Fractals/Continued fraction
"Do not worry about your problems with mathematics, I assure you mine are far greater." Albert Einstein
Notation
editGeneralized form
editA continued fraction[1] is an expression of the form
where :
- and are either integers, rational numbers, real numbers, or complex numbers.
- , etc., are called the coefficients or terms of the continued fraction
Variants or types :
- If for all the expression is called a simple continued fraction.
- If the expression contains a finite number of terms, it is called a finite continued fraction.
- If the expression contains an infinite number of terms, it is called an infinite continued fraction.[2]
Thus, all of the following illustrate valid finite simple continued fractions:
Formula | Numeric | Remarks |
---|---|---|
All integers are a degenerate case | ||
Simplest possible fractional form | ||
First integer may be negative | ||
First integer may be zero |
simple form
editIt is generally assumed that the numerator b of all of the fractions is 1. Such form is called a simple or regular continued fraction, or said to be in canonical form.
If real number is a fraction ( x < 1), then is zero and the notation is simplified:
Finite
editNotation :
Every finite continued fraction represents a rational number :
If positive real fraction x is rational number, there are exactly two different continued fraction expansions:
where
- Usually the first, shorter form is chosen as the canonical representation
- second form is one longer then the first
Infinite
editNotation :
Every infinite continued fraction is irrational number :
The rational number obtained by limited number of terms in a continued fraction is called a n-th convergent
because sequence of rational numbers converges to irrational number
In other words irrational number is the limit of convergent sequence.
Nominator p and denominator q can be found using the relevant recursive relation:
so
Key words :
- the sequence of continued fraction convergents of irrational number
- sequence of the convergents
- continued fraction expansion
- rational aproximation of irrational number
- a best rational approximation to a real number r by rational number p/q
How to use it in computer programs
edit- decimal number ( real or rational) to continued fraction
- abacus CAS
- Maxima CAS : cf (expr) Converts expr into a continued fraction.
Maxima CAS
editIn Maxima CAS one have cf and float(cfdisrep())
(%i2) a:[0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1] (%o2) [0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1] (%i3) t:cfdisrep(a) (%o3) 1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/(1+1/1)))))))))))))))))))))) (%i4) float(t) (%o4) 0.618033988957902
To compute n-th convergent:
(%i10) a; (%o10) [0, 3, 2, 1000, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1] (%i11) a3: listn(a,3); (%o11) listn([0, 3, 2, 1000, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], 3) (%i12) a3: firstn(a,3); (%o12) [0, 3, 2] (%i13) cf3:cfdisrep(a3); 1 (%o13) ----- 1 3 + - 2 (%i14) r3:ratsimp(cf3); 2 (%o14) - 7 (%i15)
Examples
edit- number theory
- aproximation of irrational number, see rotation number in case of Siegel disk
- continued fractions based functions over the complex plan[3][4]
- " a continued fraction may be regarded as a sequence of Möbius maps" Alan F. Beardone[5]
Help
editSee also
edit- binary expansion ( representation of real number)
- fractional iteration
- dynamics of continued fractions
References
edit- ↑ Continued Fractions and Dynamics by Stefano Isola
- ↑ Darren C. Collins, Continued Fractions, MIT Undergraduate Journal of Mathematics,[1]
- ↑ continued fractions based functions over the complex plane
- ↑ continued-fractions-with-applications by L. Lorentzen H. Waadeland
- ↑ Continued Fractions, Discrete Groups and Complex Dynamics by Alan F. Beardone. Beardone, A.F. Comput. Methods Funct. Theory (2001) 1: 535. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03321006