Flora of New York/Amygdaloideae 2

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Family Rosaceae (cont'd)

The grouping of the Rosaceae (rose family) taxa used here is based on the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website,^[1] Eriksson (2003),^[2] and Longhi (2014).^[3] The subfamilies Rosoideae and Amygdaloideae are present in New York.

Rosaceae

Rosoideae

Ulmarieae

Filipendula

Rosodeae

Rubeae

Rubus

Colureae

	Geum

	Waldsteinia

Sanguisorbeae

Agrimoniinae	Agrimonia

Sanguisorbineae	Sanguisorba

Roseae

Rosa

Potentilleae

Potentillineae

	Potentilla

	Argentina

Fragariinae

	Drymocallis

	Comarum

	Dasiphora

	Sibbaldia

	Fragaria

Alchemillinae

	Alchemilla

	Aphanes

Dryadoideae

	Cercocarpus

	Dryas

Amygdaloideae

Niellieae

Physocarpus

Amygdaleae

Prunus

Osmaronieae

Exochorda

Kerrieae

	Rhodotypos

	Kerria

Sorbarieae

Sorbaria

Spiraeeae

Spiraea

Pyrodeae

Gillenieae

Gillenia

Maleae

	Amelanchier

	Aronia

	Photinia

	Crataegus

	Sorbus

	Malus

	Pyrus

	Cydonia

	Chaenomeles

	Pyracantha

	Cotoneaster

Family Rosaceae (cont'd)Edit

Subfamily Amygdaloideae (cont'd)Edit

Tribe MaleaeEdit

The Maleae comprise the serviceberries, chokeberries, hawthorns, apples, pears, and quinces.

AmelanchierEdit

Amelanchier arborea

The species of Amelanchier are typically shrubs or small trees that go by the common names serviceberry, shadbush, or Juneberry.^[1]

↑ L. Brouillet, F. Coursol, S.J. Meades, M. Favreau, M. Anions, P. Bélisle & P. Desmet. 2010+. "Amelanchier Medikus." VASCAN, the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada. http://data.canadensys.net/vascan/ (consulted on 2017-05-14)

Rosales — Rosaceae — Amygdaloideae — Maleae — Malinae — Amelanchier
Amelanchier Medik.	Serviceberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Amelanchier arborea (F.Michx.) Fernald 1812. Mespilus arborea F.Michx. 1838. Pyrus wangenheimiana Tausch 1941. Amelanchier arborea Fernald 1946. A. arborea var. arborea	Downy serviceberry, Downy shadbush, Common serviceberry, Apple shadbush, Shadblow, Juneberry Amélanchier arborescent, Amélanchier arbre	Native, C:4, Secure FAC-FACU Perennial, Tree-shrub, Sun - shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos LBJ Images, wsp
Amelanchier laevis Wiegand 1912. Amelanchier laevis Wiegand 1921. A. laevis var. nitida 1964. A. arborea var. laevis 1966. A. arborea var. cordifolia 1975. A. arborea ssp. laevis	Allegheny serviceberry, Smooth shadbush, Smooth serviceberry Amélanchier glabre, Petites poires	Native, C:4, Secure Perennial, Tree-shrub			NYFA-5 USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos Images, wsp
Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik. var. canadensis 1753. Mespilus canadensis L. 1793. Amelanchier canadensis Medik. 1930. Pyrus canadensis Farw.	Coastal shadbush, Eastern shadbush, Eastern serviceberry, Canadian serviceberry, Canada serviceberry, Oblongleaf serviceberry, Shadblow, Swamp shadbush Amélanchier du Canada, Amélanchier canadien	Native, C:7, Secure FAC-FACU Perennial, Tree-shrub			NYFA-5 USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images, wsp
Amelanchier intermedia Spach 1834. Amelanchier intermedia Spach 1975. A. × intermedia P.Landry [arborea × canadensis]	Intermediate shadbush, Intermediate serviceberry, Purple serviceberry, Swamp juneberry Amélanchier intermédiaire	Native, C:7, Secure FACW Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images, wsp
Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. 1803. Mespilus canadensis var. rotundifolia 1813. Pyrus sanguinea sanguinea Pursh 1825. Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. 1840. A. canadensis var. rotundifolia	Roundleaf serviceberry, Round-leaved shadbush, Red-twigged shadbush Amélanchier sanguin, Petites poires	Native, C:7, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Images, wsp
Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) K.Koch. 1783. Crataegus spicata Lam. 1912. Amelanchier stolonifera Wiegand 1922. A. stolonifera var. lucida Fernald 1948. Amelanchier lucida Fernald 1969. Amelanchier spicata K.Koch.	Dwarf shadbush, Running serviceberry, Thicket shadbush Amélanchier en épis	Native, C:7, Secure FACU Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-5 USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Amelanchier humilis Wiegand 1912. A. humilis Wiegand 1939. A. humilis var. compacta 1939. A. humilis var. campestris 1939. A. humilis var. exserrata 1939. A. mucronata E.L.Nielsen (i) auct. A. stolonifera p.p.	Low shadbush, Low Juneberry, Low shadblow, Low serviceberry, Running serviceberry Amélanchier bas, Amélanchier nain	Native, C:7, Likely secure Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-4 USDA-N0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos LBJ Images, wsp
Amelanchier amabilis Wiegand 1912. A. sanguinea fo. grandiflora 1914. A. sanguinea var. grandiflora 1920. A. grandiflora (Wiegand) Wiegand 1920. non A. ×grandiflora Rehder 1921. A. amabilis Wiegand	Lovely shadbush Amélanchier gracieux	Native, C:8, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS FNA Images, wsp
Amelanchier bartramiana (Tausch) M.Roem. A. oligocarpa (Michx.) M.Roem. 1847. A. bartramiana (Tausch) M.Roem.	Bartram shadbush, Mountain shadbush, Oblongfruit serviceberry Amélanchier de Bartram	Native, C:9, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images, wsp
Amelanchier nantucketensis E.P.Bicknell 1908. A. oblongifolia var. micropetala 1911. A. nantucketense E.P.Bicknell 1919. A. micropetala (B.L.Rob.) Ashe	Nantucket serviceberry, Nantucket shadbush	Native, C:10, Endangered FACU Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-1 USDA-N0 Go Botany FNA Tropicos BONAP Images, wsp

Amelanchier hybridsEdit

Rosales — Rosaceae — Amygdaloideae — Maleae — Malinae — Amelanchier
Amelanchier Medik.	Serviceberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Amelanchier × grandiflora Rehder Amelanchier arborea × Amelanchier laevis	Large-flowered shadbush	Native, No specimens			NYFA- Images, wsp
A. amabilis × arborea Amelanchier amabilis × Amelanchier arborea		Native, No specimens			NYFA- Images, wsp
A. amabilis × humilis Amelanchier amabilis × Amelanchier humilis		Native, No specimens			NYFA- Images, wsp
A. bartramiana × laevis Amelanchier bartramiana × Amelanchier laevis		Native, No specimens			NYFA-N Images, wsp

AroniaEdit

Aronia melanocarpa

The genus Aronia was included in Photinia by Robertson et al. (1991), but Kalkman (2004) determined that the name Aronia should have priority. Based on the molecular phylogeny, Potter et al. (2007) then found that the two genera should be classified as distinct.

Rosales — Rosaceae — Amygdaloideae — Maleae — Malinae — Aronia
Aronia	Chokeberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott 1799. Pyrus arbutifolia var. nigra 1803. Mespilus arbutifolia var. melanocarpa Michx. 1809. Pyrus melanocarpa Willd. 1821. Aronia melanocarpa Elliott 1841. Sorbus melanocarpa Heynh. 1890. Pyrus nigra Sarg. 1893. Aronia nigra Koehne 1991. Photinia melanocarpa (Michx.) K.R.Robertson & J.B.Phipps	Black chokeberry Aronie à fruits noirs, Aronia gueules-noires, Aronia noir, Gueules noires	Native, C:7, Secure FAC Perennial, Shrub, Sun - part shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP IPN LBJ Images, wsp
Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. 1753. Mespilus arbutifolia L. 1782. Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L.f. 1783. Crataegus pyrifolia Lam. 1806. Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. 1841. Sorbus arbutifolia (L.) Heynh. 1991. Photinia pyrifolia (Lam.) K.R.Robertson & J.B.Phipps	Red chokeberry Aronie à feuilles d'arbousier, Aronia à feuilles d'arbousier	Native, C:7, Likely secure FACW Perennial, Shrub, Sun			NYFA-4 USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS LBJ Images, wsp
Aronia × prunifolia (Marshall) Rehder (pro sp.) Aronia arbutifolia × Aronia melanocarpa 1785. Mespilus prunifolia Marshall 1790. Crataegus prunifolia Baumg. 1826. Pyrus floribunda Lindl. 1826. Aronia floribunda Sweet 1901. Aronia atropurpurea Britton 1938. Aronia prunifolia Rehder 1991. Photinia floribunda (Lindl.) K.R.Robertson & J.B.Phipps	Purple chokeberry Aronie à feuilles de prunier, Arone noire	Native, C:7, Likely secure FACW Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-4 USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images, wsp

PhotiniaEdit

Rosales — Rosaceae — Amygdaloideae — Maleae — Malinae — Photinia
Photinia Lindl.	Chokeberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Photinia villosa (Thunb.) DC. 1784. Crataegus villosa Thunb. 1825. Photinia villosa (Thunb.) DC. Pourthiaea villosa (Thunb.) Decne.	Oriental photinia	Introduced from temperate Asia			NYFA-X USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN Images, wsp

CrataegusEdit

Crataegus macrosperma

There are about fifty hawthorn taxa listed for New York, and all but a few are considered to be natives.

The subgeneric system used here for hawthorns is from the Canadensys Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Their data is based in part on the Flora of North America north of Mexico, Vol. 9, (in prep).

Crataegus sect. CoccineaeEdit

Rosales — Rosaceae — Amygdaloideae — Maleae — Crataegus sect. Coccineae
Crataegus ser. Coccineae	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus coccinea L. var. coccinea 1753. Crataegus coccinea L. 1901. Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. 1902. Crataegus caesa Ashe 1908. Crataegus aulica Sarg. 1908. Crataegus letchworthiana Sarg.	Scarlet hawthorn, Red-fruited hawthorn, Red haw Aubépine écarlate, Épine écarlate	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images, wsp
Crataegus coccinea L. var. pringlei (Sarg.) J.A.Macklin & J.B.Phipps 1901. Crataegus pringlei Sarg. 1901. Crataegus lobulata Sarg. 1908. Crataegus pringlei var. lobulata Eggl. 2007. Crataegus coccinea var. pringlei J.A.Macklin & J.B.Phipps	Pringle's hawthorn Aubépine de Pringle	Native, Threatened			NYFA-2? USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images, wsp
Crataegus coccinea L. var. fulleriana (Sarg.) J.A.Macklin & J.B.Phipps 1903. Crataegus fulleriana Sarg. 1908. Crataegus chippewaensis Sarg. 1908. Crataegus confragosa Sarg. 1923. Crataegus illecebrosa Sarg. 2011. Crataegus coccinea var. fulleriana J.A.Macklin & J.B.Phipps	Fuller's hawthorn Aubépine de Fuller	Native, Unranked			USDA-NN VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images, wsp
Crataegus holmesiana Ashe 1900. Crataegus holmesiana Ashe 1901. Crataegus (×) anomala Sarg. 1901. Crataegus arnoldiana Sarg. 1901. C. holmesiana var. villipes Ashe 1903. Crataegus villipes Ashe 1908. Crataegus tardipes Sarg. 1920. C. holmesiana var. tardipes Sarg.	Holmes' hawthorn, Arnold hawthorn Aubépine de Holmes, Aubépine anormale	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1? USDA-N0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN Images, wsp
Crataegus magniflora Sarg. 1902. Crataegus corusca Sarg. 1903. Crataegus magniflora Sarg. 1903. Crataegus hillii Sarg. 1908. Crataegus dayana Sarg. 1908. Crataegus macounii Sarg. 1969. Crataegus fulleriana var. magniflora J.S.Pringle	Shining-branch hawthorn, Gleaming hawthorn, Broad-leaved hawthorn Aubépine à grandes fleurs, Aubépine à rameaux luisants	Native, Unranked			USDA-NN VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images, wsp
Crataegus ser. Rotundifoliae	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe var. chrysocarpa 1900. Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe	Fireberry hawthorn, Fire hawthorn, Northern hawthorn Aubépine dorée	Native, C:2, Likely secure Perennial, Tree, shrub			NYFA-4 USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe var. virgintistamina Crataegus chrysocarpa var. virgintistamina	Fireberry hawthorn, Fire hawthorn, Northern hawthorn Aubépine dorée	Native, C:2, Unranked Perennial, Tree, shrub			NYFA-U USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus irrasa Sarg. 1903. Crataegus irrasa Sarg. 1907. Crataegus noveboracensis Sarg. 1907. Crataegus oakesiana Eggl. 1923. Crataegus mansfieldensis Sarg.	Blanchard hawthorn, Blanchard's hawthorn Aubépine pubérulente	Native, C:2, Endangered Perennial, Tree, shrub			NYFA-1? USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus ser. Tenuifoliae	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus macrosperma Ashe 1900. Crataegus macrosperma Ashe 1900. Crataegus roanensis Ashe 1901. Crataegus acutiloba Sarg. 1901. Crataegus matura Sarg. 1901. Crataegus pastorum Sarg. 1902. Crataegus brumalis Ashe 1903. Crataegus demissa Sarg.	Big-fruit hawthorn, Earlythorn, Variable hawthorn Aubépine à lobes aigus	Native, C:2, Secure Perennial, Tree, shrub			NYFA-5 USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos IPN Images, wsp
Crataegus flabellata (Bosc ex Spach) K.Koch 1853. Crataegus flabellata K.Koch 1901. C. densiflora Sarg. nom. illeg. 1908. C. grayana Eggl. 1946. C. flabellata var. grayana E.J.Palmer	Fan-leaf hawthorn, Gray's hawthorn Aubépine flabelliforme	Native, C:2, Endangered Perennial, Tree, shrub			NYFA-1? USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images, wsp
Crataegus schuettei Ashe var. schuettei Crataegus schuettei Ashe Crataegus basilica Beadle	Schuette's hawthorn, Royal hawthorn	Native, C:2, Endangered Perennial, Tree, shrub			NYFA-1? USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus prona Ashe = C. macrosperma (GRIN)' *1903. Crataegus prona* Ashe 1904. Crataegus gravis Ashe**	Illinois hawthorn	Native, C:2, Unranked Perennial, Tree			NYFA-U USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus fluviatilis Sarg. = C. macrosperma (USDA)' *1903. Crataegus fluviatilis* Sarg. 1903. Crataegus apiomorpha Sarg. 1903. Crataegus cyanophylla Sarg. 1965. C. roanensis var. fluviatilis Kruschke 1965. C. apiomorpha var. cyanophylla Kruschke**	River hawthorn, Fort Sheridan hawthorn Aubépine fluviatile	Native, C:2, Unranked Perennial, Tree			NYFA-U USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS IPN Images, wsp
Crataegus ser. Punctatae	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus punctata Jacq. (1770) C. fastosa Sarg.	Dotted hawthorn, Hillside hawthorn Aubépine ponctuée	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus jonesiae Sarg. (1901 "jonesae") C. harryi Sarg. C. laurentiana Sarg.	Jones' hawthorn, Miss Jones' hawthorn Aubépine de Jones	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus ser. Molles	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus submollis Sarg. (1901) C. canadensis Sarg. C. arnoldiana Sarg. C. champlainensis Sarg.	Champlainthorn, Quebec hawthorn Aubépine subsoyeuse	Native, Vulnerable			NYFA-3? USDA-NN ARS-GRIN Images, wsp
Crataegus mollis (Torr. & A. Gray) Scheele (1848)	Arnold's hawthorn, Downy hawthorn	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus ser. Silvicolae	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.f.) K.Koch (1853)	Frosted hawthorn, Frostythorn, Waxyfruit hawthorn, Waxy-fruited hawthorn	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus jesupii Sarg. (1903) C. filipes Ashe C. dissona var. bellula	Jesup's hawthorn, Jesup's-thorn	Native, Threatened			NYFA-2? USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus compta Sarg. (1903) Crataegus populnea Ashe C. iracunda var. populnea	Adorned hawthorn Aubépine faux-peuplier	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1? USDA-NN ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus iracunda Beadle (1902) C. beckwithiae. Sarg. C. stolonifera. Sarg.	Stolonbearing hawthorn	Native, No recent reports			NYFA-Z USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus suborbiculata Sarg. (1901)	Caughuawaga hawthorn	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1? USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus interserial hybrids	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus × hudsonica Sarg. C. pruinosa (ser. Silvicolae) × C. punctata (ser. Punctatae)	Hybrid of Frosted hawthorn & Dotted hawthorn	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1? Images, wsp
Crataegus × immanis Ashe (pro sp.) C. chrysocarpa (ser. Rotundifoliae) × C. pruinosa (ser. Silvicolae)	Hybrid of Fireberry hawthorn & Frosted hawthorn	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1? USDA-N0 ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus × maligna Sarg. C. chrysocarpa (ser. Rotundifoliae) × C. macrosperma (ser. Tenuifoliae)	Hybrid of Fireberry hawthorn & Big-fruit hawthorn	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U USDA-N0 ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus × puberis Sarg. (pro sp.) C. flabellata (ser. Tenuifoliae) × C. punctata (ser. Punctatae)	Hybrid of Fan-leaf hawthorn & Dotted hawthorn	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U USDA-N0 ITIS Images, wsp
C. macrosperma × pruinosa C. macrosperma (ser. Tenuifoliae) × C. pruinosa (ser. Silvicolae)	Hybrid of Big-fruit hawthorn & Frosted hawthorn	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U Images, wsp
Crataegus lucorum Sarg. ser. Tenuifoliae × ser. Coccineae 1901. Crataegus lucorum Sarg. 1905. Crataegus insolens Sarg. 1908. Crataegus lucorum var. insolens Eggl. 1913. Crataegus knieskerniana Sarg.	Grove hawthorn	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U USDA-N0 Go Botany ITIS Images, wsp

Crataegus sect. CrataegusEdit

Rosales — Rosaceae — Amygdaloideae — Maleae — Crataegus sect. Crataegus
Crataegus ser. Dilatatae	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus coccinioides Ashe (1899)	Kansas hawthorn	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1? USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus ser. Crus-galli	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus crus-galli L. 1753. Crataegus crus-galli L. 1784. Crataegus salicifolia Medik. 1902. Crataegus regalis Beadle	Cockspur, Cockspurthorn, Cockspur hawthorn, Newcastle thorn, Bush hawthorn Aubépine ergot-de-coq	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images, wsp
Crataegus berberifolia Torr. & A.Gray (1840)	Barberry hawthorn	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-N Images, wsp
Crataegus ser. Parvifoliae	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus uniflora Münchh. (1770)	Dwarf hawthorn, One-flower hawthorn	Native, Endangered, NYNHP: 1^[1]			NYFA-1 USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus ser. Intricatae	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus intricata Lange 1895. Crataegus intricata Lange 1902. Crataegus foetida Ashe	Copenhagen hawthorn, Lange's-thorn, Thicket hawthorn, Biltmore hawthorn Aubépine intriquée	Native, Threatened			NYFA-2 USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images, wsp
Crataegus biltmoreana Beadle 1899. Crataegus biltmoreana Beadle 2011. Crataegus intricata var. biltmoreana R.W.Lance	Biltmore hawthorn	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1? Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images, wsp
Crataegus ser. Montaninsulae	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus beata Sarg. (1903)	Dunbar's hawthorn	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-N Images, wsp
Crataegus disperma Ashe	Spreading hawthorn	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-NN Images, wsp
Crataegus laurentiana Sarg. Crataegus brunetiana C. laurentiana var. brunetiana C. laurentiana var. dissimilifolia	Laurentian hawthorn	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U Images, wsp
Crataegus opulens Sarg. Crataegus beata. var. opulens	Rochester hawthorn	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U USDA-N0 ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus ser. Cordatae	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus phaenopyrum (L.f.) Medik. 1757. Mespilus cordata Mill. nom. rej. 1781. Mespilus phaenopyrum L.f. 1788. Crataegus populifolia Walter 1789. Crataegus cordata Aiton 1793. Crataegus phaenopyrum Medik.	Washington hawthorn Aubépine petit-corail, Aubépine de Washington	Introduced, US South native			NYFA-unk USDA-NX Go Botany VASCAN Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images, wsp
Crataegus ser. Crataegus	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. 1775. Crataegus monogyna Jacq. 1838. C. oxyacantha var. praecox hort.	Common hawthorn, English hawthorn, Oneseed hawthorn, Single-seed hawthorn Aubépine monogyne	Introduced, from Eurasia, North Africa			NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. Crataegus oxyacanthoides Thuillier Crataegus palmstruchii Lindman Mespilus laevigata Poiret	Smooth hawthorn, English hawthorn, Midland hawthorn Aubépine épineuse, Aubépine à deux styles	Introduced, from Eurasia			USDA-X VASCAN Images, wsp
↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Crataegus uniflora. Endangered, S1/G5.

Crataegus sect. MacracanthaeEdit

Rosales — Rosaceae — Amygdaloideae — Maleae — Crataegus sect. Macracanthae
Crataegus ser. Macracanthae	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. 1788. Mespilus calpodendron Ehrh. 1793. Crataegus calpodendron Medik. 1908. Crataegus hispidula Sarg. 1935. C. calpodendron var. hispidula E.J.Palmer	Pear hawthorn, Blackthorn hawthorn, Urn-fruit hawthorn Aubépine à fruits piriformes, Aubépine tomenteuse	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4? USDA-NN VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link (1831)	Fleshy hawthorn, Long-spine hawthorn, Succulent hawthorn	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus macracantha Lodd. ex Loudon var. macracantha 1838. C. macracantha Lodd. ex Loudon 1874. Mespilus macracantha Wenz. 1886. C. coccinea var. macracantha Dudley 1921. C. succulenta var. macracantha Eggl.	Long-thorned hawthorn Aubépine à épines longues	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U USDA-NN VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images, wsp
Crataegus macracantha var. occidentalis C. succulenta var. divida C. succulenta var. occidentalis C. succulenta var. rhombifolia C. succulenta occidentalis	Large-thorn hawthorn	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U USDA-NN ARS-GRIN Images, wsp
Crataegus menandiana Sarg.	Menands hawthorn	Native, No recent reports			NYFA-Z USDA-N0 ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus ser. Brainerdianae	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus brainerdii Sarg. 1901. Crataegus brainerdii Sarg. 1905. Crataegus seelyana Sarg. 1913. Crataegus shirleyensis Sarg. 1915. Oxyacantha brainerdii Nieuwl.	Brainerd hawthorn, Brainerd's hawthorn Aubépine de Brainerd	Native, Vulnerable			NYFA-3 USDA-NN Go Botany ITIS Tropicos Images, wsp
Crataegus scabrida Sarg. 1901. Crataegus scabrida Sarg. 1908. C. brainerdii var. scabrida Eggl.	Rough hawthorn, Scabrid hawthorn	Native, Vulnerable			NYFA-3? USDA-NN Go Botany ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus interserial hybrids	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus × peckietta Sarg. (pro sp.) Crataegus scabrida × Crataegus succulenta	Hybrid of Rough hawthorn & Fleshy hawthorn	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1? USDA-N0 ITIS Images, wsp
Crataegus × laneyi Sarg. (pro sp.) Crataegus brainerdii × Crataegus succulenta	Hybrid of hawthorn & hawthorn	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U USDA-N0 ITIS Images, wsp

Crataegus sect. ViridesEdit

Rosales — Rosaceae — Amygdaloideae — Maleae — Crataegus sect. Virides
Crataegus sect. Virides	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus viridis L. 1753. Crataegus viridis L. 1908. Crataegus dawsoniana Sarg.	Green hawthorn, Green haw, Southernthorn	Introduced, US South native, No NY reports, Cultivated			NYFA-0 USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images, wsp

Crataegus inter-sectional hybridsEdit

Rosales — Rosaceae — Amygdaloideae — Maleae — Crataegus — inter-sectional hybrids
Crataegus sect. Coccineae × Crataegus	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus × brevipes Peck (pro sp. 1910) C. pruinosa (sect. Coccineae) × C. intricata (sect. Crataegus)	Hybrid of Copenhagen hawthorn & Frosted hawthorn	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U ITIS Images, wsp
C. monogyna × punctata C. punctata (sect. Coccineae) × C. monogyna (sect. Crataegus)	Hybrid of English hawthorn & Dotted hawthorn	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U Images, wsp
Crataegus sect. Coccineae × Macracanthae	Hawthorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crataegus × persimilis Sarg. (pro sp.) C. crus-galli (sect. Crataegus) × C. succulenta (sect. Macracanthae) 1798. Mespilus prunifolia Poir. illeg-hom. 1806. C. prunifolia Pers, illeg-hom. 1840. C. crus-galli var. prunifolia Torr. & A.Gray 1903. Crataegus persimilis Sarg. 1908. Crataegus cerasina Sarg.	Plumleaf hawthorn, Plum-leaved hawthorn, Broadleaf cockspurthorn Aubépine à feuilles de prunier	Native, Unranked			NYFA-0 USDA-NN VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images, wsp
Crataegus × rubrocarnea Sarg. (pro sp.) C. macrosperma (sect. Coccineae) × C. brainerdii (sect. Macracanthae)	Hybrid of Brainerd hawthorn & Big-fruit hawthorn	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U USDA-N0 ITIS Images, wsp
C. macrosperma × succulenta C. macrosperma (sect. Coccineae) × C. succulenta (sect. Macracanthae)	Hybrid of Big-fruit hawthorn & Fleshy hawthorn	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U Images, wsp

SorbusEdit

The mountain-ash trees in the genus Sorbus are not closely related to the ash trees of the genus Fraxinus and as such are not subject to the ravages of the emerald ash borer. The use of the term "ash" is probably due to the superfical similarity of the compound leaves. The mountain-ashes are more closely related to the hawthorns, apples and crabapples, which are also in the Maleae tribe.

Sorbus sect. SorbusEdit

Sorbus americana

There are two native mountain-ash trees in New York.

Rosales — Rosaceae — Amygdaloideae — Maleae — Sorbus sect. Commixtae
Sorbus sect. Commixtae	Mountain-ash	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Sorbus americana Marshall 1785. Sorbus americana Marshall 1825. Pyrus americana DC. isonym 1825. Pyrus microcarpa (Pursh) Spreng.	American mountain-ash, Mountain-ash Sorbier d'Amérique	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS LBJ Images, wsp
Sorbus decora (Sarg.) C.K.Schneid. 1825. Pyrus americana DC. 1902. Pyrus americana var. decora Sarg. 1906. Sorbus americana var. groenlandica C.K.Schneid. 1906. Sorbus decora C.K.Schneid. 1943. Pyrus decora (Sarg.) Hyl. 1974. Pyrus groenlandica K.R.Robertson	Northern mountain-ash, Showy mountain-ash	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS LBJ Images, wsp

Sorbus sect. CommixtaeEdit

Sorbus aucuparia

The European mountain-ash, or rowan, is a commonly-planted ornamental tree that does naturalize in the state. European mountain-ash trees can be distinguished from the American species by the long villous hairs on the undersides of the leaves as well as on the twigs and bud scales of the European species.

Rosales — Rosaceae — Amygdaloideae — Maleae — Sorbus sect. Commixtae
Sorbus sect. Sorbus	Mountain-ash	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Sorbus aucuparia L. 1753. Sorbus aucuparia L. 1790. Pyrus aucuparia (L.) Gaertn.	Rowan, Rowan-berry, European mountain-ash Sorbier des oiseleurs	Introduced from Eurasia			NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp

MalusEdit

Malus contains the apples and crabapples, one species of which (the sweet crabapple) is considered to be native to New York.

Malus sect. ChloromelesEdit

Malus coronaria

The sweet crabapple (Malus coronaria) has in the past been treated as a number of separate taxa, but most modern sources treat them as a single species. This is the only New York native crabapple and probably the only North American native crabapple found in the wild in New York. The native crabapple is not widely planted due to its susceptibility to cedar-apple rust (Gymnosporangium juniperivirginianae), cedar-quince rust (G. clavipes), and cedar-hawthorn rust (G. globosum).

Rosales — Rosaceae — Amygdaloideae — Maleae — Malus sect. Chloromeles
Malus sect. Chloromeles	Sweet crabapple	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. 1753. Pyrus coronaria L. 1768. Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. 1892. Sorbus coronaria (L.) MacMill. 1911. M. glaucescens Rehder 1911. M. lancifolia Rehder 1913. M. bracteata Sarg. 1916. P. glaucescens L.H.Bailey 1918. M. carolinensis Ashe 1920. M. coronaria var. dasycalyx 1947. P. coronaria var. dasycalyx 1983. M. coronaria var. glaucescens	Wild crab apple Sweet crabapple Sweet crab apple Fragrant crabapple American crabapple American crab Narrow-leaved crabapple Garland crabapple Wild crabapple Golden crabapple Pommier odorant Pommier américain	Native, C:2, Vulnerable Perennial, Strub-tree			NYFA-3? USDA-NN Go Botany-0 VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN Images, wsp

Malus sect. GymnomelesEdit

Malus baccata

Siberian crabapple (Malus baccata) is a popular ornamental tree and only occasionally escapes cultivation in New York.

Rosales — Rosaceae — Amygdaloideae — Maleae — Malus sect. Gymnomeles
Malus sect. Gymnomeles	Crabapple	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. 1756. Pyrus baccata L. 1803. Malus baccata (L.) Borkh.	Siberian crabapple, Siberian crab-apple, Flowering crabapple, Chinese crabapple Pommier de Sibérie, Pommier sibérien, Pommier à baies	Introduced from eastern Asia, Potentially invasive, CP-4^[1]			NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images, wsp
↑ Appendix 4. Plant species that are considered moderately invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

Malus sect. MalusEdit

Section Malus contains the common domesticated apple (Malus pumila or Malus domestica) along with a number of Eurasian crabapples. Qian (2010) proposed conserving Malus domestica as the acceped name of the domesticated apple.^[1] It is important to note that apples are extremely heterozygous, resulting in naturalized apples that bear little resemblance to domestic apples, which are generally propagated by grafting.^[2] So the presence of apples in the wild that look and taste like cultivated apples is usually the result of long-living planted apple trees being subsumed by the wild and not by apple seeds being spread into a natural area.^[3]

↑ Guan-Ze Qian, Lian-Fen Liu and Geng-Guo Tang (2010). "(1933) Proposal to conserve the name Malus domestica against M. pumila, M. communis, M. frutescens, and Pyrus dioica (Rosaceae)." Taxon, Vol. 59, No. 2 (April 2010), pp. 650-652.
↑ Pollan, Michael (2001-06-12). The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World (Kindle Location 315). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
↑ "Malus pumila." Flora of North America, Vol. 9.

Rosales — Rosaceae — Amygdaloideae — Maleae — Malus sect. Malus
Malus sect. Malus	Apple & crabapple	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh. 1753. Pyrus malus L. 1753. Pyrus malus var. sylvestris 1768. Malus pumila Mill. 1768. Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. 1798. Malus communis Desf. 1803. Malus domestica Borkh. 1821. Pyrus pumila K.Koch 1821. Pyrus sylvestris Gray	Cultivated apple, Orchard apple, Paradise apple, European crabapple Pommier commun, Pommier cultivé, Pommier paradis, Pommier nain, Pommier sauvage	Introduced from Europe, Potentially invasive, Naturalized, CP-4^[1]			NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN Images, wsp
Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh. 1794. Pyrus prunifolia Willd. 1803. Malus prunifolia Borkh.	Pear-leaved crabapple, Plum-leaved crabapple, Plumleaf apple, Chinese apple, Chinese crabapple Pommier à feuilles de prunier	Introduced from China, CP-5^[2]		Bronx, Oswego, Rensselaer	NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN Images, wsp
Malus toringo (Siebold) deVriese 1848. Sorbus toringo Siebold 1856. Malus toringo deVriese 1858. Pyrus sieboldii Regel 1867. Pyrus toringo (Siebold) Miq. 1915. Malus sieboldii Rehder 1915. Malus sargentii Rehder	Toringa crabapple, Toringo crab Pommier toringo, Pommetier de Siebold arborescent	Introduced from China, Japan, Korea, Potentially invasive, NJIST Target^[3]^[4]		Monroe, Nassau, Orange, Suffolk	NYFA-X USDA-X0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images, wsp
Malus floribunda Siebold ex Van Houtte 1864. Pyrus floribunda G.Kirchn. 1865. M. floribunda Siebold ex Van Houtte 1906. P. pulcherrima Asch. & Graebn.	Japanese flowering crabapple, Japanese crab apple, Japanese crab	Introduced from East Asia, Potentially invasive, CP-4^[1]		Bronx	NYFA-X USDA-X0 Go Botany VASCAN-0 ARS-GRIN ITIS NatureServe BONAP Images, wsp
Malus sect. Malus (excluded taxa)	Apple & crabapple	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Malus prunifolia × pumila Malus prunifolia × Malus pumila	Hybrid of cultivated apple & plumleaf crabapple	Introduced, N.Y. excluded, CP-5^[2]			NYFA-XCLD Go Botany Images, wsp
↑ ^a ^b Appendix 4. Plant species that are considered moderately invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ↑ ^a ^b Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ↑ New Jersey Invasive Species Strike Team (2015) "Do not Plant List." ↑ NJ Status: Emerging Stage 2 - Common and spreading rapidly. It is highly threatening to natural plant communities. All detected occurrences should be eradicated. New Jersey Invasive Species Strike Team (2012) "Target Species Fact Sheets."

PyrusEdit

Pyrus communis
common pear

Pyrus contains two species of pears that have naturalized in New York. The common pear (Pyrus communis) is grown for its fruit and occasionally escapes or persists from cultivation. The Bradford or Callery pear is widely planted as an ornamental tree, but has been found to naturalize in some locations, particularly in Suffolk County.

Rosales — Rosaceae — Amygdaloideae — Maleae — Pyrus
Pyrus	Pear	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Pyrus communis L. 1753. Pyrus communis L. Pyrus sativa DC. Pyrus caucasica Fed. Pyrus pyraster (L.) Du Roi	Pear, Common pear, Poirier	Introduced from eastern Asia, Naturalized		Albany, Bronx, Chemung, Clinton, Delaware, Kings, Niagara, Onondaga, Orange, Oswego, Queens, Rensselaer, Rockland, Suffolk, Yates	NYFA-X USDA-XX ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Pyrus calleryana 1872. Pyrus calleryana Decne. 1911. Pyrus kawakamii Hayata 1920. P. calleryana fo. graciliflora Rehder 1920. P. calleryana fo. tomentella Rehder	Bradford pear, Callery pear	Introduced, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 65%^[1], Asia native, CP-5^[2], NPS		Orange, Suffolk	NYFA-X Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Pyrus calleryana: Moderate (65). ↑ Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

CydoniaEdit

Rosales — Rosaceae — Amygdaloideae — Maleae — Malinae — Cydonia
Cydonia	Quince	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Cydonia oblonga Mill. 1753. Pyrus cydonia L. 1768. Cydonia oblonga Mill. 1806. Cydonia vulgaris Pers.	Common quince Cognassier, Coing	Introduced from temperate Asia		Dutchess, Orange, Rockland, Tompkins	NYFA-X USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp

ChaenomelesEdit

Rosales — Rosaceae — Amygdaloideae — Maleae — Malinae — Chaenomeles
Chaenomeles	Flowering quince	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. ex Spach (1834) Cydonia japonica (Thunb.) Pers. Pyrus japonica Thunb.	Japanese flowering quince, Maule's quince Cognassier du Japon	Introduced from Japan		Albany, Cattaraugus, Chemung, Ontario	NYFA-X USDA-XX ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai (1929) Chaenomeles lagenaria Cydonia speciosa Sweet	Chinese quince, Flowering quince, Japanese quince	Introduced from Asia		Dutchess, Otsego	NYFA-X USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp

PyracanthaEdit

Rosales — Rosaceae — Amygdaloideae — Maleae — Malinae — Pyracantha
Pyracantha	Firethorn	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Pyracantha coccinea M.Roem. 1753. Mespilus pyracantha L. 1793. Crataegus pyracantha Medik. 1834. Cotoneaster pyracantha Spach 1847. Pyracantha coccinea Roemer	Scarlet firethorn	Introduced, from Eurasia		Otsego, Rockland	NYFA-X USDA-XN ARS-GRIN Images, wsp

CotoneasterEdit

Rosales — Rosaceae — Amygdaloideae — Maleae — Cotoneaster
Cotoneaster	Cotoneaster	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Cotoneaster atropurpureus Flinck & B. Hylmö Cotoneaster atropurpureus Flinck & B. Hylmö	Purple-flowered cotoneaster	Introduced, Not naturalized		Ulster only	NYFA-Xm USDA- Images, wsp
Cotoneaster cochleatus (Franch.) G. Klotz Cotoneaster cochleatus (Franch.) G.Klotz	Yunnan cotoneaster	Introduced, Not naturalized		Orange only	NYFA-Xm USDA- Images, wsp
Cotoneaster divaricatus Rehder & E.H. Wilson Cotoneaster divaricatus Rehder & E.H.Wilson	Spreading cotoneaster	Introduced, Naturalization unknown		Orange only	NYFA-Xu USDA-X0 Images, wsp
Cotoneaster (excluded taxa)	Cotoneaster	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Cotoneaster silvestrii Pamp. 1910. Cotoneaster silvestrii Pamp. 1912. C. hupehensis Rehder & E.H.Wilson 1917. C. racemiflorus var. veitchii Rehder & E.H.Wilson 1957. C. veitchii G.Klotz 1963. C. kangtinensis G.Klotz	Hupeh cotoneaster, Many-flowered cotoneaster, Redbead Cotoneaster	Introduced from China, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp
Cotoneaster adpressus Boiss. 1904. Cotoneaster adpressa Bois	Creeping cotoneaster, Cotonéaster rampant	Introduced from Asia, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Images, wsp

← Rosales : Rosaceae : Amygdaloideae 1	Flora of New York — Rosales : Rosaceae : Amygdaloideae 2 : Maleae				→ Rosales : Rhamnaceae … Urticaceae
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

[1] P. F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 13, July 2013.

[2] Torsten Eriksson, Malin S. Hibbs, Anne D. Yoder, Charles F. Delwiche, and Michael J. Donoghue (2003). "The phylogeny of Rosoideae (Rocaceae) based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA and the TRN/F region of Chloroplast DNA." Int. J. Plant Sci. 164(2): 197–211.

[3] Sara Longhi, Lara Giongo, Matteo Buti, Nada Surbanovski, Roberto Viola, Riccardo Velasco, Judson A. Ward & Daniel J. Sargent (2014). "Molecular genetics and genomics of the Rosoideae: state of the art and future perspectives." Horticulture Research 1, Article number: 1.

[4] L. Brouillet, F. Coursol, S.J. Meades, M. Favreau, M. Anions, P. Bélisle & P. Desmet. 2010+. "Amelanchier Medikus." VASCAN, the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada. http://data.canadensys.net/vascan/ (consulted on 2017-05-14)

[5] New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Crataegus uniflora. Endangered, S1/G5.

[CP4-6] Appendix 4. Plant species that are considered moderately invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

[7] Guan-Ze Qian, Lian-Fen Liu and Geng-Guo Tang (2010). "(1933) Proposal to conserve the name Malus domestica against M. pumila, M. communis, M. frutescens, and Pyrus dioica (Rosaceae)." Taxon, Vol. 59, No. 2 (April 2010), pp. 650-652.

[8] Pollan, Michael (2001-06-12). The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World (Kindle Location 315). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.

[9] "Malus pumila." Flora of North America, Vol. 9.

[CP4-10] Appendix 4. Plant species that are considered moderately invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

[CP5-11] Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

[12] New Jersey Invasive Species Strike Team (2015) "Do not Plant List."

[13] NJ Status: Emerging Stage 2 - Common and spreading rapidly. It is highly threatening to natural plant communities. All detected occurrences should be eradicated. New Jersey Invasive Species Strike Team (2012) "Target Species Fact Sheets."

[14] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Pyrus calleryana: Moderate (65).

[CP5-15] Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

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