoC: 0, Secure		NYFA: N	USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Euphorbia maculata L. 1753. Euphorbia maculata L. 1794. Tithymalus maculatus (L.) Moench 1812. Anisophyllum maculatum (L.) Haw. 1817. Euphorbia supina Raf. 1903. Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small 1939. Chamaesyce supina (Raf.) Moldenke 1940. Chamaesyce supina (Raf.) H.Hara (iso.)	Spotted sandmat, Spotted spurge, Blotched Spurge, Milk-purslane	Native, CoC: 0, Secure FACU Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Euphorbia nutans Lag. 1816. Euphorbia nutans Lag. 1827. Euphorbia preslii Guss. 1903. Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small 1931. Tithymalus nutans (Lag.) Samp.	Upright spurge ⓘ Eyebane ⓘ Eyebane sandmat ⓘ	Native, CoC: 0, Secure FACU Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. Chamaesyce glyptosperma	Ridge-seeded spurge, Ribseed sandmat, Corrugate-seeded broomspurge	Native, Likely secure		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Euphorbia polygonifolia L. Chamaesyce polygonifolia	Seaside sandmat, Seaside spurge	Native, Vulnerable		NYFA: 3-4	USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Euphorbia hirta L. Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.	Pillpod sandmat, Pill-podded broomspurge	Introduced, US South native		NYFA: X	Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Genus Euphorbia sect. Anisophyllum (excluded taxa)	Spurge, Sandmat	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers. var. serpyllifolia Chamaesyce serpyllifoliassp. serpyllifolia	Thyme-leaf sandmat, Thyme-leaved sandmat	N. America native, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Euphorbia stictospora Engelm. Chamaesyce stictospora	Slimseed sandmat, Slim-seeded broomspurge	N. America native, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Euphorbia humistrata Engelm. 1856. Euphorbia humistrata Engelm. 1860. Anisophyllum humistratum (Engelm.) Klotzsch & Garcke 1903. Chamaesyce humistrata (Engelm.) Small	Prostrate spurge, Hairy spreading spurge, Spreading sandmat	N. America native Midwest, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-NX Go Botany-0 VASCAN FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies

Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Poinsettia

Euphorbia davidii
David’s spurge

Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce
Genus Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Poinsettia	Spurge	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Euphorbia davidii Subils 1890. Euphorbia dentata var. gracillima Millsp. 1923. Euphorbia dentata var. lancifolia Farw. 1984. Euphorbia davidii Subils	David’s spurge ⓘ Toothed spurge ⓘ Wild poinsettia ⓘ Euphorbe de David ⓘ	Introduced, US Southwest native		NYFA: X iNat	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies
Euphorbia dentata Michx. 1803. Euphorbia dentata Michx. 1812. Anisophyllum dentatum in… 1859. Poinsettia dentata in… 1803. Euphorbia dentata var. linearis Engelm. ex Boiss.	Toothed spurge ⓘ Dentate spurge ⓘ Euphorbe à feuilles dentées ⓘ	N. America native southern US, N.Y. excluded		NYFA: excluded iNat: Kings (2018), Queens (2018) NYFA-Excluded iNat	USDA-M0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies

Euphorbia subg. Esula

Subgenus Esula contains non-native spurges, a few of which are considered highly invasive in New York.

Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Esula

Euphorbia cyparissias

Section Esula contains two highly invasive and prohibited species, though which two is a little confusing. New York State law (as of 2021) lists Euphorbia cyparissias (cypress spurge) and Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) as prohibited invasive species.^[1]. NYNHP lists those two species with Ecological Invasiveness Ranks of High and NY State Tier 4.^[2] However Flora of North America claims that the invasive leafy spurge previously known in North America as Euphorbia esula is actually Euphorbia virgata and that Euphorbia esula is in fact a relatively rare non-invasive introduction to North America.^[3] The New York Flora Atlas has subsequently moved all New York State Euphorbia esula records to Euphorbia virgata and listed Euphorbia esula as excluded.^[4]

Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
Genus Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Esula	Spurge	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Euphorbia cyparissias L. 1753. Euphorbia cyparissias L. 1768. Tithymalus cyparissias (L.) Hill 1812. Esula cyparissias (L.) Haw. 1836. Keraselma cyparissias (L.) Raf. 1932. Galarhoeus cyparissias (L.) Small ex Rydb.	Cypress spurge ⓘ Graveyard weed ⓘ Graveyard spurge ⓘ Euphorbe cyprès ⓘ Rhubarbe des pauvres ⓘ Euphorbe petit-cyprès ⓘ	Introduced from Eurasia, Highly invasive, NYIS: 75%^[1], Prohibited^[2]		NYFA: X	USDA-X Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Euphorbia virgata Waldst. & Kit. 1803. E. virgata Waldst. & Kit. (i) 1979. E. esula ssp. tommasiniana (Bertol.) Kuzmanov 1988. E. esula var. uralensis (Fisch. ex Link) Dorn auct. E. esula non L. (i)	Slender spurge ⓘ Slender leafy spurge ⓘ Narrow leafy spurge Russian leafy spurge Leafy spurge ⓘ Wolf's milk ⓘ Euphorbe de Tommasini Euphorbe de Waldstein Euphorbe effilée	Introduced from Eurasia, n. Africa, Highly invasive, NYIS: 76%^[3], Prohibited^[2]		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Euphorbia lucida Waldst. & Kit. (1801) Galarhoeus lucidus Tithymalus lucidus	Shining spurge	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Euphorbia esula L. 1753. E. esula L. 1822. E. uralensis Fisch. ex Link 1933. Tithymalus uralensis (Fisch. ex Link) Prokhanov	Leafy spurge	Introduced, Not naturalized		NYFA-Excluded	Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Euphorbia cyparissias: Highly invasive (75%). ↑ ^a ^b New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Euphorbia esula: Highly invasive (76%).

Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Helioscopia

Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
Genus Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Helioscopia	Spurge	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Euphorbia helioscopia L. 1753. Euphorbia helioscopia L. Galarhoeus helioscopius (L.) Haw. Tithymalus helioscopius (L.) Hill	Sun spurge ⓘ Wolf's-milk ⓘ Cat-milk ⓘ Madwoman's milk ⓘ Wart spurge ⓘ Wart weed ⓘ Waterweed ⓘ Summer spurge Euphorbe réveille-matin ⓘ Euphorbe réveil-matin ⓘ Réveille-matin ⓘ Euphorbe hélioscopique ⓘ	Introduced, Naturalized		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Euphorbia platyphyllos L. Galarhoeus platyphyllos (L.) Rydb. Tithymalus platyphyllos (L.) Hill	Broadfeaf spurge, Broad-leaved spurge	Introduced, Unknown naturalization		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Euphorbia epithymoides L. 1762. E. epithymoides L. E. polychroma A.Kern.	Cushion spurge Euphorbe dorée, Euphorbe polychrome	Introduced, Not naturalized		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Genus Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Helioscopia (excluded taxa)	Spurge	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Euphorbia purpurea (Raf.) Fernald 1840. Agaloma purpurea Raf. 1848. E. darlingtonii A.Gray 1903. Tithymalus darlingtonii (A. Gray) Small 1932. E. purpurea (Raf.) Fernald 1933. Galarhoeus darlingtonii (A. Gray) Small	Darlington's spurge ⓘ Darlington's glade spurge ⓘ Glade spurge ⓘ	N. America native Mid-Atlantic, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Tithymalus

Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
Genus Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Tithymalus	Spurge	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Euphorbia peplus L. (1753) 1753. Euphorbia peplus L. 1768. Tithymalus peplus (L.) Hill 1812. Esula peplus (L.) Haw. 1836. Keraselma peplus (L.) Raf. 1932. Galarhoeus peplus (L.) Haw. ex Rydb.	Petty spurge, Euphorbe des jardins	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Naturalized, SNA, GNR Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Lathyris

Euphorbia lathyris - caper spurge, myrtle spurge, mole plant

Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
Genus Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Lathyris	Spurge	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Euphorbia lathyris L. (1759) 1753. Euphorbia lathyrus L. Galarhoeus lathyris (L.) Haw. Tithymalus lathyris (L.) Hill	Caper spurge, Mole plant, Gopher plant, Euphorbe épurge	Introduced, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 57%^[1]		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Euphorbia lathyris: Moderate (57).

Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Exiguae

Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
Genus Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Exiguae	Spurge	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Euphorbia exigua L.	Dwarf spurge, Little spurge	Introduced, Impersistent		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies

Tribe Hippomaneae

Triadica

Family Phyllanthaceae

The Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus

Phyllanthus urinaria

Phyllanthus urinaria is considered a noxious weed in the southeast and is being tracked in New York and New Jersey. The New York Flora Atlas lists specimens from the Bronx, and iNaturalist shows observations from Manhattan and Onondaga County (questionable).

Malpighiales — Phyllanthaceae — Phyllanthoideae — Phyllanthus
Genus Phyllanthus	Phyllanthus	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NPT
Phyllanthus urinaria L. Phyllanthus urinaria L.	Chamber bitter Chamber-bitter Chamber bitters Leafflower	Introduced, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives, Invasive.org: [1], Not naturalized		NYFA: Xm NYFA: Bronx (2009, 2012) iNat GBIF 2 counties	CABI Images Wikispecies

Family Linaceae

The Linaceae

Subfamily Linoideae

Tribe Lineae

Linum

Linum virginianum
slender yellow flax

Malpighiales — Linaceae — Linoideae — Lineae — Linum
Genus Linum	Flax	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Linum virginianum L.	Slender yellow flax, Woodland yellow flax, Woodland flax, Virginia flax, Yellow flax	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Linum striatum Walter	Ridged yellow flax	Native, Rare		NYFA: 3	USDA-NN Images Wikispecies
Linum intercursum E.P.Bicknell 1912. L. intercursum E.P.Bicknell 1916. L. floridanum var. intercursum Weath. 1933. Cathartolinum intercursum Small	Sandplain flax, Sandplain yellow flax	Native, Threatened, NYNHP: S2^[1]		NYFA: 2	USDA-N0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Linum medium (Planch.) Britton var. texanum 1848. L. virginianum var. texanum Planch. 1935. L. medium var. texanum (Planch.) in…	Stiff yellow flax	Native, Threatened, NYNHP: S2^[2]		NYFA: 2	USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Linum sulcatum Riddell var. sulcatum 1836. L. sulcatum Riddell 1907. Cathartolinum sulcatum (Riddell) Small 1982. Mesynium sulcatum (Riddell) Á. Löve & D. Löve	Grooved yellow flax	Native, Threatened, NYNHP: S2^[3]		NYFA: 2	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Linum usitatissimum L. 1753. L. usitatissimum L. 1768. L. humile Mill. 1805. L. usitatissimum var. humile (Mill.) Pers. 1940. L. usitatissimum ssp. transitorium Vavilov & Elladi	Common flax, Cultivated flax, Linseed Lin cultivé, Lin utile, Lin	Introduced, Only cultivated		NYFA: X	USDA-XW Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Linum catharticum	Fairy flax	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies
Linum grandiflorum L. 1753. Linum grandiflorum L.	Flowering flax, Red flax, Scarlet flax, Crimson flax Lin à grandes fleurs	Introduced from Algeria		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Linum perenne L. 1753. Linum perenne L. auct. Linum lewisii non Pursh	Blue flax, Perennial flax, Alpine flax Lin vivace	Introduced from Eurasia		NYFA: X	USDA-XN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Genus Linum (excluded taxa)	Flax	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Linum medium (Planch.) Britton var. medium 1848. Linum virginianum var. medium Planch. 1897. Linum medium (Planch.) Britton	Stiff yellow flax	N. America native, N.Y. excluded Annual-perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Linum intercursum. Threatened, S2/G4. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Linum medium var. texanum. Threatened, S2/G5T5. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Linum sulcatum. Threatened, S2/G5.

[DECA-1] New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered.

[2] The New York Flora Atlas states: "Steinmann and Porter (2002) provide strong evidence that the segregate genus Chamaesyce is nested within Euphorbia. Therefore we recognize Euphorbia in a broad sense including Chamaesyce."

[3] Dave's Garden. Botanary: Chamaesyce

[4] N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 6 § Section 575.3 - Prohibited invasive species. Current through Register Vol. 43, No. 37, September 15, 2021

[5] New York State Invasive Species Tiers: Euphorbia, 2021 New York Natural Heritage Program

[6] Geoffrey A. Levin & Lynn J. Gillespie (2017). Euphorbia virgata in Flora of North America Vol. 12. Ch.8. Euphorbiaceae.

[7] Weldy, Troy, David Werier, and Andrew Nelson. 2021 New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[8] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Euphorbia cyparissias: Highly invasive (75%).

[prohibit-9] New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

[10] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Euphorbia esula: Highly invasive (76%).

[11] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Euphorbia lathyris: Moderate (57).

[12] New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Linum intercursum. Threatened, S2/G4.

[13] New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Linum medium var. texanum. Threatened, S2/G5T5.

[14] New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Linum sulcatum. Threatened, S2/G5.

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