Flora of New York/Typhaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Xyridaceae

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The order Poales Small (1903)^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Poales

"bromeliads"

Typhaceae

	Sparganium spp. (7 bur-reeds)

	Typha spp. (3 cattails)

Bromeliaceae (not in NY)

Rapateaceae (not in NY)

"xyrids"

	Eriocaulaceae—Eriocaulon spp. (2 pipeworts)

	Xyridaceae—Xyris spp. (5 yellow-eyed grasses}

"cyperids"

Mayacaceae (not in NY)

Thurniaceae (not in NY)

Juncaceae

	Luzula spp. (8 wood rushes)

	Juncus spp. (36 rushes)

	Oreojuncus spp. (1 highland rush)

Cyperaceae

	Mapanioideae (not in NY)

	Cyperoideae (17 genera, 370 taxa in NY)

"restids"	Restionaceae (not in NY)

"graminids"

Flagellariaceae (not in NY)

	Joinvilleaceae (not in NY)

	Ecdeiocoleaceae (not in NY)

Poaceae (116 genera, 398 taxa in NY)

↑ Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 (Page last updated: 05/25/2021). http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/
↑ R.J. Soreng, G. Davidse, P.M. Peterson, F.O. Zuloaga, E.J. Judziewicz, T.S. Filgueiras, O. Morrone & K. Romaschenko (2015). "A World-wide Phylogenetic Classification of Poaceae (Gramineae)." Jnl of Sytematics Evolution, 53: 117-137. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12150
↑ Soreng, R.J., Peterson, P.M., Romaschenko, K., Davidse, G., Teisher, J.K., Clark, L.G., Barberá, P., Gillespie, L.J. and Zuloaga, F.O. (2017), "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications." Jnl of Sytematics Evolution, 55: 259-290. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12262
↑ Bouchenak-Khelladi, Yanis; Muasya, A. Muthama; Linder, H. Peter (2014). "A revised evolutionary history of Poales: origins and diversification". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 175 (1): 4–16. doi:10.1111/boj.12160. ISSN 0024-4074.

Family Typhaceae

The Typhaceae (cattail family) contains the genus Typha, which was the sole genus of the family until the APG III system added the genus Sparganium (bur-reeds) in 2009 by merging the closely-related Sparganiaceae family into Typhaceae.

Typha

Typha latifolia

Cattails, Typha spp., are wetland plants that are native to much of the world. Broad-leaved cattails (T. latifolia) are considered to be North American natives, while the native status of narrow-leaved cattails (T. angustifolia) in North America is in question.^[1] In either case it is thought that narrowleaf cattails were introduced to most of inland New York from coastal regions, with the possible exception of central New York's inland salt marshes,^[2] where some think that T. angustifolia may be native.^[3]

The first record of T. angustifolia in North America is from northeast coastal regions in 1820, and it appears to have remained along the coast for the remainder of the 19th century. But by the end of the 20th century, it had migrated to the west coast, and as far south as Arkansas. Along its path, it seems to have preferred "early successional habitats with basic, calcareous, or somewhat salty soils."^[4] It is thought that ditches along salted roadways may have helped facilitate the migration from coastal marshes.^[5]

Poales — Typhaceae — Typha
Genus Typha	Cat-tail	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Typha latifolia L. 1753. Typha latifolia L. 1808. Typha elatior Raf. (i) 1832. Typha crassa Raf. 1900. Typha latifolia ssp. eulatifolia Graebn. 1940. Typha latifolia	Wide-leaved cattail, Broad-leaved cattail, Common cattail Quenouille à feuilles larges, Massette à larges feuilles, Typha à feuilles larges	Native, CoC: 1, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies
Typha angustifolia L. 1753. Typha angustifolia L. 1949. Typha foveolata Pobed. 1972. Typha pontica V.M.Klokov & Krasnova	Narrowleaf cattail, Narrow-leaved cattail Quenouille à feuilles étroites, Massette à feuilles étroites, Typha à feuilles étroites	Native, CoC: 1, Introduced, WW OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-MN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies
Typha × glauca Godr. (pro sp.) Typha angustifolia × Typha latifolia 1844. Typha glauca Godr. 1886. Typha latifolia var. elongata Dudley 1924. Typha angustifolia var. elongata Wiegand	Blue cattail, Hybrid of narrow-leaved cattail & broad-leaved cattail Quenouille glauque	Native, Invasive OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: X5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Sparganium

Sparganium americanum

Bur-reeds (Sparganium) were previously included alone in the family Sparganiaceae. They are perennial aquatic plants that grow in shallow ponds, streams, and marshes.

Poales — Typhaceae — Sparganium
Genus Sparganium	Bur-reed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Sparganium americanum Nutt. 1818. Sparganium americanum Nutt.	American bur-reed, American burreed Rubanier d’Amérique	Native, CoC: 4, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Sparganium emersum Rehmann 1778. Sparganium simplex Huds. illeg. 1871. Sparganium emersum Rehmann 1909. Sparganium acaule (Beeby) Rydb. 1909. Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb. 1922. Sparganium chlorocarpum var. acaule Fernald	Unbranched bur-reed, European bur-reed, Simple-stemmed bur-reed, Green-fruited burreed, Emersed burreed Rubanier à fruits verts, Rubanier émergent, Rubanier simple	Native, CoC: 4, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. ex A. Gray 1856. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. ex A. Gray 1934. Sparganium stoloniferum (Graebn.) Buch.-Ham. ex Juz.	Large bur-reed, Broadfruit bur-reed, Great burreed, Giant burreed	Native, CoC: 4, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong 1867. Sparganium simplex var. androcladum Engelm. 1888. Sparganium androcladum Morong 1907. Sparganium lucidum Fernald & Eames 1907. Sparganium americanum var. androcladum Fernald & Eames	Branching bur-reed, Branched burreed Rubanier rameux	Native, CoC: 4, Vulnerable OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 3-4	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Sparganium angustifolium Michx. 1803. Sparganium angustifolium Michx. 1905. Sparganium multipedunculatum Rydb. 1970. Sparganium emersum var. multipedunculatum Reveal 1978. Sparganium emersum var. angustifolium Taylor & MacBryde	Narrowleaf bur-reed, Narrow-leaved bur-reed, Floating bur-reed Rubanier à feuilles étroites	Native, CoC: 6, Vulnerable OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 3-4	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Sparganium fluctuans (Engelm. ex Morong) B.L.Rob. 1888. Sparganium androcladum var. fluctuans Engelm. ex Morong 1905. Sparganium fluctuans (Engelm. ex Morong) B.L.Rob.	Floating bur-reed Rubanier flottant	Native, CoC: 7, Vulnerable OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 3-4	USDA-NN Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies
Sparganium natans L. 1753. Sparganium natans L. 1840. Sparganium minimum Wallr.	Small bur-reed, Artic bur-reed Rubanier nageant	Native, CoC: 10, Threatened OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 2	USDA-NN Go Botany ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Genus Sparganium (excluded species)	Bur-reed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Sparganium erectum L. 1753. Sparganium erectum L. 1778. Sparganium ramosum Huds. nom. illeg.	Simplestem bur-reed, Exotic bur-reed, Branched bur-reed	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies

Family Eriocaulaceae

The Eriocaulaceae (pipewort family).^[1]

Subfamily Eriocauloideae

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon aquaticum

The genus Eriocaulon (pipworts) contains about 400 species worldwide, but only two that are native to New York State.

↑ Eriocaulaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Poales — Eriocaulaceae — Eriocauloideae — Eriocaulon
Genus Eriocaulon	Pipewort	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Eriocaulon aquaticum (Hill) Druce 1769. Cespa aquatica Hill 1776. Eriocaulon septangulare With. 1778. Nasmythia articulata Hudson 1803. Eriocaulon pellucidum Michx. 1833. Eriocaulon pumilum Raf. 1835. Nasmythia septangularis Mart. 1891. Eriocaulon articulatum Morong 1909. Eriocaulon aquaticum Druce	Northern pipewort ⓘ Northern hatpins ⓘ Sevenangle pipewort ⓘ Seven-angled pipewort ⓘ Ériocaulon aquatique	Native, CoC: 10, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Eriocaulon parkeri B.L.Rob. 1903. Eriocaulon parkeri B.L.Rob.	Parker's pipewort, Estuary pipewort Ériocaulon de Parker	Native, CoC: 10, Likely extirpated, Impersistent OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: Xm	USDA-NN VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA BONAP CPC Images Wikispecies

Family Xyridaceae

The Xyridaceae (yellow-eyed grass family).^[1]

Subfamily Xyridoideae

Xyris

Xyris montana

↑ Xyridaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Poales — Xyridaceae — Xyridoideae — Xyris
Genus Xyris	Yellow-eyed grass	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Xyris montana Ries 1868. Xyris flexuosa var. pusilla A.Gray 1892. Xyris montana Ries 1937. Xyris papillosa Fassett	Northern yelloweyed grass, Northern yellow-eyed grass Xyris de montagne, Xyris des montagnes	Native, CoC: 10, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies
Xyris difformis Chapm. var. difformis 1860. Xyris difformis Chapm. 1860. Xyris elata Chapm. 1966. Xyris difformis var. difformis auct. Xyris caroliniana non Walter	Bog yellow-eyed grass, Carolina yellow-eyed grass, Southern yellow-eyed grass, Tall yellow-eyed grass, Two-formed yelloweyed-grass Xyris difforme	Native, CoC: 10, Likely secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Xyris torta Sm. 1819. Xyris torta Sm. 1913. Kotsjelottia flexuosa Nieuwl. 1843. Xyris bulbosa Kunth	Twisted yellow-eyed-grass, Slender yelloweyed-grass	Native, CoC: 10, Vulnerable OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 3-4	USDA-N0 Go Botany ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Xyris smalliana Nash 1847. Xyris caroliniana var. olneyi Alph.Wood 1895. Xyris smalliana Nash 1905. Xyris congdonii Small 1937. Xyris smalliana var. olneyi Gleason ex Malme	Small's yellow-eyed grass	Native, CoC: 10, Threatened OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 2	USDA-N0 Go Botany ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Xyris bracteicaulis E.P.Bicknell ex L.M.Campb. 2011. Xyris bracteicaulis E.P.Bicknell ex L.M.Campb.	Bracted yelloweyed grass	Native, CoC: 10, No recent reports, Endemic OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: Z	USDA-NN BONAP Images Wikispecies Note: ^[1]
Genus Xyris (excluded species)	Yellow-eyed grass	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Xyris caroliniana Walter 1788. Xyris caroliniana Walter 1816. Xyris flexuosa Muhl. ex Elliott 1843. Xyris torta Kunth (i) 1871. Xyris conocephala C.Wright 1901. Xyris torta var. pallescens C.Mohr 1903. Xyris pallescens (C.Mohr) Small 1903. Xyris arenicola Small (i)	Carolina yellow-eyed grass	N. America native, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies
↑ NYFA includes Xyris bracteicaulis as a newly described species, but NRCS lists it as a synonym of Xyris difformis. See Lisa M. Campbell (2012). "A recently described species of Xyris (Xyridaceae) from Long Island, based on an historic herbarium specimen." Long Island Botanical Society Quarterly Newsletter. Vol. 22, No. 3. Published in: Lisa M. Campbell (2011). "'Xyris bracteicaulis', A New Species from the Coastal Plain of New York." Harvard Papers in Botany 16(1):49-51. 2011.

[1] Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 (Page last updated: 05/25/2021). http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/

[2] R.J. Soreng, G. Davidse, P.M. Peterson, F.O. Zuloaga, E.J. Judziewicz, T.S. Filgueiras, O. Morrone & K. Romaschenko (2015). "A World-wide Phylogenetic Classification of Poaceae (Gramineae)." Jnl of Sytematics Evolution, 53: 117-137. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12150

[3] Soreng, R.J., Peterson, P.M., Romaschenko, K., Davidse, G., Teisher, J.K., Clark, L.G., Barberá, P., Gillespie, L.J. and Zuloaga, F.O. (2017), "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications." Jnl of Sytematics Evolution, 55: 259-290. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12262

[Bouchenak-KhelladiMuasya2014-4] Bouchenak-Khelladi, Yanis; Muasya, A. Muthama; Linder, H. Peter (2014). "A revised evolutionary history of Poales: origins and diversification". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 175 (1): 4–16. doi:10.1111/boj.12160. ISSN 0024-4074.

[5] Andrew McKenzie-Gopsill, et al. (2012), "No evidence for niche segregation in a North American Cattail (Typha) species complex." Ecol Evol. 2012 May; 2(5): 952–961.

[6] Jeff Gillies (2013) "Surveys detail inner workings of rare inland salt marshes of Northeast U.S." Environmental Monitor, Dec. 13, 2013.

[7] Troy Weldy, David Werier, and Andrew Nelson (2015) "Typha angustifolia L." New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[8] Stefanie Miklovic (2000) "Typha angustifolia Management: Implications for Glacial Marsh Restoration." Restoration and Reclamation Review. University of Minnesota. 6(2): Fall 2000.

[9] Jessica G. Shih & Sarah A. Finkelstein (2008) "Range dynamics and invasive tendencies in Typha latifolia and Typha angustifolia in eastern North America derived from herbarium and pollen records." Wetlands, 28(1): 1.

[10] Eriocaulaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[11] Xyridaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[12] NYFA includes Xyris bracteicaulis as a newly described species, but NRCS lists it as a synonym of Xyris difformis. See Lisa M. Campbell (2012). "A recently described species of Xyris (Xyridaceae) from Long Island, based on an historic herbarium specimen." Long Island Botanical Society Quarterly Newsletter. Vol. 22, No. 3. Published in: Lisa M. Campbell (2011). "'Xyris bracteicaulis', A New Species from the Coastal Plain of New York." Harvard Papers in Botany 16(1):49-51. 2011.

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