Flora of New York/Ginkgoales, Pinales

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The gymnosperms in New York include the conifers and ginkgos. spermatophytes gymnosperms ?   Cycadales—Cycadaceae—Cycas (1 genus of >100 species, no record in NY)     Ginkgoales—Ginkgoaceae—Gingkgo biloba (1 extant species, planted, not naturalized in NY)         Gnetales―Gnetaceae―Gnetum (1 tropical genus, no record in NY)     Pinales   Pinaceae     Pinoideae   Pinus strobus (eastern white pine)     Pinus subg. Pinus spp. (8 hard pines)     Piceoideae Picea spp. (6 spruces)       Laricoideae     Larix laricina (tamarack, American larch)     Larix decidua (European larch)     Larix kaempferi (Japanese larch)       Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir)           Abietoideae   Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock)     Abies balsamea (balsam fir)             Cupressaceae Taxodioideae Taxodium distichum (baldcypress)   Cupressoideae   Thuja occidentalis (arborvitae, white-cedar)       Juniperus virginiana (eastern redcedar)     Juniperus communis (common juniper, ground juniper)     Juniperus horizontalis (creeping juniper)       Chamaecyparis tyoides (Atlantic white cedar)       Taxaceae   Taxus canadensis (American yew)     Taxus cuspidata (Japanese yew)     Taxus baccata (English yew)             angiosperms Magnoliidae

Clade	Order	Family	Subfamily	Genus	Common names	#
gymnosperms	Ginkgoales	Ginkgoaceae	—	Ginkgo	maidenhair tree, ginkgo	1
	Pinales	Pinaceae	Pinoideae	Pinus subg. Strobus	soft pine	1
				Pinus subg. Pinus	hard pines	8
			Piceoideae	Picea	spruce	5
			Laricoideae	Pseudotsuga	Douglas-fir	1
				Larix	larch, tamarack	3
			Abietoideae	Tsuga	hemlock	1
				Abies	fir (true firs)	4
		Cupressaceae	Taxodioideae	Taxodium	cypress	1
			Cupressoideae	Thuja	arborvitae, white-cedar	1
				Juniperus	juniper, red-cedar	4
				Chamaecyparis	cedar, false cypress	2
		Taxaceae	—	Taxus	yew	3

Order Ginkgoales

The order Ginkgoales contains a single existing species: Ginkgo biloba.

Family Ginkgoaceae

As the sole family of the Ginkgoales, Ginkgoaceae (the ginkgo family) contains Ginkgo biloba as the only extant species.

Ginkgo

Ginkgo biloba leaves The ginkgo or maidenhair tree is widely planted worldwide, including New York state, but the dioecious tree rarely escapes cultivation, and is unlikely to reach maturity as a naturalized tree in this region. This tree has been excluded from the New York Flora Atlas.

Ginkgoales — Ginkgoaceae — Ginkgo
Genus Ginkgo (excluded species)	Maidenhair tree	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ginkgo biloba  L. 1771. Ginkgo biloba L. 1797. Salisburia adiantifolia Sm. 1824. Salisburia biloba Hoffmanns. 1826. Salisburia ginkgo (L.) Rich. nom.illeg. 1866. Pterophyllus salisburiensis J.Nelson	Ginkgo, Maidenhair tree Noyer du Japon, Ginkgo biloba	Introduced from  Asia, N.Y. excluded		excluded NYFA-Excluded	USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies

Order Pinales

The order Pinales contains the conifers, or cone-bearing seed plants. In New York, this includes the three families Pinaceae (pine, fir, spruce, and larch), Cupressaceae (cypress, juniper, and arborviteae), and Taxaceae (yew). Most of the Pinales are "evergreen," maintaining most of their foliage and its green color through the winter. The exception is the genus Larix (larch) in the Pinaceae. Larix trees are deciduous and lose their needle-like leaves in the winter. Most Pinales also have "needle-like" leaves, often referred to simply as needles. Though many are very flat needles, such as the yews, spruces, and firs. And most of the Cupressaceae leaves could be described as more "scale-like".

Family Pinaceae

The Pinaceae (pine family)...

Subfamily Pinoideae

Pinus

Pinus subg. Strobus

Subgenus Strobus contains the soft pines, only one of which is found in New York.

Pinus subg. Strobus sect. Quinquefoliae

Pinus strobus, Five Ponds Wilderness Area The only member of the Quinquefoliae (white-pines) found outside of cultivation in New York is Pinus strobus (eastern white pine), and it has been reported from every county in the state. The members of this section normally have their needle-like leaves grouped in bundles (fascicles) of five, though some may occasionally be found in bundles of three or four. The oldest living eastern white pine on record dates to the mid 16th century, and was found in Nelson Swamp, Madison County, in 1997.

Pinales — Pinaceae — Pinoideae — Pinus subg. Strobus sect. Quinquefoliae
Genus Pinus subg. Strobus sect. Quinquefoliae	Soft, white pines	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Pinus strobus  L. 1753. Pinus strobus L. 1903. Strobus strobus (L.) Small 1932. Pinus strobus  f. prostrata  Fernald & Weath. 1940. Pinus strobus  var. chiapensis  Martínez 1964. Pinus chiapensis (Martínez) Andresen	Eastern white pine, Northern white pine, Weymouth pine (UK), Soft pine Pin blanc, Pin strobus, Pin du Lord Weymouth	Native, CoC: 3, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ FEIS Images Wikispecies Note: SNA

Pinus subg. Pinus

Subgenus Pinus contains the hard pines, and has two sections represented in New York.

Pinus subg. Pinus sect. Trifoliae

The Trifoliae contains most of the North American hard pines, four of which are native to New York.

Pinales — Pinaceae — Pinoideae — Pinus subg. Pinus sect. Trifoliae
Genus Pinus sect. Trifoliae subsect. Australes	Hard pines: southern yellow	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Pinus rigida  Mill. 1768. Pinus rigida Mill.	Pitch pine, Northern pitch pine, Torch pine, Sap pine Pin rigide, Pin à feuilles rigides	Native, CoC: 8, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Pinus echinata  Mill. 1768. Pinus echinata Mill.	Shortleaf pine, Short-leaved pine, Arkansas pine, Southern yellow pine	Native, CoC: 10, Endangered Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 1	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Genus Pinus sect. Trifoliae subsect. Contortae	Hard pines: scrub pines	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Pinus banksiana  Lamb. 1789. Pinus sylvestris  var. divaricata  Aiton 1803. Pinus banksiana Lamb. 1893. Pinus divaricata (Aiton) Sudw.	Jack pine, Scrub pine, Banksian pine, Black pine, Gray pine, Hudson Bay pine Pin gris, Pin de Banks	Native, CoC: 9, Rare FACU Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 3	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies Note: SNA
Pinus virginiana  Mill. 1768. Pinus virginiana Mill.	Virginia pine, Scrub pine, Jersey pine Pin de Virginie	Native, CoC: 3, Endangered, NE-5 Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 1	USDA-NX ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies Note: SNA

Pinus subg. Pinus sect. Pinus

Pinus resinosa plantation North Elba in Essex County Section Pinus contains mostly Old-World hard pines, but it also includes the commercially important red pine (Pinus resinosa), which is native to North America, including parts of New York. The three other species of this section found in New York are non-native introductions. This group has needles in bundles of two.

Pinales — Pinaceae — Pinoideae — Pinus subg. Pinus sect. Pinus
Genus Pinus subg. Pinus sect. Pinus	Hard pines	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Pinus resinosa  Aiton 1789. Pinus resinosa Aiton	Red pine, Norway pine Pin rouge, Pin résineux	Native, CoC: 8, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies Note: SNA
Pinus sylvestris  L.  var. sylvestris 1753. Pinus sylvestris L.	Scots pine, Scotch pine, Caledonian pine Pin sylvestre, Pin d'Écosse	Introduced from  Eurasia, Potentially invasive,  Invasive.org: [1],  USGS: L48 invasive, CP-5 WW		NYFA: X GBIF	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies Note: SNA
Pinus nigra  J.F.Arnold 1785. Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold 1828. Pinus pallasiana Lamb. 1910. Pinus nigra  ssp. austriaca  Asch. & Graebn. 1914. Pinus nigra  ssp. pallasiana  Holmboe	Austrian pine, European black pine Pin noir, Pin noir d'Autriche	Introduced from  Eurasia,  northern Africa, Potentially invasive,  USGS: L48 invasive		NYFA: X GBIF	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies Note: SNA
Pinus thunbergii  Parl. 1868. Pinus thunbergii Parl. 1949. Pinus thunbergiana Franco	Japanese black pine	Introduced from  Japan,  South Korea, Moderately invasive,  NYIS: 59%,  iMapInvasives,  Invasive.org: [2],  USGS: L48 invasive, NE-4		NYFA: X GBIF	USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies Note: SNA

Subfamily Piceoideae

Picea

Picea rubens red spruce cones There are three spruce species that are native to New York State, but the two non-native species seem to be more well-known. Spruce trees can be easily distinguished from other conifers by their needles, which grow singly (unlike pine-needles, which grow in clusters), are square or triangular in cross-section (unlike fir and hemlock needles, which are flatter), are relatively hard with sharp points, are attached to small woody projections that remain after needles fall. Spruce cones are also papery, unlike most other conifers. However, it's usually more difficult to differentiate spruces trees from each other. Douglas fir can also be misidentified as a spruce because of their needles, which are also square in cross-section, but not as stiff.

Spruce	Picea	Leaf length (inches)	Cone length (inches)	Height (feet)	Width (feet)	Growth form	Habitat	Twig color	Bark color
Red	P. rubens	1/2 - 5/8	1.0 - 1.5	60 - 80	15-20	pyramid	upland	orange-brown	gray-brown, red-brown
Black	P. mariana	1/4 - 1/2	0.75 - 1.5	40 - 50	15-20	slender	bog	brown	gray-brown, red-brown
White	P. glauca	1/3 - 3/4	1.5 - 2.5	40 - 90	10 - 20	conical	upland	light brown, pale	gray-brown
Norway	P. abies	1/2 - 1	4 - 6	> 120		conical		orange-brown	red-brown, later gray
Blue	P. pungens	1/2 - 5/4	2 - 4	50 - 80		conical	upland

Pinales — Pinaceae — Pinoideae — Picea
Genus Picea	Spruce	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Picea rubens  Sarg. 1771. Pinus mariana Du Roi 1831. Picea rubra Link 1879. Picea nigra  var. rubra  Engelm. 1898. Picea rubens Sarg. 1903. Picea australis Small	Red spruce Épinette rouge	Native, CoC: 6, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Picea mariana  (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. 1768. Abies mariana Mill. 1770. Pinus abies  var. mariana  Münchh. 1785. Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold 1831. Picea nigra Link 1888. Picea mariana Britton, et al.	Black spruce, Bog spruce, Swamp spruce Épinette noire, Épinette à bière, Épicéa marial, Épicéa noir	Native, CoC: 7, Secure FACW Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Picea glauca  (Moench) Voss 1768. Abies canadensis Mill. 1785. Pinus glauca Moench 1831. Picea alba (Aiton) Link 1897. Picea canadensis  var. glauca   in… 1907. Picea glauca Voss	White spruce, Cat spruce, Black Hills spruce, Canadian spruce, Skunk spruce Épinette blanche, Épinette glauque, Épicéa blanc, Épicéa glauque	Native, CoC: 8, Likely secure FACU Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 4-5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN Tropicos BONAP LBJ FEIS Images Wikispecies
Picea abies  (L.) Karst. 1753. Pinus abies L. 1779. Pinus excelsa Lamb. 1842. Picea excelsa (Lamb.) Link 1881. Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.	Norway spruce, White spruce Épinette de Norvège, Épicéa élevé, Épicéa commun	Introduced from  Europe, Potentially invasive,  iMapInvasives,  Invasive.org: [3],  USGS: L48 invasive, CP-4 Perennial, Tree		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Picea pungens  Engelm. 1879. Picea pungens Engelm. 1883. Picea pungens Regel 1897. Picea parryana Sarg.	Blue spruce, Colorado blue spruce, Colorado spruce, Silver spruce Épinette de Colorado, Épinette bleue, Épicéa de Colorado	Introduced from  U.S. Rocky Mts., Probably not naturalized FAC-FACU Perennial, Tree		NYFA: X	USDA-NX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies

Subfamily Laricoideae

Pseudotsuga

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco Douglas-fir Although commonly called Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga trees are not true firs. The genus name means "false hemlock," but phylogenetically, Douglas firs are more often grouped in the Pinoideae with the pines, spruces and larches than with either the firs or hemlocks, which are placed in the Abietoideae. Recent studies, in fact, place Douglas fir closer to the larches, in the subfamily Laricoideae. Douglas-firs are often planted in New York but seldom if ever naturalize permanently.

Pinales — Pinaceae — Laricoideae — Pseudotsuga
Genus Pseudotsuga	Douglas fir	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NPT
Pseudotsuga menziesii  (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco 1884. Tsuga douglasii  var. glauca  Beissn. 1890. Pseudotsuga douglasii  var. glauca  Mayr 1897. Pseudotsuga taxifolia  var. glauca  Sudw. 1934. Pseudotsuga flahaultii Flous 1950. Pseudotsuga menziesii  var. glauca  Franco	Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, Douglas-fir, Blue Douglas-fir, Colorado Douglas-fir, Inland Douglas-fir Douglas bleu, Douglas de Menzies bleu	Introduced, ¿Naturalized?		NYFA: X	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Larix

Larix laricina (Tamarack) foliage & cones The larches (Larix spp.) are deciduous conifers. Of the three species found in New York, only the American larch or tamarack is native to the state. The European and Japanese larches occasionally naturalize near plantations and individuals that have been planted. Among the other words for tamarack is hackmatack, which means "wood used for snowshoes" in the Abenaki language.

Pinales — Pinaceae — Laricoideae — Larix
Genus Larix sect. Larix	Larch	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Larix laricina  (DuRoi) K.Koch 1771. Pinus laricina Du Roi 1803. Larix americana Michx. 1839. L. intermedia Lodd. ex J.Forbes 1873. L. laricina (Du Roi) K.Koch 1908. L. alaskensis W.Wight 1947. L. laricina  var. (W.Wight) Raup  {{{5}}} 2008. L. laricina  ssp. (W.Wight) Silba  {{{5}}}	Tamarack American larch Eastern larch Red larch Hackmatack Alaska larch Mélèze laricin ⓘ Épinette rouge ⓘ Fausse épinette rouge ⓘ	Native, CoC: 5, Secure FACW Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 5 iNat	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies
Larix decidua  Mill. 1753. Pinus larix L. 1768. Larix decidua Mill. 1805. Larix europaea DC.	European larch ⓘ	Introduced from  Europe, Naturalized Perennial, Tree		NYFA: X iNat	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Larix kaempferi  (Lam.) Carrière 1856. Larix kaempferi (Lam.) Carrière 1858. Larix leptolepis (Siebold & Zucc.) Gordon 1858. Pseudolarix kaempferi (Lamb.) Gordon	Japanese larch	Introduced from  eastern Asia, Naturalized Perennial, Tree		NYFA: X	USDA-XN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies

Subfamily Abietoideae

Tsuga

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière foliage and cones Tsuga contains the hemlocks, of which, the only New York native is the eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis. Hemlocks in eastern North America are threatened by the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae).

Pinales — Pinaceae — Abietoideae — Tsuga
Genus Tsuga	Hemlock	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Tsuga canadensis  (L.) Carrière 1763. Pinus canadensis L. 1842. Picea canadensis Link 1855. Tsuga canadensis Carrière 1862. Abies canadensis  var. gracilis	Eastern hemlock, Canadian hemlock, Canada hemlock Pruche du Canada, Pruche de l'Est, Tsuga du Canada	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Abies

Abies balsamea balsam fir The genus Abies contains the "true" firs. It does not include the Douglas-firs of the genus Pseudotsuga, which is in the Laricoideae with larches, not here in the Abietoideae with hemlocks.

Pinales — Pinaceae — Abietoideae — Abies
Genus Abies	Fir	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Abies balsamea  (L.) Mill. 1753. Pinus balsamea L. 1768. Abies balsamea Mill. 1770. Pinus abies  var. balsamea  Münchh. 1810. Peuce balsamea Rich.	Balsam fir, Canada balsam Sapin baumier, Sapin	Native, CoC: 6, Secure FAC Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Abies grandis  (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl. 1833. Abies grandis (Douglas ex D.Don) Lindl.	Grand fir, Lowland white fir	Introduced from  western N.A., No specimens		NYFA: X0	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Genus Abies (excluded species)	Fir	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Abies magnifica  A.Murray bis 1863. Abies magnifica A.Murray bis 1875. Picea magnifica Gordon 1876. Pseudotsuga magnifica W.R.McNab 1876. Pinus magnifica W.R.McNab	California red fir, Shasta red fir, Red fir	Introduced from  western US, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Abies fraseri  (Pursh) Poir. 1813. Pinus fraseri Pursh 1817. Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.	Fraser fir	Introduced from  western VA & NC, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies
Abies homolepis  Siebold & Zucc. 1842. Abies homolepis Siebold & Zucc.	Nikko fir	Introduced from  Asia, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies
Abies concolor  (Gordon & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. 1858. Picea concolor Gordon & Glend. 1861. Abies concolor Lindl. ex Hildebr.	White fir, Colorado white fir, Silver fir, Colorado fir, Rocky Mountain white fir	Introduced from  western US, No specimens		NYFA: 0	USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies

Family Cupressaceae

The Cupressaceae (cypress family)...

Subfamily Taxodioideae

The Taxodioideae contains the three genera: Cryptomeria (1 Japanese species), Glyptostrobus (1 Asian species), and Taxodium (1-3 North American species).

Taxodium

Taxodium distichum in Texas There are about three Taxodium taxa, all of which are native to southeastern North America. Of these, Taxodium distichum var. distichum has been reported in New York, mainly along the Hudson River and on Long Island. Whether it has truly naturalized in the state in uncertain.

Pinales — Cupressaceae — Taxodioideae — Taxodium
Genus Taxodium	Cypress	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NPT
Taxodium distichum  (L.) Rich. var. distichum 1753. Cupressus disticha L. 1789. Cupressus disticha  var. nutans  Aiton 1810. Taxodium distichum Rich. 1827. Taxodium distichum  var. nutans  Sweet 1927. Taxodium ascendens  var. nutans  Rehder	Baldcypress, Bald cypress, Swamp cypress	Introduced from  southern US, N. America native OBL Perennial, Tree		NYFA: X NYFA: 8 counties 14 counties	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies

Subfamily Cupressoideae

Most of the Cupressoideae in New York go by the common names "cedar" or "juniper." But there is some resistance to calling any of them "cedar," as this could be seen to imply that they are of the Eurasian genus Cedrus, which does not have any naturalized populations in New York, and is normally included in the Pinaceae, not Cupressoideae. Instead, many prefer the common names "arborvitae" or "whitecedar" for Thuja occidentalis, and "red juniper" or "redcedar" for Juniperus virginiana.

Thuja

Thuja occidentalis northern whitecedar, arborvitae Thuja (pronounced either thoo-juh or thoo-yuh) is Greek for juniper and other trees with aromatic wood. There are two North American Thuja species: T. occidentalis (eastern arborvitae or northern whitecedar) and T. plicata (western redcedar). There are also three asian Thuja species. Of the five Thuja species, only T. occidentalis is known to occur in New York.

Pinales — Cupressaceae — Cupressoideae — Thuja
Genus Thuja	Arborvitae	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Thuja occidentalis  L. 1753. Thuja occidentalis L.	Eastern arborvitae, Eastern white cedar, Northern whitecedar, Swamp cedar Thuya occidental, Cèdre, Balai, Cèdre blanc	Native, CoC: 6, Secure FACW-UPL Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos ADF Images Wikispecies

Juniperus

Juniperus virginiana

Pinales — Cupressaceae — Cupressoideae — Juniperus
Genus Juniperus	Juniper	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Juniperus virginiana  L.  var. virginiana 1753. Juniperus virginiana L. 1857. Sabina virginiana  var. virginiana	Eastern red cedar, Eastern redcedar, Pencil cedar, Virginia cedar, Eastern juniper, Red juniper Genévrier de Virginie, Genévrier rouge, Cèdre rouge	Native, CoC: 3, Secure FAC-UPL Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies
Juniperus communis  L.  var. depressa Pursh 1787. Juniperus canadensis Lodd. ex Burgsd. 1814. Juniperus communis  var. depressa  Pursh 1818. Juniperus depressa Raf. 1838. Juniperus communis  var. canadensis  Loudon	American common juniper, Dwarf juniper, Prostrate juniper, Ground juniper Genévrier commun déprimé, Genévrier nain, Genévrier du Canada	Native, CoC: 4, Likely secure FACU Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun		NYFA: 4	USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies
Juniperus communis  L.  var. communis 1753. Juniperus communis L. 1768. Juniperus suecica Mill. 1822. Juniperus hemisphaerica C.Presl 1881. Juniperus communis  ssp. hemisphaerica  Nyman 1887. Juniperus communis  f. suecica  Beissn.	Eurasian common juniper, Common juniper Genévrier commun	Introduced from  Eurasia, Unknown naturalization FACU Perennial, Tree		NYFA: X NYFA: Tompkins (1946) ? counties	USDA-0 Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Juniperus horizontalis  Moench 1794. Juniperus horizontalis Moench 1807. Juniperus prostrata Pers. 1814. Juniperus sabina  var. procumbens  Pursh 1838. Juniperus sabina  var. humilis  Hook. 1843. Juniperus virginiana  var. prostrata  Torr. 1857. Sabina prostrata Antoine 1912. Sabina horizontalis Rydb.	Creeping juniper, Trailing juniper, Prostrate juniper, Horizontal juniper, Creeping savin Genévrier horizontal, Genévrier rampant, Savinier	Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, NYNHP: 1 FACU Perennial, Shrub, subshrub		Chenango, Clinton, Genesee, Madison, Oneida, Onondaga NYFA: 1	USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA LBJ Images Wikispecies
Genus Juniperus (excluded taxa)	Juniper	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Juniperus sabina  L. 1753. Juniperus sabina L.	Savin Sabine	Introduced from  Eurasia, Cultivated Perennial, Tree-shrub		NYFA: X	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies

Chamaecyparis

Chamaecyparis thyoides (Atlantic white cedar) Chamaecyparis thyoides (Atlantic white cedar) is restricted primarily to acidic coastal swamps, where it can form dense stands.

Pinales — Cupressaceae — Cupressoideae — Chamaecyparis
Genus Chamaecyparis	False cypress	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Chamaecyparis thyoides  (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. 1753. Cupressus thyoides L. 1888. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. 1962. Chamaecyparis henryae H.L.Li 1966. Chamaecyparis thyoides  var. henryae  Little	Atlantic white cedar, Southern white cedar, Atlantic white cypress	Native, CoC: 10, Threatened, S2, G4, NYNHP: 2 OBL Perennial, Tree, Part shade		Nassau, New York, Orange, Putnam, Queens, Richmond, Rockland, Suffolk, Westchester NYFA: 2	USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN-0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Chamaecyparis pisifera  (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. 1844. Retinispora squarrosa Zucc. 1847. Chamaecyparis pisifera (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. 1867. Chamaecyparis obtusa  f. plumosa  Carriere	Sawara false cypress ⓘ Sawara-cypress ⓘ	Introduced from  Japan, Not naturalized		Orange NYFA: Xm	USDA-W0 ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Genus Chamaecyparis (excluded taxa)	False cypress	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Chamaecyparis obtusa  (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. 1844. Retinospora obtusa Siebold & Zucc. 1847. Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. 1871. Cupressus obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) F. Muell.	Hinoki false cypress	Introduced from  Taiwan & Japan, N.Y. excluded		excluded NYFA-Excluded	USDA-X Go Botany-0 VASCAN-0 ARS-GRIN FoC Images Wikispecies

Family Taxaceae

The Taxaceae (yew family)...

Taxus

Taxus canadensis The American yew (Taxus canadensis) is the only Taxus species native to New York. The Japanese yew (Taxus cuspidata) and the English yew (Taxus baccata) are widely cultivated in New York and occasionally escape. The Japanese yew has been found to naturalize and has become common in the forests of some New York counties. Its invasive tendencies deserve monitoring.

Pinales — Taxaceae — Taxus
Genus Taxus	Yew	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Taxus canadensis  Marshall 1785. Taxus canadensis Marshall 1803. Taxus baccata  var. minor  Michx. 1856. Taxus baccata  var. canadensis  A.Gray 1894. Taxus minor Britton 1903. Taxus baccata  ssp. canadensis  Pilg. 2007. Taxus canadensis  var. minor  Spjut	American yew, Canada yew, Ground hemlock, Shinwood Buis de sapin, L'if du Canada, Sapin trainard	Native, CoC: 9, Secure FAC-FACU Perennial, Shrub		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies Note: WBA
Taxus cuspidata  Siebold & Zucc. 1846. Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. 1867. Taxus baccata  var. cuspidata   1903. Taxus baccata  ssp. cuspidata    auct. Taxus baccata non L.	Japanese yew, Rigid branched yew	Introduced from  eastern Asia, Potentially invasive, CP-5 NE-4,, WW		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Go Botany VASCAN-0 ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies
Taxus baccata  L. 1753. Taxus baccata L. 1829. Taxus fastigiata Lindl.	English yew, European yew, Common yew L'if commun	Introduced from  Eurasia,  northern Africa, Rare escape		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Go Botany VASCAN-0 ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies
Taxus × media  Rehder   Taxus baccata ×   Taxus cuspidata 1923. Taxus × media Rehder	Anglo-Japanese yew, Anglojap yew, Hybrid of  English yew &  Japanese yew	Introduced, No specimens, IO			USDA-00 ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Taxus × hunnewelliana  Rehder   Taxus canadensis ×   Taxus cuspidata 1925. Taxus × hunnewelliana Rehder	Hunnewell yew, Hybrid of  American yew &  Japanese yew	Introduced, No specimens, Cultivated			ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies

Taxus species differentiation

Character	Taxus canadensis American yew	Taxus cuspidata Japanese yew	Taxus baccata English yew
Habit	low, straggling, diffusely branched, spreading to prostrate	upright	upright
Mature height (m)	2	up to 16	10 - 20(-40)
Mature dbh (m)			4
Winter bud scales	sharply pointed to cuspidate, keeled or folded	sharply pointed to cuspidate, keeled or folded	blunt at the apex, slightly keeled
Leaf blade taper to apex	abrupt	abrupt	gradual
Leaf blade width (mm)	1 – 2.4	2 - 3	2 - 3
Leaf blade length (mm)	10 - 25	15 - 25	10 - 40
Leaf upper (dorsal) surface	dark green to yellow-green	dark green, prominent midrib when dry	dark green
Leaf lower (ventral) surface	pale green, mostly without cuticular papillae along stomatal bands	2 wide tawny stomatal bands	dark green
Number of cells from margin to stomata band	(8-) 16 - 18 (-22)	11 - 13	4 - 7
Stomata rows per band	(4-) 5 - 7 (-11)	7 - 15 (-19)	8 – 10
Petiole	gradually curved or abrupt bend near the junction of the branch, not clasping the branchlet	abrupt bend near the junction of the blade, clasping the branchlet
Seed shape near apex	round or somewhat compressed	4- or 5-angled
Bark	reddish, very thin		brown, thin, scaly
Cone (aril). All red when ripe