Flora of New York/Violaceae

← Malpighiales (1): Hypericaceae, Podostemaceae, Elatinaceae	Flora of New York — Malpighiales (2) : Violaceae				→ Malpighiales (3): Salicaceae
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

Clade	Clade	Order	Family	Subfamily	Tribe	Genus	Common names	#
rosids	basal rosids	Vitales	Vitaceae	Vitoideae	Parthenocisseae	Parthenocissus	creeper, woodbine, ivy	3
					Viteae	Vitis	grape	8
					Ampelopsideae	Ampelopsis	peppervine	3
	basal fabids	Zygophyllales	Zygophyllaceae	Tribuloideae	—	Tribulus	puncturevine	1
	basal fabids	Zygophyllales	Zygophyllaceae	Zygophylloideae	—	Zygophyllum	beancaper	1
	fabids COM clade	Celastrales	Parnassiaceae	Parnassioideae	—	Parnassia	grass of parnassus	1
			Celastraceae	Celastroideae	—	Celastrus	bittersweet, staff vine	2
			Celastraceae	Celastroideae	—	Euonymus	burning bush, spindletree, wahoo	6
		Oxalidales	Oxalidaceae	—	—	Oxalis	woodsorrel	6
		Malpighiales	Hypericaceae	—	Hypericeae	Triadenum	marsh St. John's wort	2
			Hypericaceae	—	Hypericeae	Hypericum	St. John's wort	18
			Podostemaceae	Podostemoideae	—	Podostemum	river weed	1
			Elatinaceae	—	—	Elatine	water wort	3
			Violaceae	Violoideae	Violeae	Hybanthus	greenviolet	1
			Violaceae	Violoideae	Violeae	Viola	violet	57
			Salicaceae	Salicoideae	—	Populus	cottonwood, aspen, poplar	11
			Salicaceae	Salicoideae	—	Salix	willow	36
			Euphorbiaceae	Acalyphoideae	Acalypheae	Acalypha	copperleaf, three-seed mercury	4
						Mercurialis	herb mercury	1
						Ricinus	castor bean	1
				Crotonoideae	Crotoneae	Croton	rushfoil, hogwort	1
				Euphorbioideae	Euphorbieae	Euphorbia	spurge, sandmat	21
			Linaceae	Linoideae	Lineae	Linum	flax	9

Family Violaceae

The Violaceae (violet family) ...

Subfamily Violoideae

Tribe Violeae

Hybanthus

Hybanthus concolor

Of the four species of Hybanthus (greenviolets) that are native to North America, only Hybanthus concolor (the eastern greenviolet) has been discovered outside of cultivation in New York.

Malpighiales — Violaceae — Violoideae — Violeae — Hybanthus
Genus Hybanthus	Greenviolet	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Hybanthus concolor (T.F.Forst.) Spreng. 1802. Viola concolor T.F.Forst. 1819. Ionidium sprengleianum Roem. & Schult. 1824. Hybanthus concolor Spreng. 1824. Solea concolor Ging. 1878. Ionidium concolor S.Watson 1897. Cubelium concolor ex Britton & A.Br. Raf.	Green-violet, Eastern greenviolet, Nodding violet Hybanthe à fleurs verdâtres, Hybanthe	Native, CoC: 8, Vulnerable FACU Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 3-4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies

Viola

The Viola genus has about 50 species found outside of cultivation in New York. The majority of the species are native to the region, though a few are escaped garden exotics. The subgeneric organization used here is is largely based on Ballard (1999).^[1]

Violets are often divided into two groups based on the presence of a stem that is shared between the flowers and leaves. "Stemmed" or "caulescent" means that the flowers and leaves share an above-ground stem, whereas "stemless" or "acaulescent" violets have separate petioles (attached to the leaves) and peduncles (attached to the flowers) that arise from an underground rootstock.

↑ Harvey E. Ballard, Kenneth J. Sytsma and Robert R. Kowal (1999) "Shrinking the Violets: Phylogenic Relationships of Infrageneric Groups in Viola (Violaeae) Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer DNA Sequences." Systematic Botany 23(4):439-458.

Viola sect. Canadenses

Viola sect. Canadenses contains the stemmed white violet, Viola canadensis.

Malpighiales — Violaceae — Violoideae — Violeae — Viola sect. Canadenses
Genus Viola sect. Canadenses	Stemmed white violets	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viola canadensis L. 1753. Viola canadensis L. 1836. Lophion canadense (L.) Spach 1841. Viola scouleri Dougl. ex Steud. 1889 Viola canadensis var. scariosa Porter 1917. Viola canadensis var. pubens Farwell 1938. Viola canadensis var. corymbosa Nutt.	Canada violet, Canadian white violet, Tall white violet Violette du Canada	Native, CoC: 9, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun, 2n = 24		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies
Viola rugulosa L. 1902. Viola rugulosa Greene in Pittonia 5:26 1902. Viola rydbergii Greene in Pittonia 5(26A):27 1902. Viola neomexicana Greene in Pittonia 5(26A):28 1902. Viola muriculata Greene in Pittonia 5(26A):28 1902. Viola geminiflora Greene in Pittonia 5(26A):29 1906. Viola canadensis var. rydbergii (Greene) House in P.A.Rydberg, Fl. Colorado 1906. Viola canadensis ssp. rydbergii (Greene) House in P.A.Rydberg, Fl. Colorado 1916. Lophion rydbergii (Greene) Nieuwl. & Lunell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4:478 1918. Lophion rugulosum (Greene) Lunell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 5: 238 1961. Viola canadensis var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L.Hitchc. in Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W.	Creepingroot violet	N. America native western N. America, N.Y. excluded, 2n = 24		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN FNA FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Viola sect. Chamaemelanium

The Viola section Chamaemelanium Ging. contains the stemmed yellow violets in subsection Nudicaules. The two New York State native species of this section have at times been treated as varieties of Viola pubescens.

Malpighiales — Violaceae — Violoideae — Violeae — Viola sect. Chamaemelanium^[1]
Genus Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Nudicaules	Stemmed yellow violets	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viola pubescens Aiton 1789. Viola pubescens Aiton in Hort. Kew. 3:290 1803. Viola pensylvanica Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2:149 1818. Viola pubescens Aiton eriocarpon Nutt. in Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1:150 1914. Crocion pubescens (Aiton) Nieuwl. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 215 1923. Viola pubescens var. peckii House in Bull. NYS Mus. Nat. Hist. 1939. Viola pubescens var. typica Grover in Ohio J. Sci., not validly publ.	Downy yellow violet, Hairy yellow violet, Yellow forest violet, Hairy yellow forest violet Violette pubescente	Native, CoC: 7, Secure, S5 FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 12		NYFA: 45 counties iNat: 10 counties GBIF: present in NY	USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Viola eriocarpa (Nutt.) Schwein. 1822. Viola eriocarpa (Nutt.) Schwein. in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5:75 1901. Viola scabriuscula (Torr. & A.Gray) Shafer in Ann. Carnegie Mus. 1:27 1914. Crocion eriocarpum (Schwein.) Nieuwl. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3:214 1921. Viola eriocarpa var. leiocarpa Fernald & Wiegand in Rhodora 23:275 1938. Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula Torr. & A.Gray in Fl. N. Amer. 1:142 1940. Viola eriocarpa f. leiocarpa (Fernald & Wiegand) Deam in Fl. Indiana 1941. Viola pensylvanica var. leiocarpoa (Fernald & Wiegand) Fernald in Rhodora 1967. Viola pubescens var. leiocarpa (Fernald & Wiegand) B.Boivin in Phytologia	Smooth yellow violet Smoothish yellow violet Yellow forest violet Common yellow violet Violette scabre	Native, CoC: 7, Unranked, SNR FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 12		NYFA: 37 counties iNat: 36 counties GBIF: present in NY	USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA FNA Images Wikispecies
Viola hastata Michx. 1803. Viola hastata Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2:149 1813. Viola trifida Spreng. in Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 1:22 1819. Viola ciliata Willd. ex Schult. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg. 1822. Viola hirta Schwein. in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5:50, nom. illeg.	Halberd-leaf yellow violet Halberdleaf yellow violet Halberd-leaved yellow violet Spearleaf Violet Silverleaf Violet	N. America native southern U.S., N.Y. excluded Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA-Excluded iNat: No NY observation GBIF: Not present in NY	USDA-N0 FSUS ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
↑ BioLib.cz Viola sect. Chamaemelanium

Viola sect. Orbiculares

Viola rotundifolia
round-leaved yellow violet

Viola section Orbiculares contains the stemless yellow violet Viola rotundifolia.

Malpighiales — Violaceae — Violoideae — Violeae — Viola sect. Orbiculares
Genus Viola sect. Orbiculares	Stemless yellow violets	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viola rotundifolia Michx. (1803)	Roundleaf yellow violet, Round-leaved violet, Violette à feuilles rondes	Native, CoC: 7, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies

Viola sect. Plagiostigma

Viola blanda
sweet white violet

Section Plagiostigma contains the stemless white violets.

Malpighiales — Violaceae — Violoideae — Violeae — Viola sect. Plagiostigma^[1]
Genus Viola subsect. Adnatae	Stemless white violets	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie 1822. Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie	Great-spurred violet, Long-spurred violet, Selkirk's violet Violette de Selkirk	Native, CoC: 8, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Genus Viola subsect. Stolonosae	Stemless white violets	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viola blanda Willd. 1804. Viola blanda Willd. (i) 1905. Viola incognita Brainerd	Sweet white violet, Large-leaf white violet, Willdenow's violet, Woodland-white violet, Violette méconnue	Native, CoC: 6, Unranked, SNR FACW Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: U	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Viola lanceolata L. (1753) ssp. lanceolata	Bog white violet, Lance-leaved violet, Lance-leaved water violet	Native, CoC: 7, Secure		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Viola macloskeyi F.E.Lloyd 1824. Viola rotundifolia var. pallens Banks ex Ging. in DC. 1895. V. macloskeyi F.E.Lloyd 1905. V. pallens (Banks ex Ging.) Brainerd 1925. V. blanda var. macloskeyi (F.E. Lloyd) Jeps. 1938. V. pallens var. subreptans J.Rousseau 1953. V. macloskeyi ssp. pallens (Banks ex Ging.) M.S. Baker 1961. V. macloskeyi var. pallens (Banks ex Ging.) Hitchc. 1982. V. blanda ssp. macloskeyi (F.E. Lloyd) A.E. Murray	Small white violet, Smooth white violet, Sweet white violet, Northern white violet, Macloskey's violet Violette pâle, Violette minuscule, Violette de macloskey	Native, CoC: 4, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Viola renifolia A.Gray	Kidney-leaf white violet, Kidney-leaved white violet, Northern white violet, White violet, Violette réniforme	Native, CoC: 8, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Viola primulifolia L. var. primulifolia 1753. Viola primulifolia L. 1829. Viola primulifoliavar. villosa 1838. Viola primulifoliavar. acuta 1955. Viola primulifoliassp. villosa	Primrose-leaf violet, Primrose-leaved violet	Native, CoC: 10, Threatened, NYNHP: 2^[2]		NYFA: 2	USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Viola × modesta House Viola lanceolata × Viola primulifolia 1910. V. lanceolata × primulifolia Dowell 1924. Viola × modesta House	Hybrid of bog white violet violet & primrose-leaf violet	Native, No recent reports		NYFA: H?	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies
Viola × mollicula House Viola macloskeyi × Viola primulifolia var primulifolia 1924. Viola × mollicula House Viola pallens × primulifolia	Hybrid of small white violet & primrose-leaf violet	Native, Impersistent		NYFA: Um	USDA-N0 ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Genus Viola subsect. Stolonosae (excluded taxa)	Stemless white violets	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viola × sublanceolata House (pro. hybr.)^[3] Viola lanceolata × Viola macloskeyi 1921. Viola lanceolata × pallens House 1924. Viola × sublanceolata House auct. Viola primulifolia non L. (1753)	Lance-leaved violet, Lanceleaf violet, Primose-leaved violet Violette sublancéolée	Native, N.Y. excluded		excluded NYFA-Excluded	USDA-NN Go Botany-0 VASCAN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Viola villosa Walter 1788. Viola villosa Walter 1895. V. palmata var. villosa (Walter) B.L.Rob.	Carolina violet	N. America native southern U.S., N.Y. excluded		excluded NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
↑ BioLib.cz Viola sect. Plagiostigma ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Viola primulifolia. Threatened, S2/G5. ↑ Homer D. House (1924) Annotated List of the Ferns and Flowering Plants of New York State, page 508.

Viola sect. Melanium

Viola bicolor

The Viola section Melanium contains plants commonly known as pansies. The only North American native pansy is Viola bicolor, which is also the only annual Viola species with cleistogamous (small inconspicuous closed self-pollinating) flowers. It is listed as endangered in New York State.

Malpighiales — Violaceae — Violoideae — Violeae — Viola sect. Melanium^[1]
Genus Viola sect. Melanium	Pansies	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viola bicolor Pursh 1813. Viola bicolor Pursh 1819. Viola tenella Raf. (ambiguous) 1838. Mnemion tenellum Webb 1899. Viola rafinesquei Greene 1914. Mnemion rafinesquii (Greene) Nieuwl. 1938. Viola kitaibeliana var. rafinesquei (Greene) Fernald auct. Viola kitaibeliana non Roem. & Schult.	American Field Pansy ⓘ Wild pansy ⓘ Field pansy ⓘ Violette de Rafinesque	Native, CoC: 9, Endangered, S1, G5 FACU Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: 1 NYFA: 5 counties iNat 4 counties	USDA-NN COL POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies
Viola arvensis Murray 1770. Viola arvensis Murray 1864. Viola tricolor ssp. arvensis (Murray) Syme	European field pansy, Small wild pansy Violette des champs	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Naturalized Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: X NYFA: 26 counties ? counties	USDA-XW Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies
Viola tricolor L. var. tricolor	Johnny jumpup, Three colored violet, Wild pansy	Introduced, Naturalized		NYFA: X NYFA: 16 counties ? counties	USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Genus Viola sect. Melanium (excluded taxa)	Pansies	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viola kitaibeliana Roem. & Schult.		Introduced, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded NYFA: ? counties ? counties	Go Botany Images Wikispecies
↑ BioLib.cz - Viola sect. Melanium

Viola sect. Viola subsect. Boreali-Americanae

Viola affinis Leconte (LeConte's violet) from Homer D. House, Wild Flowers of New York, 1918.

The taxa of Viola subsection Boreali-Americanae W.Becker are native exclusively to North America (including northern Mexico). They are commonly referred to as the "stemless (or acaulescent) blue violets", as the leaf petioles and flower peduncles arise directly from the rhizome instead of from a shared above-ground stem. Their classification has long been in flux, partially due to apparent introgressive hybridization within the subsection.^[1]

↑ Nir L. Gil-ad, "Key to the "Stemless Blue" Violets, Subsection Boreali-Americanae, of the Chicago Region - Expert Version", Field Museum Keys to Nature Project, Chicago.

Malpighiales — Violaceae — Violoideae — Violeae — Viola sect. Viola^[1] subsect. Boreali-Americanae
Genus Viola sect. Viola subsect. Boreali-Americanae	Stemless blue violets	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viola sororia Willd. 1809. Viola sororia Willd. 1814. Viola papilionacea Pursh 1838. Viola cucullata var. sororia (Willd.) Torr. & A. Gray 1898. Viola septentrionalis Greene 1898. Viola palmata var. sororia (Willd.) Pollard 1901. Viola nodosa Greene 1902. Viola latiuscula Greene 1910. Viola chalcosperma Brainerd	Common blue violet, Woolly blue violet, Hairy blue violet, Downy blue violet, Hooded blue violet, Common violet, Sister violet Violette parente, Violette septentrionale	Native, CoC: 3, Secure FAC Annual, Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies
Viola septentrionalis Greene 1898. Viola septentrionalis Greene	Northern blue violet, Northern woodland violet, Northern bog violet Violette septentrionale	Native, CoC: 3, Secure, S5, G5 FACU Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Viola affinis Leconte 1826. Viola affinis Leconte 1902. Viola arizonica Greene 1939. Viola nephrophyllavar. arizonica 1992. Viola sororiavar. affinis 1996. Viola sororiassp. affinis	Le Conte's violet, Sand violet, Arizona bog violet, Common blue violet, Thin-leaved blue violet Violette affine	Native, Secure FACW Annual, Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images
Viola novae-angliae House 1904. Viola novae-angliae House 1935. Viola septentrionalisvar. grisea 1992. Viola sororiavar. novae-angliae 1997. Viola novae-angliaessp. grisea 2010. Viola sororiavar. grisea	New England violet, New England blue violet Violette de Nouvelle-Angleterre, Violette de la Nouvelle-Angleterre	Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, S1, G4Q, NYNHP: 1^[2] OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		Warren (1981-92) NYFA: 1 iNat	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Viola nephrophylla Greene 1896. Viola nephrophylla Greene 1896. Viola cognata Greene 1940. Viola maccabeiana M.S.Baker 1961. Viola nephrophyllavar. cognata	Northern bog violet, Wanderer violet, Sand violet, Blue meadow violet Violette néphrophylle, Violete des calcaires	Native, Endangered, NYNHP: 1^[3]		NYFA: 1	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Viola cucullata Aiton 1768. Viola obliqua Hill 1789. Viola cucullata Aiton 1886. Viola palmatavar. cucullata	Marsh blue violet, Blue marsh violet, Longstem marsh violet Violette cucullée, Violette dressée	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies
Viola palmata L. 1753. Viola palmata L. 1817. Viola esculenta Elliott 1822. Viola triloba Schwein. 1867. Viola cucullatavar. palmata 1897. Viola porteriana Pollard 1899. Viola falcata Greene 1901. Viola viarum Pollard 1905. Viola stoneana House 1910. Viola lovelliana Brainerd 1924. Viola festata House	Early blue violet, Three-lobe violet, Palmate-leaf violet, Wood violet, Crowfoot violet, Cleft violet Violette palmée	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Viola subsinuata (Greene) Greene 1898. Viola emarginatavar. subsinuata 1898. Viola pedatifidavar. bernardii 1899. Viola subsinuata Greene 1902. Viola angelliae Pollard 1903. Viola × bernardii Greene 1904. Viola palmatavar. angelliae auct. Viola palmata non L	Palmate-leaved violet, Early blue violet, Bernard's violet, Bernard violet, Pale violet, Wavy-leaved violet, Greene's Violet^[4], Wood violet	Native, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-N0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Viola sagittata Aiton var. ovata (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray 1817. Viola fimbriatula Sm. 1818. Viola ovata Nutt. 1838. Viola sagittatavar. ovata	Northern downy violet, Arrowleaf violet, Arrow-leaved violet, Ovate-leaved violet, Sand violet, Fringed violet, Fimbriate violet Violette à feuilles frangées	Native, Likely secure		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies
Viola sagittata Aiton var. sagittata 1789. Viola sagittata Aiton 1818. Viola sagittatavar. emarginata 1827. Viola emarginata (Nutt.) Leconte	Arrow-leaved violet, Fringed violet Violette sagittée, Violette sagittée variété sagittée	Native, Likely secure		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Viola brittoniana Pollard 1898. Viola brittoniana Pollard 1904. Viola pectinata E.P.Bicknell 1952. Viola brittonianavar. pectinata 1992. Viola pedatifidassp. brittoniana 2010. Viola pedatifidavar. brittoniana	Coastal violet, Coast violet, Northern coastal violet, Britton’s violet	Native, Endangered, NYNHP: 1^[5] FAC Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 1	USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Viola hirsutula Brainerd 1907. Viola hirsutula Brainerd	Southern wood violet, Southern woodland violet	Native, Endangered, No recent reports		NYFA: Z	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies
↑ BioLib.cz Viola sect. Viola ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Viola novae-angliae (V. sororia var. grisea). Endangered, S1/G4. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Viola nephrophylla. Endangered, S1/G5. ↑ The American Violet Society website: Viola subsinuata ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Viola brittoniana. Endangered, S1/G4G5.

Viola sect. Viola subsect. Boreali-Americanae hybrids

Malpighiales — Violaceae — Violoideae — Violeae — Viola sect. Viola^[1] subsect. Boreali-Americanae
Genus Viola sect. Viola subsect. Boreali-Americanae	Stemless blue violet hybrids	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viola × filicetorum Greene Viola affinis × Viola sororia 1906. Viola filicetorum Greene V. × columbiana House V. × consona House	Hybrid of LeConte's violet & common blue violet	Native, Endangered		NYFA: 1?	USDA-N0 Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies
Viola × hollickii House (1924) Viola affinis × Viola sagittata V. × dissena House	Hybrid of LeConte's violet & arrow-leaved violet	Native, Endangered		NYFA: 1?	USDA-N0 ITIS Images Wikispecies
Viola × slavinii House (1924) Viola affinis × Viola triloba V. × discors House V. × milleri Moldenke	Slavin's violet, Hybrid of LeConte's violet & three-lobe violet	Native, Endangered		NYFA: 1?	USDA-N0 ITIS Images Wikispecies
Viola × conjugens Greene (pro sp.) Viola sagittata × Viola sororia 1899. V. conjugens Greene 1924. V. × parca House	Northern bog violet (hybrid), Hybrid of arrow-leaf violet & common blue violet	Native, No recent reports		NYFA: H?	NYFA: U ITIS Images Wikispecies
Viola × populifolia Greene (pro sp. 1898) Viola sororia × Viola triloba	Peck's violet, Hybrid of common blue violet & three-lobe violet	Native, No recent reports		NYFA: H?	USDA-NN Images Wikispecies
Viola × melissifolia Greene (pro sp. 1902) Viola septentrionalis × Viola sororia V. × montivaga House (1924)	Hybrid of Northern blue violet & common blue violet	Native, No recent reports		NYFA: H?	Images Wikispecies
Viola × ravida House (1924) Viola hirsutula × Viola × palmata V. × dissita	Hybrid of southern wood violet & early blue violet	Native, Likely extirpated		NYFA: Zm	USDA-N0 ITIS Images Wikispecies
Viola × bissellii House (1924) Viola cucullata × Viola sororia V. × conturbata House	Bissell's violet, Hybrid of marsh blue violet & common blue violet	Native, Unranked		NYFA: U	USDA-N0 ITIS Images Wikispecies
Viola × consobrina House (1924) Viola affinis × Viola hirsutula V. × dowelliana House	Hybrid of LeConte's violet & southern wood violet	Native, Impersistent		NYFA: U	USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies
Viola × consocia House (1924) Viola affinis × Viola cucullata	Hybrid of LeConte's violet & marsh blue violet	Native, Unranked		NYFA: U	USDA-N0 ITIS Images Wikispecies
Viola × cordifolia (Nutt.) Schwein. (pro sp. 1929) Viola hirsutula × Viola sororia V. × perpera House	Hybrid of southern wood violet & common blue violet	Native, Impersistent		NYFA: Um	USDA-N0 ITIS Images Wikispecies
Viola × mistura House (1924) Viola × palmata × Viola sagittata	Hybrid of early blue violet & arrow-leaf violet	Native, Impersistent		NYFA: Um	USDA-N0 ITIS Images Wikispecies
Viola × mulfordiae Pollard (pro sp. 1902) Viola brittoniana × Viola sagittata V. × marylandica House V. × holmiana House	Hybrid of northern coastal violet & arrow-leaf violet	Native, Unranked		NYFA: U	USDA-N0 ITIS Images Wikispecies
Viola × notabilis Bicknell (pro sp. 1904) Viola brittoniana × Viola cucullata	Hybrid of northern coastal violet & marsh blue violet	Native, Unranked		NYFA: U	ITIS Images Wikispecies
Viola × ryoniae House (1924) Viola cucullata × Viola × palmata V. × notabilis Bickn.	Ryon's violet, Hybrid of marsh blue violet & early blue violet	Native, Unranked		NYFA: U	USDA-N0 ITIS Images Wikispecies
Viola affinis × brittoniana Dowell Viola affinis × Viola brittoniana 1910. Viola affinis × brittoniana Dowell	Hybrid of LeConte's violet & northern coastal violet	Native, Unranked		NYFA:	Images Wikispecies
V. affinis × sagittata var. ovata Viola affinis × Viola sagittata var. ovata 1910. Viola affinis × fimbriatuala Dowell	Hybrid of LeConte's violet & northern downy violet	Native, Unranked		NYFA: U	Images Wikispecies
Viola affinis × palmata Dowell 1910. Viola affinis × palmata Dowell	Hybrid of LeConte's violet & northern downy violet	Native, Unranked		NYFA: U	Images Wikispecies
Genus Viola sect. Viola subsect. Boreali-Americanae (excluded taxa)	Stemless blue violet hybrids	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viola × champlainensis House Viola affinis × Viola septentrionalis 1924. Viola champlainensis House	Hybrid of LeConte's violet & northern blue violet	N. America native, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Viola × redacta House V. hirsutula × V. sagittata var. sagittata 1924. Viola × redacta House 1924. Viola dimissa House	Hybrid of southern wood violet & arrow-leaf violet	N. America native, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
↑ BioLib.cz Viola sect. Viola

Viola sect. Viola subsect. Pedatae

Malpighiales — Violaceae — Violoideae — Violeae — Viola sect. Viola subsect. Pedatae
Genus Viola subsect. Pedatae	Violet	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viola pedata L. 1753. Viola pedata L. Viola pedatavar. concolor Viola pedatavar. lineariloba Viola pedatavar. ranunculifolia	Birdfoot violet, Bird's-foot violet, Crowfoot violet, Pansy violet Violette pédalée, Violette pied-d'oiseau	Native, Rare FACU-UPL Perennial, Herb=forb		NYFA: 3	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies

Viola sect. Viola subsect. Rostratae

Malpighiales — Violaceae — Violoideae — Violeae — Viola sect. Viola subsect. Rostratae
Genus Viola sect. Viola subsect. Rostratae	Violet	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viola rostrata Pursh var. rostrata 1814. Viola rostrata Pursh	Long-spur violet, Long-spurred violet Violette rostrée, Violette à long éperon	Native, Secure Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Viola adunca Sm. var. adunca 1817. Viola adunca Sm. Viola aduncoides Viola bellidifolia Viola cascadensis Viola montanensis Viola subvestita	Sand violet, Hookedspur violet, Western dog violet	Native, Likely secure		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Viola labradorica Schrank 1818. Viola labradorica Schrank 1823. Viola conspersa Rchb.	Alpine violet, American dog violet, Labrador violet, Violette décombante, Violette du labrador	Native, Vulnerable		NYFA: 3-5	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Viola striata Aiton (1789)	Striped cream violet, Cream-white violet, Pale violet	Native, Vulnerable		NYFA: 3-4	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Viola × eclipes H.E.Ballard (1989) [ labradorica × striata ]	Hybrid American dog violet & striped cream violet	Native, Unranked		NYFA: U	USDA-NN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Viola × malteana House [ labradorica × rostrata ]	Hybrid American dog violet & long-spur violet	Native, Unranked		NYFA: U	USDA-NN ITIS Images Wikispecies

Viola sect. Viola subsect. Viola

Viola odorata

Malpighiales — Violaceae — Violoideae — Violeae — Viola sect. Viola subsect. Viola
Genus Viola sect. Viola subsect. Viola	Violet	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viola odorata L. 1753. Viola odorata L. Sp. Pl.: 934 1829. Viola martii ssp. odorata (L.) Schimp. & Spenn. in Fl. Friburg. 3:1036, nom. illeg. 1898. Viola hirta ssp. odorata (L.) Fiori in A.Fiori & al., Fl. Anal. Italia 1:404 1898. Viola hirta var. odorata (L.) Fiori in A.Fiori & al., Fl. Anal. Italia 1:405	English violet, Sweet violet	Introduced from Europe, SNA, GNR Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 14 counties iNat: 22 counties	USDA-XX POWO FSUS Go Botany Images Wikispecies

Family Passifloraceae

The Passifloraceae (passion-flower family) ...

Subfamily Passifloroideae

Tribe Passifloreae

Passiflora

Malpighiales — Passifloraceae — Passifloroideae — Passifloreae — Passiflora
Genus Passiflora (excluded species)	Passionflower	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Passiflora incarnata L. 1753. Passiflora incarnata L. 1787. Granadilla incarnata (L.) Medik. 1826. Passiflora kerii Spreng. 1871. Passiflora edulisvar. kerii	Purple passionflower	N. America native, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies

[1] Harvey E. Ballard, Kenneth J. Sytsma and Robert R. Kowal (1999) "Shrinking the Violets: Phylogenic Relationships of Infrageneric Groups in Viola (Violaeae) Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer DNA Sequences." Systematic Botany 23(4):439-458.

[2] BioLib.cz Viola sect. Chamaemelanium

[3] BioLib.cz Viola sect. Plagiostigma

[4] New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Viola primulifolia. Threatened, S2/G5.

[5] Homer D. House (1924) Annotated List of the Ferns and Flowering Plants of New York State, page 508.

[6] BioLib.cz - Viola sect. Melanium

[7] Nir L. Gil-ad, "Key to the "Stemless Blue" Violets, Subsection Boreali-Americanae, of the Chicago Region - Expert Version", Field Museum Keys to Nature Project, Chicago.

[8] BioLib.cz Viola sect. Viola

[9] New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Viola novae-angliae (V. sororia var. grisea). Endangered, S1/G4.

[10] New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Viola nephrophylla. Endangered, S1/G5.

[11] The American Violet Society website: Viola subsinuata

[12] New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Viola brittoniana. Endangered, S1/G4G5.

[13] BioLib.cz Viola sect. Viola

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