Flora of New York/Myrtales

← Geraniales Geraniaceae	Flora of New York — Myrtales				→ Crossosomatales, Sapindales
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

The order Myrtales is believed to have originated about 100 million years ago in either southeast Africa or Australasia. It contains the New York plant families Onagraceae (willowherb or evening primrose family), Lythraceae (loosestrife or pomegranate family), and Melastomataceae, which contains just two species found in New York.

Clades	Order	Family	Subfamily	Tribe	Genus	Common names	#
angiosperms eudicots: rosids: malvids	Geraniales	Geraniaceae	—	—	Erodium	stork's-bill	5
	Geraniales	Geraniaceae	—	—	Geranium	crane's-bill	15
	Myrtales	Onagraceae	Ludwigioideae	—	Ludwigia	primrose willow	5
			Onagroideae	Circaeeae	Circaea	enchanter's nightshade	3
				Epilobieae	Chamaenerion	fireweed	1
				Epilobieae	Epilobium	willow herb	9
				Onagreae	Gaura	bee blossom	0
				Onagreae	Oenothera	evening primrose	17
		Lythraceae	Lagerstroemioideae	—	Trapa	water chestnut	1
			Punicoideae	—	Cuphea	waxweed	1
			Punicoideae	—	Rotala	toothcup	1
			Lythroideae	—	Decodon	water willow	1
			Lythroideae	—	Lythrum	loosestrife	4
		Melastomataceae	Melastomatoideae	Melastomateae	Rhexia	meadow beauty	2

Family Onagraceae

The Onagraceae (willowherb or evening primrose family)...

Subfamily Ludwigioideae

Ludwigia

Ludwigia sect. Isnardia

Ludwigia palustris

Myrtales — Onagraceae — Ludwigioideae — Ludwigia sect. Isnardia
Genus Ludwigia sect. Isnardia	Primrose-willow	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott 1753. Isnardia palustris L. 1803. Ludwigia nitida Michx. 1813. Isnardia nitida (Michx.) Poir. 1817. Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott 1935. Ludwigia palustris var. americana (DC.) Fernald & Griscom 1836. Isnardia ascendens J.Hall	Water purslane, Marsh seedbox, Marsh primrose-willow, Marsh purslane, Water false loosestrife Ludwigie palustre, Ludwigie des marais	Native, CoC: 4, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Genus Ludwigia sect. Isnardia (excluded taxa)	Primrose-willow	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ludwigia polycarpa Short & R.Peter	Many-fruit seedbox	N. America native, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	VASCAN Images Wikispecies

Ludwigia sect. Ludwigia

Myrtales — Onagraceae — Ludwigioideae — Ludwigia sect. Ludwigia
Genus Ludwigia sect. Ludwigia	Primrose-willow	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ludwigia alternifolia L. 1753. Ludwigia alternifolia L. 1828. Isnardia alternifolia (L.) DC.	Bushy seedbox, Rattlebox, Seedbox, Square-pod water-primrose Ludwigie à feuilles alternes	Native, CoC: 6, Likely secure OBL-FACW Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Ludwigia sect. Microcarpium

Myrtales — Onagraceae — Ludwigioideae — Ludwigia sect. Microcarpium
Genus Ludwigia sect. Microcarpium	Primrose-willow	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ludwigia sphaerocarpa Elliott 1817. Ludwigia sphaerocarpa Elliott 1828. Isnardia sphaerocarpa (Elliott) DC. 1935. L. sphaerocarpavar. deamii 1935. L. sphaerocarpavar. jungens 1935. L. sphaerocarpavar. macrocarpa	Globe-fruited false-loosestrife, Globefruit primrose-willow, Round-pod water-primrose	Native, CoC: 9, Threatened OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 2	USDA-N0 ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Ludwigia sect. Jussiaea

Ludwigia peploides

Ludwigia sect. Jussiaea (L.) Hoch, W.L.Wagner, & P.H.Raven was previously known as Ludwigia sect. Oligospermum.^[1]

↑ Peter C. Hoch, Warren L. Wagner, Peter Raven (2015). "The correct name for a section of Ludwigia L. (Onagraceae). PhytoKeys 50: 31-34.

Myrtales — Onagraceae — Ludwigioideae — Ludwigia sect. Oligospermum
Genus Ludwigia sect. Oligospermum	Primrose-willow	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P.H.Raven ssp. glabrescens (Kuntze) P.H. Raven 1891. Jussiaea repens var. glabrescens Kuntze 1953. Ludwigia adscendens var. glabrescens (Kuntze) H. Hara 1963. Ludwigia peploides ssp. glabrescens (Kuntze) P.H. Raven 1964. Ludwigia peploides var. glabrescens (Kuntze) Shinners auct. Jussiaea diffusa	Floating primrose-willow, Floating seedbox, Clovestrip, Creeping water-primrose	Introduced from South America, Southern U.S., Very highly invasive, NYIS: 89%^[1], Prohibited^[2] OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 1? NYFA: 3 counties iNat 5 counties	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos CABI Images Wikispecies
Ludwigia hexapetala (Hook. & Arn.) Zardini, H.Y.Gu & P.H.Raven 1833. Jussiaea hexapetala Hook. & Arn. 1991. L. hexapetala (Hook. & Arn.) Zardini, H.Y.Gu & P.H.Raven 2000. L. grandiflora ssp. hexapetala (Hook. & Arn.) G.L.Nesom & Kartesz 2012. L. grandiflora var. hexapetala (Hook. & Arn.) D.B.Ward auct. L. uruguayensis pp. non (Cambess.) H.Hara	Common water-primrose, Uruguayan primrose-willow, Uraguay waterprimrose, Water-primrose, Large-flower primrose-willow	Introduced from South America, Southern U.S., Very highly invasive, NYIS: 88%^[3], Prohibited^[2] OBL Perennial, Herb-subshrub		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Go Botany-0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos CABI Images Wikispecies
Genus Ludwigia sect. Oligospermum (excluded taxa)	Primrose-willow	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ludwigia grandiflora (Michx.) Greuter & Burdet 1830. Jussiaea uruguayensis Cambess. 1953. L. uruguayensis (Cambess.) H. Hara 1987. L. grandiflora (Michx.) Greuter & Burdet	Large-flower primrose-willow	Introduced from South America, Southern U.S., N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-X ARS-GRIN CABI Images Wikispecies
Ludwigia peploides ssp. peploides	Floating primrose-willow ⓘ Water primrose ⓘ	N. America native southwest, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 CABI Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ludwigia peploides: Very high (89). ↑ ^a ^b New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ludwigia peploides: Very high (88).

Subfamily Onagroideae

Tribe Circaeeae

Circaea

Circaea (Enchanter's-nightshade) ^[1]

Myrtales — Onagraceae — Onagroideae — Circaeeae — Circaea
Genus Circaea	Enchanter's-nightshade	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Circaea canadensis (L.) Hill 1753. C. lutetianavar. canadensis 1756. C. latifolia Hill (i) 1765. C. canadensis (L.) Hill 1870. C. lutetianassp. canadensis 1939. C. quadrisulcatavar. canadensis 1945. C. canadensisvar. virginiana 1982. C. quadrisulcatassp. canadensis 2005. C. canadensisssp. canadensis	Eastern enchanter's nightshade, Broadleaf enchanter's nightshade, Broad-leaved enchanter's nightshade, Canada enchanter's nightshade Circée du Canada, Circée de Lutèce	Native, CoC: 5, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Part shade		NYFA: 5	USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies
Circaea alpina L. ssp. alpina 1753. Circaea alpina L. 1841. C. lutetianavar. alpina 1898. C. lutetianassp. alpina 1912. C. caulescensrace alpina 1934. C. caulescensvar. glabra 1934. C. caulescensvar. rosulata 1934. C. caulescensfo. ramosissima	Dwarf enchanter's nightshade, Northern enchanter's nightshade, Small enchanter's nightshade Circée alpine, Circée des Alpes	Native, CoC: 8, Secure FACW Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Circaea × sterilis Boufford Circaea alpina × Circaea canadensis 2005. Circaea ×‌ sterilis Boufford auct. C. × intermedia non Ehrh. auct. C. canadensis sensu Fernald	Sterile enchanter's-nightshade Intermediate enchanter's nightshade Circée de Fernald ⓘ Circée intermédiaire ⓘ	Native, Threatened		NYFA: 2	USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Genus Circaea (excluded taxa)	Enchanter's-nightshade	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Circaea × intermedia Ehrh. (pro. sp.) Circaea alpina ssp. alpina × Circaea lutetiana 1789. Circaea intermedia Ehrh. 1806. C. lutetiana var. intermedia (Ehrh.) Hornem. 1828. C. alpina var. intermedia (Ehrh.) DC. 1901. C. lutetiana ssp. intermedia (Ehrh.) Rouy & E.G.Camus auct. C. canadensis sensu Fernald	Intermediate enchanter's-nightshade Enchanter's-nightshade ⓘ	N. America native, N.Y. excluded FACU		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-NN Images Wikispecies
↑ David Edward Boufford (2005) "Circaea lutetiana sensu lato (Onagraceae) reconsidered." Harvard Papers in Botany 9(2):255-256.

Tribe Epilobieae

The Epilobieae comprise the fireweeds and willowherbs, which roughly correspond to the sister genera Chamaenerion and Epilobium, respectively. Differences between these two genera include:

Characteristic	Chamaenerion (fireweed)	Epilobium (willowherb)
Leaf arrangement	spiral	mostly opposite
Flower symmetry	zygomorphic (bilateral)	mostly radial
Floral tube	absent	present
Notch in the petals	absent	present

Chamaenerion

Myrtales — Onagraceae — Onagroideae — Epilobieae — Chamaenerion
Genus Chamaenerion	Fireweed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Moldenke 1847. Epilobium angustifolium var. canescens Alph. Wood 1966. Epilobium angustifolium ssp. circumvagum Mosquin 1973. Chamaenerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Moldenke 1999. Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Hoch	Fireweed ⓘ Narrow-leaved fireweed ⓘ Wandering fireweed ⓘ Épilobe vagabond ⓘ	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Genus Chamaenerion (excluded taxa)	Fireweed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. ssp. angustifolium 1753. Epilobium angustifolium L. 1771. Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. 1778. Epilobium spicatum Lam. 1821. Chamaenerion spicatum (Lam.) Gray 1916. Pyrogennema angustifolium (L.) Lunell 1972. Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub	Fireweed ⓘ Narrow-leaved fireweed ⓘ Épilobe à feuilles étroites Herbe-à-feu Asperge Bouquets rouges Épilobe en épi	N. America native, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies

Epilobium

Epilobium ciliatum

Plants of the genus Epilobium often go by the common name willowherb because of their willow-shaped leaves and herbaceous habits.

Myrtales — Onagraceae — Onagroideae — Epilobieae — Epilobium
Genus Epilobium sect. Epilobium	Willowherb	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Epilobium coloratum Biehler 1807. Epilobium coloratum Biehler	Eastern willow-herb, Purpleleaf willowherb, Purple-veined willowherb, Cinnamon willow-herb, Willowweed Épilobe coloré	Native, CoC: 2, Secure, S5, G5 OBL-FACW Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Epilobium ciliatum Raf. ssp. ciliatum 1808. Epilobium ciliatum Raf. 1879. E. adenocaulon Hausskn. 1879. E. chilense Hausskn. 1879. E. valdiviense Hausskn.	Fringed willow-herb, Northern willow-herb, Hairy willow-herb, American willow-herb, Coast willowweed Épilobe cilié	Native, CoC: 3, Secure, S5, G5-T5 FACW-FAC Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Epilobium × wisconsinense Ugente E. ciliatum ssp. ciliatum × E. coloratum E. × wisconsinense Ugente	Wisconsin hybrid willow-herb, Wisconsin willow-herb, Hybrid of Fringed willow-herb & Eastern willow-herb Épilobe du Wisconsin	Native, unranked, SNA Perennial, Herb-forb		Otsego (1919) NYFA: U	USDA-NN VASCAN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Epilobium leptophyllum Raf. 1813. E. rosmarinifolium Pursh 1814. E. leptophyllum Raf. 1918. E. densumvar. nesophilum 1925. E. nesophilum Fernald 1966. E. palustrevar. sabulonense 1988. E. palustrevar. gracile	Bog willowherb, Linearleaf willowherb, Linear-leaved willow-herb, Narrow-leaved willowherb Épilobe leptophylle, Épilobe à feuilles étroites	Native, CoC: 7, Secure OBL-FACW Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Epilobium strictum Muhl. ex Spreng. 1813. Epilobium strictum Muhl. 1814. E. densum Raf. 1825. E. strictum Muhl. ex Spreng.	Downy willow-herb, Northeastern willowherb, Soft willowherb Épilobe dressé, Épilobe étroite	Native, CoC: 8, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Epilobium palustre L. 1753. Epilobium palustre L. 1771. Chamaenerion palustre Scop. 1803. E. oliganthum Michx. 1813. E. lineare Muhl. illeg. 1900. E. wyomingense A.Nelson 1925. E. pylaieanum Fernald	Marsh willow-herb, Swamp willowherb Épilobe palustre, Épilobe des marais	Native, CoC: 7, Likely secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Epilobium hornemannii Rchb. ssp. hornemannii 1810. E. nutans Hornem. illeg. 1824. E. hornemannii Rchb. 1827. E. alpinum var. nutans Hornem. 1879. E. bongardii Hausskn. 1887. E. alsineifolium var. hornemannii Lange 1900. E. foucaudianum H.Lév. 1918. E. steckerianum Fernald	Hornemann's willowherb, Alpine willow-herb Épilobe de Hornemann, Épilobe d'Hornemann	Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, NYNHP: 1^[1] FACW Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 1	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe IPN Images Wikispecies
Epilobium hirsutum L. 1753. Epilobium hirsutum L.	Great hairy willow-herb ⓘ Great willow-herb ⓘ Hairy willow herb ⓘ Hairy willowherb ⓘ Hairy willow-herb ⓘ Hairy willow-weed ⓘ Codlins and cream ⓘ Fireweed Willow-herb ⓘ Épilobe hirsute Épilobe hérissé	Introduced from Eurasia, Africa, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 63%^[2] FACW Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. 1771. Chamaenerion parviflorum Schreb. 1771. E. parviflorum Schreb. 1778. E. molle Lam. non Torr.	Smallflower hairy willowherb, Hoary willowherb Épilobe à petites fleurs	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives OBL-FACW Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe Images Wikispecies
Genus Epilobium sect. Epilobium (excluded taxa)	Willowherb	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Epilobium ciliatum Raf. ssp. glandulosum (Lehm.) Hoch & P.H.Raven E. glandulosum Lehm. E. glandulosum var. cardiophyllum Fernald E. ciliatum ssp. glandulosum (Lehm.) Hoch & P.H.Raven	Glandualar willowherb ⓘ Fringed willowherb ⓘ American willowherb ⓘ Épilobe glanduleux ⓘ Épilobe glanduleuse ⓘ	N. America native, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN IPN Images Wikispecies
Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam. 1753. E. alpinum L. (i) 1786. E. anagallidifolium Lam. 1906. E. dielsii H.Lév. 1911. E. nakahararum Nakai (i)	Pimpernel willowherb ⓘ Pimpernel willow-herb ⓘ Alpine willowherb ⓘ Alpine willowweed ⓘ Épilobe à feuilles de mouron ⓘ Épilobe à feuilles d'anagallide ⓘ	N. America native, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Epilobium hornemannii ssp. hornemannii. Endangered, S1/G5T5. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Epilobium hirsutum: High (63). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.

Tribe Onagreae

Oenothera

Oenothera is represented by about 16 species of sundrops and evening primroses in New York. Here it is broken down into sections and subsections, according to the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN).

Oenothera sect. Kneiffia

Myrtales — Onagraceae — Onagroideae — Onagreae — Oenothera sect. Kneiffia
Genus Oenothera sect. Kneiffia	Sundrops	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Oenothera perennis L. 1759. Oenothera perennis L. 1762. Oenothera pumila L. 1835. Kneiffia pumila (L.) Spach 1836. Oenothera gracilis Schrad. ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey. 1919. Kneiffia perennis (L.) Pennell	Small sundrops, Little evening primrose, Perennial evening primrose, Perennial sundrops, Small evening primrose, Sundrops Onagre vivace, Onagre pérennante	Native, CoC: 2, Secure FAC Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Oenothera fruticosa L. ssp. tetragona (Roth) W.L. Wagner 1800. Oenothera tetragona Roth 1803. Oenothera glauca Michx. 1835. Kneiffia glauca (Michx.) Spach 1919. Kneiffia tetragona (Roth) Pennell 2014. O. fruticosassp. tetragona	Northern sundrops, Shrubby evening primrose, Narrow-leaved sundrops, Narrowleaf evening primrose Onagre tétragone	Native, CoC: 10, Likely secure FAC-FACU Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Oenothera fruticosa L. (1753) ssp. fruticosa 1753. Oenothera fruticosa L. 1835. Kneiffia suffruticosa Spach (i) 1893. K. fruticosa (L.) Spach ex Raim.	Southern sundrops, Narrow-leaved sundrops, Narrowleaf evening primrose	Native, CoC: 7, Vulnerable FAC-FACU Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 3?	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Oenothera pilosella Raf. ssp. pilosella 1820. Oenothera pilosella Raf. 1894. Kneiffia fruticosavar. pilosella 1903. Kneiffia pratensis Small 1908. Oenothera pratensis B.L.Rob.	Prairie sundrops, Meadow sundrops, Meadow evening primrose, Prairie evening primrose, Pilose evening primrose, Finely-pilose evening primrose Onagre piloselle	Native, CoC: 2, Unranked FAC Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: U	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies

Oenothera sect. Oenothera subsect. Oenothera

Oenothera biennis
common evening-primrose

Myrtales — Onagraceae — Onagroideae — Onagreae — Oenothera sect. Oenothera subsect. Oenothera
Genus Oenothera sect. Oenothera subsect. Oenothera	Evening-primrose	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Oenothera biennis L. 1753. Oenothera biennis L. 1767. Oenothera muricata L. 1771. Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. 1794. Onagra muricata (L.) Moench 1913. Oenothera pycnocarpa G.F.Atk.& Bartlett	Common evening-primrose Yellow evening-primrose Hoary evening-primrose Wild evening-primrose German rampion Candlestick Onagre bisannuelle Herbe aux ânes Onagre de Victorin	Native, CoC: 1, Secure Biennial, Herb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Oenothera parviflora L. 1759. Oenothera parviflora L. 1832. O. cruciata Nutt. ex G. Don 1840. O. biennis var. parviflora (L.) Torr. & A.Gray 1913. O. angustissima R.R.Gates 1914. O. atrovirens Shull & Bartlett 1924. O. parviflora var. angustissima (R.R. Gates) Wiegand 1965. O. parviflora ssp. angustissima (R.R. Gates) Munz 1971. O. lipsiensis Rostanski & Gutte	Small-flowered evening-primrose Northern evening-primrose ⓘ Least evening primrose ⓘ	Native, CoC: 0, Secure Biennial, Herb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Oenothera oakesiana (A. Gray) J.W.Robbins ex S.Watson & J.M.Coult. 1867. Oenothera biennis var. oakesiana A.Gray 1890. Oenothera oakesiana (A.Gray) J.W.Robbins ex S.Watson & J.M.Coult. 1894. Onagra oakesiana (A.Gray) Britton 1949. Oenothera parviflora var. oakesiana (A.Gray) Fernald	Oakes' evening primrose Oakes' evening-primrose Onagre d'Oakes	Native, CoC: 1, Threatened		NYFA: 2	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Oenothera glazioviana	Garden evening primrose ⓘ Large-flowered evening-primrose ⓘ Redsepal evening-primrose Showy evening-primrose	Introduced, Not naturalized, Invasive.org: [1], Potentially invasive, SNA Biennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: Xm NYFA: 3 counties iNat 1 county	USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Oenothera villosa Thunb. ssp. villosa	Hairy evening-primrose	Introduced, N. America native, Unk. naturalization Biennial, Herb		NYFA: Xu	USDA-NN Images Wikispecies
Genus Oenothera sect. Oenothera subsect. Oenothera (excluded taxa)	Evening-primrose	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Oenothera elata Kunth ssp. hirsutissima (A.Gray ex S.Watson) W.Dietr. 1873. Oe. biennis var. hirsutissima A.Gray ex S.Watson 1983. Oe. elata ssp. hirsutissima (A.Gray ex S.Watson) W.Dietr.	Hooker's evening primrose ⓘ	N. America native western N. America, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Oenothera grandiflora LʼHér. 1789. Oenothera grandiflora LʼHér. 1828. Oenothera lamarckiana Ser.	Largeflower evening primrose ⓘ	N. America native southeast, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-NX Images Wikispecies

Oenothera sect. Oenothera subsect. Raimannia

Myrtales — Onagraceae — Onagroideae — Onagreae — Oenothera sect. Oenothera subsect. Raimannia
Genus Oenothera sect. Oenothera subsect. Raimannia	Evening-primrose	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Oenothera laciniata Hill (1767)	Cutleaf evening primrose, Cut-leaf evening-primrose, Cut-leaved evening-primrose	Native, CoC: 1, Endangered, Invasive.org: [2] FACU Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 1 NYFA: 14 counties iNat 6 counties	USDA-NX ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Oenothera grandis Smyth 1899. Oenothera grandis Smyth	Showy evening-primrose	Introduced, Not naturalized, SNA		NYFA: U NYFA: Chemung only iNat no observations	USDA-NN Go Botany-0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies

Oenothera sect. Oenothera subsect. Candela

Myrtales — Onagraceae — Onagroideae — Onagreae — Oenothera sect. Oenothera subsect. Candela
Genus Oenothera sect. Oenothera subsect. Candela	Evening-primrose	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Oenothera clelandii W.Dietr., P.H.Raven & W.L.Wagner	Cleland's evening-primrose, Lesser four-point evening-primrose	Introduced, Naturalized		NYFA: X NYFA: 3 counties iNat no observations	Images Wikispecies
Genus Oenothera sect. Oenothera subsect. Candela (excluded taxa)	Evening-primrose	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Oenothera rhombipetala Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray	Fourpoint evening-primrose, Four-point evening-primrose	N. America native, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies

Oenothera sect. Kleinia

Myrtales — Onagraceae — Onagroideae — Onagreae — Oenothera sect. Kleinia
Genus Oenothera sect. Kleinia	Evening-primrose	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Oenothera albicaulis Pursh 1813. Oenothera albicaulis Pursh 1835. Agnora pinnatifida (Nutt.) Spach 1894. Anogra albicaulis (Pursh) Britton	White-stemmed evening primrose, Whitest evening-primrose, Prairie evening-primrose	Introduced from western US, N. America native Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: X	USDA-N0 Go Botany-0 VASCAN-0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies

Oenothera sect. Lavauxia

Myrtales — Onagraceae — Onagroideae — Onagreae — Oenothera sect. Lavauxia
Genus Oenothera sect. Lavauxia subsect. Lavauxia	Evening-primrose	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Oenothera triloba	Stemless evening-primrose	Introduced from southern US, N. America native		NYFA: X	USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies

Oenothera sect. Megapterium

Myrtales — Onagraceae — Onagroideae — Onagreae — Oenothera sect. Megapterium
Genus Oenothera sect. Megapterium	Sundrops	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Oenothera macrocarpa Nutt. 1813. Oenothera macrocarpa Nutt. 1813. Oenothera missouriensis Sims	Ozark sundrops	Introduced, N. America native, No reports		NYFA: X	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies

Oenothera sect. Hartmannia

Myrtales — Onagraceae — Onagroideae — Onagreae — Oenothera sect. Hartmannia
Genus Oenothera sect. Hartmannia	Primrose	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Oenothera speciosa	Showy primrose	Introduced, N. America native, No reports		NYFA: X	Go Botany-0 ARS-GRIN NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies

Oenothera, sect. Gaura

Most of the genus Gaura was transferred to Oenothera sect. Gaura in 2007.^[1]

Myrtales — Onagraceae — Onagroideae — Onagreae — Oenothera sect. Gaura
Genus Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Gaura	Beeblossom	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Oenothera gaura W.L.Wagner & Hoch 1753. Gaura biennis L. 2007. Oenothera gaura W.L.Wagner & Hoch	Biennial beeblossom, Biennial gaura Gaura bisannuel, Gaura bisannuelle	Introduced, N. America native		NYFA: X	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies
Oenothera filiformis (Small) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 1835. Gaura longiflora Spach 1840. Gaura biennisvar. pitcheri 1898. Gaura filiformis Small 2007. Oenothera filiformis W.L.Wagner & Hoch	Longflower beeblossom, Long-flowered gaura, Large-flower gaura Gaura à fleurs longues	Introduced from Midwest, N. America native		NYFA: 0	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies
Genus Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Campogaura	Beeblossom	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Oenothera suffrutescens (Ser.) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 1813. Gaura coccinea Nutt. ex Pursh 1816. Gaura odorata Sessé ex Lag. 1828. Gaura suffrutescens Ser. 2007. Oenothera suffrutescens W.L.Wagner & Hoch	Scarlet beeblossom, Scarlet gaura, Scarlet butterfly plant, Wild honeysuckle Gaura écarlate	Introduced from western N. America, N. America native, Impersistent, Not naturalized Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: Xm	USDA-NN Go Botany-0 VASCAN ARS-GRIN BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Genus Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Stipogaura (excluded taxa)	Beeblossom	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Oenothera sinuosa W.L.Wagner & Hoch 1828. Gaura sinuata Nutt. ex Ser. 2007. O. sinuosa W.L.Wagner & Hoch	Wavyleaf beeblossom ⓘ Wavyleaf gaura ⓘ	N. America native southern U.S. Mexico, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
↑ Warren L. Wagner, P. C. Hoch, P. H. Raven (2007) "Revised Classification of the Onagraceae." Systematic Botany Monographs, 83: 1-240

Camissonia

Myrtales — Onagraceae — Onagroideae — Onagreae — Camissonia
Genus Camissonia Link (excluded taxa)	Sundrops	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Camissonia contorta (Douglas) Kearney 1832. Oenothera contorta Douglas (i) 1894. C. contorta (Douglas) Kearney	Plains evening primrose	N. America native western N.Am., N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies

Family Lythraceae

The Lythraceae (loosestrife or pomegranate family)...^[1]^[2]

↑ Lythraceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
↑ Shirley A. Graham, Jocelyn Hall, Kenneth Sytsma, Su-hua Shi (2005) Phylogenetic Analysis of the Lythraceae based on four gene regions and morphology. Int. J. Plant Sci. 166(6):995–1017. 2005

Subfamily Lagerstroemioideae

Trapa

Myrtales — Lythraceae — Lagerstroemioideae — Trapa
Genus Trapa	Water chestnut	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Trapa natans L. 1753. Trapa natans L. 1815. Trapa bispinosa Roxb. 1897. Trapa natansvar. bispinosa	Water chestnut, European water chestnut, Water caltrop, Singhara nut, Jesuit's-nut Châtaigne d'eau, Macre	Introduced from Eurasia, Africa, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 82%^[1], NE-1^[2] Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Trapa natans: Very high (82). ↑ Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

Lagerstroemia

Lagerstroemia indica

Crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) is planted in the southeastern part of New York State and is now listed as highly invasive, Tier 2, though it's not yet listed in the New York Flora Atlas.

Myrtales — Lythraceae — Lagerstroemioideae — Lagerstroemia
Genus Lagerstroemia	Crape myrtle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lagerstroemia indica L. 1759. Lagerstroemia indica L.	Crape myrtle ⓘ	Introduced from southern Asia, Highly invasive, NYIS Tier: 2, Invasive.org: [3], GRIIS-US: Invasive		NYFA: Not listed 2 counties	Images Wikispecies

Subfamily Punicoideae

Cuphea

Cuphea viscosissima
clammy waxweed

Myrtales — Lythraceae — Punicoideae — Cuphea
Genus Cuphea	Waxweed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. 1753. Lythrum petiolatum L. 1772. Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. 1881. Cuphea petiolata (L.) Koehne 1894. Parsonsia petiolata (L.) Rusby	Blue waxweed, Clammy waxweed, Clammy cuphea, Tarweed Cuphéa visqueux, Cuphéa	Native, CoC: 1, Likely secure FAC-FACU Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: 4	USDA-NX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS LBJ Images Wikispecies

Rotala

Myrtales — Lythraceae — Punicoideae — Rotala
Genus Rotala	Rotala	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne	Toothcup, Lowland rotala	Native, CoC: 10, Threatened OBL Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: 2	USDA-NN ITIS Images Wikispecies

Subfamily Lythroideae

Lythrum salicaria
purple loosestrife

The Lythroideae contains plants commonly known as loosestrife. This includes not only the widespread and highly invasive purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), but also three loosestrifes that are native to New York.

Decodon

Decodon verticillatus
waterwillow

Waterwillow or swamp loosestrife (Decodon verticillatus) is the only species of this genus. It occasionally forms wet thickets on the edges of lakes and ponds.

Myrtales — Lythraceae — Lythroideae — Decodon
Genus Decodon	Swamp loosestrife	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Decodon verticillatus (L.) Elliott 1753. Lythrum verticillatum L. 1821. D. verticillatus (L.) Elliott 1823. Nesaea verticillata (L.) Kunth	Waterwillow, Swamp loosestrife, Hairy swamp loosestrife, Swamp willowherb, Water oleander, Whorled loosestrife Décodon verticillé, Décodent verticillé	Native, CoC: 7, Secure OBL		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies

Lythrum

Lythrum alatum
winged loosestrife

Myrtales — Lythraceae — Lythroideae — Lythrum
Genus Lythrum	Loosestrife	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lythrum alatum Pursh var. alatum	Winged loosestrife, Winged lythrum	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Lythrum lineare L.	Narrow loosestrife, Saltmarsh loosestife, Wand lythrum	Native, Endangered		NYFA: 1	USDA-N0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Lythrum hyssopifolia	Hyssop loosestrife, Grass poly	Unknown nativity, Potentially invasive, Invasive.org: [4], SNR, G5 OBL, Herb-forb		NYFA: X NYFA: Richmond only 3 counties	USDA-LYHY3 Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Lythrum salicaria L. 1753. Lythrum salicaria L. 1768. Lythrum tomentosum Mill 1813. L. salicaria var. tomentosum DC. 1828. L. salicaria var. vulgare DC. 1837. L. salicaria var. gracilior Turcz.	Purple loosestrife, Spiked loosestrife, Bouguet-violet, Purple lythrum	Introduced from Europe, temperate Asia, northern Africa, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 91%^[1], NE-1^[2]		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Lythrum virgatum L. 1753. Lythrum virgatum L.	European wand loosestrife Wanded loosestrife Purple loosestrife	Introduced from Europe, Very highly invasive, NYS Tier 1b^[3]		NYFA: not listed no observations	Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Lythrum salicaria: Very high (91). ↑ Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ↑ Lythrum virgatum Ecological Invasiveness Rank: Very High, Tier 1b. New York State Invasive Species Tiers. 2021 New York Natural Heritage Program.

Family Melastomataceae

Subamily Melastomatoideae

Tribe Melastomateae

Rhexia

Myrtales — Melastomataceae — Melastomatoideae — Melastomateae — Rhexia
Genus Rhexia	Meadowbeauty	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Rhexia virginica L. 1753. Rhexia virginica L.	Virginia meadow-beauty, Handsome Harry	Native, CoC: 10, Likely secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun - part shade		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany NatureServe BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Rhexia mariana L. var. mariana 1753. Rhexia mariana L.	Maryland meadow-beauty, Maryland meadowbeauty	Native, CoC: 10, Likely extirpated, Impersistent OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: Zm	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies

[1] Peter C. Hoch, Warren L. Wagner, Peter Raven (2015). "The correct name for a section of Ludwigia L. (Onagraceae). PhytoKeys 50: 31-34.

[2] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ludwigia peploides: Very high (89).

[prohibit-3] New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

[4] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ludwigia peploides: Very high (88).

[5] David Edward Boufford (2005) "Circaea lutetiana sensu lato (Onagraceae) reconsidered." Harvard Papers in Botany 9(2):255-256.

[6] New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Epilobium hornemannii ssp. hornemannii. Endangered, S1/G5T5.

[7] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Epilobium hirsutum: High (63). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.

[wagner-8] Warren L. Wagner, P. C. Hoch, P. H. Raven (2007) "Revised Classification of the Onagraceae." Systematic Botany Monographs, 83: 1-240

[9] Lythraceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[10] Shirley A. Graham, Jocelyn Hall, Kenneth Sytsma, Su-hua Shi (2005) Phylogenetic Analysis of the Lythraceae based on four gene regions and morphology. Int. J. Plant Sci. 166(6):995–1017. 2005

[11] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Trapa natans: Very high (82).

[NE1-12] Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[13] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Lythrum salicaria: Very high (91).

[NE1-14] Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[15] Lythrum virgatum Ecological Invasiveness Rank: Very High, Tier 1b. New York State Invasive Species Tiers. 2021 New York Natural Heritage Program.

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