Flora of New York/Aquifoliaceae, Campanulaceae, Menyanthaceae

Order Aquifoliales

The order Aquifoliales contains primarily the Aquifoliaceae (holly family), members of which are found in New York. Smaller families of Aquifoliales (Helwingiaceae, Phyllonomaceae, Stemonuraceae, and Cardiopteridaceae) are not known to naturalize in New York.

Family Aquifoliaceae

The Aquifoliaceae (holly family) ...

Ilex

Ilex verticillata

Ilex contains trees and shrubs generally known as holly and winterberry.

Aquifoliales — Aquifoliaceae — Ilex
Genus Ilex	Holly	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ilex verticillata (L.) A.Gray 1753. Prinos verticillatus L. 1856. Ilex verticillata A.Gray 1912. Ilex fastigiata E.P.Bicknell 1921. Ilex verticillata var. fastigiata Fernald	Common winterberry, Winterberry, Virginia winterberry, Black holly, Black alder Houx verticillé	Native, CoC: 7, Secure FACW Perennial, Tree, shrub, Dioecious, Sun - part shade		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN BONAP LBJ MBG Images Wikispecies
Ilex mucronata (L.) M.Powell, Savol. & S.Andrews 1753. Vaccinium mucronatum L. 1901. Nemopanthus mucronatus Loes. 2000. Ilex mucronata M.Powell et al.	Mountain holly, Catberry Némopanthe mucroné, Faux houx	Native, CoC: 8, Secure OBL Perennial, Tree, shrub		NYFA: 5	USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Ilex montana Torr. & A.Gray 1848. Ilex montana Torr. & A.Gray 1856. Ilex monticola A.Gray 1870. Ilex amelanchier var. monticola Alph.Wood 1964. Ilex ambigua var. montana H.E.Ahles 1977. Ilex ambigua var. monticola Wunderlin & Poppleton 1983. Ilex ambigua ssp. montana A.E.Murray	Mountain winterberry, Mountain holly, Big-leaved holly	Native, CoC: 8, Likely secure FACU Perennial, Tree, shrub		NYFA: 4	USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS LBJ Images Wikispecies
Ilex glabra (L.) A.Gray 1856 1753. Prinos glaber L. 1856. Ilex glabra A.Gray	Inkberry, ink-berry, Gallberry, Winter-berry, Evergreen winterberry, Appalachian-tea	Native, CoC: 8, Likely secure FACW-FAC Perennial, Tree, shrub		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS LBJ Images Wikispecies
Ilex laevigata (Pursh) A.Gray 1813. Prinos laevigatus Pursh 1856. Ilex laevigata (Pursh) A.Gray	Smooth winterberry, Smooth winterberry holly	Native, CoC: 8, Vulnerable OBL Perennial, Tree, shrub		NYFA: 4	USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN LBJ Images Wikispecies
Ilex opaca Aiton var. opaca 1789. Ilex opaca Aiton	American holly, White holly, Christmas holly	Native, CoC: 8, Vulnerable FACU Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun - shade		NYFA: 3-4	USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Ilex crenata Thunb. 1784 1865. Celastrus adenophyllus Miq.	Japanese holly, Box-leaf holly Houx crénelé	Introduced from Asia, Somewhat invasive, NYIS: 48%^[1], Naturalized Perennial, Tree, shrub		Nassau (1994), Queens (2003-08), Rockland (1995), Suffolk (1995-2008) NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Ilex aquifolium L. 1753. Ilex aquifolium L.	English holly Houx commun	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa Perennial, Tree, shrub			USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies Note: ^[2]
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ilex crenata: Low (48). ↑ Although Ilex aquifolium is not listed as naturalized in New York or most of the Northeast, it is listed as present in "forests and borders of swamps in areas of habitation" in the adjacent state of Massachusetts,[1] and it is cultivated in suitable parts of New York as an ornamental tree.

Order Asterales

Family Campanulaceae

Campanulaceae is known as the bellflower family, which includes two subfamilies that are found in New York. Subfamily Campanuloideae contains the bellflowers, Lobelioideae contains the lobelias.

Subfamily Campanuloideae

Phylogenetic studies of the subfamily Campanuloideae have recently confirmed that the genus Campanula was polyphyletic and that most of the native North American species of Campanuloideae fit into Campanula's Rapunculus clade.^[1]

↑ Morin, N.R. 2020. Taxonomic changes in North American Campanuloideae (Campanulaceae). Phytoneuron 2020-49: 1-46. Published 15 July 2020. ISSN 2153 733X

Campanulastrum

Campanulastrum americanum

In 1903, J.K. Small proposed segregating Campanula americana (American bellflower) into the monotypic genus Campanulastrum. Acceptance of that view seems to have been sporadically increasing over the years.^[1]^[2]

Campanulastrum corollas are rotate rather than campanulate as is typical of Campanula corollas.

Asterales — Campanulaceae — Campanuloideae — Campanuleae — Campanulastrum
Genus Campanulastrum	Bellflower	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small 1753. Campanula americana L. in… 1765. Phyteuma americanum (L.) Hill in… 1789. Campanula nitida Aiton in… 1796. Campanula asteroides Lam. in… 1798. Campanula obliqua Jacq. in… 1802. Campanula declinata Moench in… 1803. Campanula acuminata Michx. in… 1836. Campanula illinoensis Fresen. in… 1840. Campanula pauciflora Lam. ex Steud. in… 1884. Specularia americana (L.) Morgan ex J.James in… 1903. Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small in… 1919. Campanula americana var. illinoensis (Fresen.) Farw. 1953. Campanula americana f. albiflora M.L.Grant	Tall bellflower, American bellflower Campanule d'Amérique	Native, CoC: 7, Endangered FAC Perennial, Herb-forb, Heliophily: 6 Part shade, 2n=58 & 102		NYFA: 8 counties iNat: 10 counties	USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany-0 VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies

Triodanis

Triodanis perfoliata

Triodanis (Venus' looking glass) are annual plants that can have both chasmogamous (CH) flowers and cleistogamous (CL) flowers. CH flowers are open to pollination by visitors and so can either outcross or self-fertilize. CL flowers remain closed throughout the season and must necessarily self-fertilize.

The New York native Triodanis perfoliata (clasping Venus' looking-glass) will often have several open (CH) corollas, while the southern Venus' looking-glass (Triodanis biflora or T. perfoliata ssp. biflora) will usually only have as single terminal open corolla.^[1]

↑ Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2023. Flora of the southeastern United States Web App. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, U.S.A. Dec 25, 2023.

Asterales — Campanulaceae — Campanuloideae — Campanuleae — Triodanis
Genus Triodanis	Venus' looking glass	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. 1753. Campanula perfoliata L. in… 1826. Prismatocarpus perfoliatus (L.) Sweet in… 1830. Specularia perfoliata (L.) A.DC. in… 1842. Dysmicodon perfoliatum (L.) Nutt. in… 1894. Legousia perfoliata (L.) Britton in… 1914. Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. in…	Common Venus’ looking glass ⓘ Clasping Venus' looking-glass ⓘ Clasping-leaved Venus'-looking-glass ⓘ Claspingleaf Venus'-looking-glass ⓘ	Native, CoC: 7, Secure, S5, G5-T5 FACU-FAC Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN FSUS Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP EOL Images Wikispecies
Triodanis biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Greene 1799. Campanula biflora Ruiz & Pav. in… 1843. Dysmicodon californicum Nutt. in… 1843. Campanula intermedia Engelm. ex Nutt. in… 1874. Specularia californica (Nutt.) Vatke in… 1891. Pentagonia biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze in… 1891. Specularia biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. in… 1894. Triodanis biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Greene in… 1894. Legousia biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Britton in… 1975. Triodanis perfoliata var. biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) T.R.Bradley in… 1988. Asyneuma anhuiense B.A.Shen in… 2006. Triodanis perfoliata ssp. biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Lammers in…	Southern Venus’s looking glass ⓘ Small Venus' looking-glass ⓘ Spéculaire biflore ⓘ	Introduced from southern US, N. America native, Unknown naturalization, SNA, G5-T5 FACU-FAC Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: X NYFA: Otsego, Suffolk iNat GBIF No RG observations	USDA-N COL WFO POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Palustricodon

Campanula aparinoides

Palustricodon is a genus of one species, Palustricodon aparinoides (marsh bellflower), with possibly two varieties.^[1]^[2]

Asterales — Campanulaceae — Campanuloideae — Campanuleae — Campanula
Genus Palustricodon	Bellflower	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY /NPT
Palustricodon aparinoides (Pursh) Morin 1813. Campanula aparinoides Pursh in… 1813. Campanula erinoides Muhl. in… 1830. Campanula aparinoides var. multiflora A.DC. in… 1861. Campanula aparinoides var. erinoides Alph.Wood in… 1896. Campanula aparinoides var. grandiflora Holz. in… 1901. Campanula uliginosa Rydb. in… 1952. Campanula aparinoides var. uliginosa (Rydb.) Gleason in… 2020. Palustricodon aparinoides (Pursh) Morin in… 2020. Palustricodon aparinoides var. grandiflorus (Holz.) Morin} in…	Marsh bellflower Bedstraw bellflower Marsh harebell Campanule faux-gaillet Campanule scabre	Native, CoC: 8, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 34, 136, 170		NYFA: 5 NYFA: ? counties GBIF ? counties	USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN Images Wikispecies

Campanula

Campanula rotundifolia

After the segregation of Campanulastrum and Palustricodon from Campanula, the only New York native remaining in the genus is Campanula rotundifolia, which is a widespread circumboreal species complex of bellflowers or harebells that likely originated in south-central Europe about two million years ago. North American populations probably migrated from northwestern Europe to northeastern North America about 114,000 years ago.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Rapunculus clade

Shetler (1982) described four "races" of harebells within Campanula rotundifolia, reporting an "eastern race" in lowlands and ravines in the Appalachian-Great Lakes region of eastern United States and adjacent Canada, from Minnesota and Iowa to Gaspe Peninsula and Nova Scotia, Ontario (except James Bay) and southern Quebec to southern Missouri and Illinois and northern West Virginia and Maryland.^[1]

Though Shelter didn't recommend segregating his races as full species, his description seems to correspond with the treatment of Campanula intercedens by Lammers (2007).^[2]

Here, the segregate species name Campanula intercedens is tentatively used for the New York harebell. This agrees with European sources^[3] but not with most North American sources.^[4]

↑ Shetler, S.G. 1982. Variation and evolution of the nearctic harebells (Campanula subsect. Heterophylla). Phanerogamarum Monographiae Tomus XI. J. Cramer: Vaduz.
↑ Lammers, T.G. 2007. Campanulaceae. In J.W. Kadereit & C. Jeffrey, vol. eds., VIII Flowering Plants - Eudicots. Asterales. In K. Kubitzki, ed., The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp.26-56.
↑ Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. MIM, Deurne. The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023.
↑ Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2023. Flora of the southeastern United States Web App. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, U.S.A. Accessed Dec 26, 2023.

Asterales — Campanulaceae — Campanuloideae — Campanuleae — Campanula
Genus Campanula	Bellflower	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Campanula intercedens Witasek 1819. Campanula virgata Raf. ex Schult. in… 1843. Campanula rotundifolia var. alpina Tuck. in… 1874. Campanula rotundifolia var. dentata Coleman in… 1878. Campanula rotundifolia var. canescens E.J.Hill in… 1894. Campanula latisepala f. albiflora E.L.Rand & Redfield ... 1902. Campanula intercedens Witasek in… 1924. Campanula rotundifolia var. intercedens (Witasek) Farw. in… 1924. Campanula rotundifolia f. linifolia Farw. ... 1982. Campanula rotundifolia ssp. intercedens (Witasek) Á.Löve & D.Löve in… 1952. Campanula latisepala f. alba J.Rousseau & Raymond ...	Harebell ⓘ Intermediate bellflower ⓘ Bluebell Bluebell-of-Scotland American harebell Bluebell bellflower Scotch bellflower ⓘ	Native, CoC: 8, Likely secure, S4-S5, G5 FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 34, 68, 102		NYFA: 4-5 NYFA: ? counties iNat GBIF ? counties	USDA-NN WFO POWO FSUS Go Botany NatureServe Images Wikispecies
Campanula persicifolia L. ssp. persicifolia 1753. Campanula persicifolia L. in… 1796. Campanula amygdalifolia Salisb. in… 1854. Campanula racemosa var. grandiflora Vuk. in… 1869. Rapunculus persicifolius (L.) Fourr. in… 1894. Campanula persicifolia f. alba Voss ... 1984. Neocodon persicifolius (L.) Kolak. & Serdyuk. in…	Peach-leaved bellflower ⓘ Peachleaf bellflower ⓘ Peach-Bells ⓘ	Introduced from Europe, Unknown Naturalization, SNA, GNR Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 16		NYFA: X NYFA: 7 counties iNat GBIF ? counties	USDA-XX POWO FSUS Images Wikispecies

Campanula s. str. clade

Asterales — Campanulaceae — Campanuloideae — Campanuleae — Campanula
Genus Campanula	Bellflower	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Campanula rapunculoides L. ssp. rapunculoides 1753. Campanula rapunculoides L. in… 1802. Campanula azurea Sol. & Banks ex Sims in… 1844. Campanula rapunculoides var. ucranica (Besser) K.Koch in… 1852. Cenekia rapunculoides (L.) Opiz in… 1869. Drymocodon rapunculoides (L.) Fourr. in… 1904. Rapunculus redivivus E.H.L.Krause in…	Creeping bellflower, Rampion bellflower Campanule fausse-raiponce ⓘ Campanule raiponce Fausse raiponce	Introduced from Eurasia, Potentially invasive, Naturalized, CBG-A4^[1], SNA, GNR Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 68, 102		NYFA: X NYFA: 41 counties iNat GBIF 58 counties	USDA-XX POWO FSUS Go Botany ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies
Campanula glomerata L. ssp. glomerata 1753. Campanula glomerata L. in… 1781. Campanula betonicifolia Gilib. in… 1791. Campanula conglomerata Gueldenst. in… 1807. Campanula barbata Spreng. in… 1814. Campanula aggregata Willd. in… 1852. Weitenwebera glomerata (L.) Opiz in… 1869. Syncodon glomeratum (L.) Fourr. in…	Clustered bellflower, Dane's blood	Introduced from Eurasia, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives, Invasive.org: [2], Not naturalized, 2n = 30, 60		NYFA: X NYFA: 3 counties iNat 21 counties	USDA-XX POWO FSUS Images Wikispecies
Campanula trachelium L. ssp. trachelium 1753. Campanula trachelium L. in… 1794. Campanula urticifolia F.W.Schmidt in… 1796. Campanula urticifolia Salisb. in… 1834. Campanula trachelium ssp. urticifolia (Dumort.) Schübl. & G.Martens in… 1852. Trachelioides vulgaris Opiz in… 1854. Campanula serratifolia Vuk. in… 1854. Campanula serratifolia var. ciliatosepala Vuk. in… 1869. Drymocodon trachelium (L.) Fourr. in…	Nettle-leaved bellflower ⓘ Bats in the belfry ⓘ Campanule gantelée ⓘ	Introduced from Mediterranean Europe, northern Africa, Unknown naturalization, SNA, GNR Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 34		NYFA: X NYFA: 6 counties iNat 6 counties	USDA- POWO FSUS VASCAN Images Wikispecies
Campanula medium L. 1753. Campanula medium L. in… 1836. Rapuntia media (L.) Chevall. in… 1838. Talanelis medium (L.) Raf. in… 1840. Medium grandiflorum Spach in… 1853. Marianthemum medium (L.) Schur in…	Canterbury bells ⓘ	Introduced, Naturalization unknown Biennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 34		NYFA: U NYFA: Genesee (1981) iNat ? counties	USDA-XX POWO Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Campanula patula L. 1753. Campanula patula L. in… 1869. Rapunculus patulus (L.) Fourr. in… 1984. Neocodon patulus (L.) Kolak. & Serdyuk. in…	Rambling bellflower, Spreading bellflower	Introduced from Eurasia, N.Y. excluded Biennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 20, 40, 60, 80		NYFA-Excluded NYFA: Excluded iNat GBIF No NY observations	USDA-X0 POWO Go Botany Images Wikispecies
↑ Cornell Botanic Gardens Invasive Species Policy Committee (2018). Appendix 4. Plant species that are considered moderately invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region.

Jasione

Jasione montana

Asterales — Campanulaceae — Campanuloideae — Campanuleae — Jasione
Genus Jasione	Jasione	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	1 NPT
Jasione montana L. ssp. montana 1753. Jasione montana L. in… 1789. Jasione vulgaris Gaterau in… 1793. Phyteuma montanum (L.) C.K.Spreng. in… 1860. Ovilla globulariiflora Rupr. in…	Sheepbit, Sheep's-bit	Introduced from Europe, Naturalized, SNA, GNR Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 12, 24, 36 (x = 6)		NYFA: X NYFA: Suffolk only iNat GBIF Bronx, Suffolk	USDA-X0 WFO FSUS Images Wikispecies

Platycodon

Platycodon grandiflorus

Although Platycodon grandiflorus (balloon flower) has been excluded from the New York Flora Atlas, iNaturalist shows research-grade Platycodon grandiflorus observations in about 15 New York State counties. Most of these appear to be in gardens however and should probably be flagged as cultivated.

A.S. Weakley (2023) lists Platycodon grandiflorus in PA, SC, and MO with a habitat of "ditches, disturbed areas, spread from horticultural cultivation," but shows the plant as "rarer than rare" in each of the regions were it's mapped.^[1]

↑ Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2023. Flora of the southeastern United States Web App. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, U.S.A.

Asterales — Campanulaceae — Campanuloideae — Campanuleae — Platycodon
Genus Platycodon	Platycodon	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. 1777. Campanula grandiflora Jacq. in… 1785. Campanula gentianoides Lam. in… 1830. Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. in… 1814. Wahlenbergia grandiflora (Jacq.) Schrad. in…	Balloonflower ⓘ Japanese bellflower ⓘ Chinese bellflower	Introduced from east & southeast Asia, No specimens, 2n = 18, 36, 72 (x = 9)		NYFA-Excluded NYFA: Excluded iNat GBIF 15 counties	USDA-X0 POWO FSUS Go Botany-0 Images Wikispecies

Subfamily Lobelioideae

Lobelia

Lobelia sect. Lobelia

Lobelia cardinalis
cardinal flower

All native New York Lobelia species are in sect. Lobelia.^[1]

↑ Thomas G. Lammers (2011), "Revision of the Infrageneric Classification of Lobelia L. (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae)." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 98(1): 37–62.

Asterales — Campanulaceae — Lobelioideae — Lobelieae — Lobelia sect. Lobelia
Genus Lobelia sect. Lobelia	Cardinal flower	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lobelia inflata L. 1753. Lobelia inflata L. in… 1768. Rapuntium inflatum (L.) Mill. in… 1891. Dortmanna inflata (L.) Kuntze in… 1892. Lobelia inflata var. simplex Millsp. in… 1944. Lobelia inflata f. albiflora Moldenke ...	Indian-tobacco, Puke weed Lobélie enflée, Tabac indien	Native, CoC: 1, Secure FAC-FACU Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies
Lobelia siphilitica L. 1753. Lobelia siphilitica L. in. Sp. Pl.:931 1768. Rapuntium siphiliticum (L.) Mill. in. Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 2 1794. Rapuntium syphiliticum Moench in. Methodus: 655, orth. var. 1812. Lobelia reflexa Stokes in. Bot. Mat. Med. 1:342, nom. superfl. 1813. Lobelia antisyphilitica Hayne in. Getreue Darstell. Gew. 13: t. 9, nom. superfl. 1839. Lobelia siphilitica var. alba G.Don & W.H.Baxter in J.C.Loudon, Hort. Brit., ed. 3:646 1839. Lobelia siphilitica var. ludoviciana A. DC. in. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 7:377 1845. Lobelia belgica De Jonghe in. Rev. Hort. (Paris), sér. 2, 4:39 1891. Dortmanna siphilitica (L.) Kuntze in. Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:380 1894. Lobelia siphilitica f. ludoviciana (A.DC.) Voss in Vilm. Blumengärtn., ed. 3. 1:576 1929. Lobelia bollii E.Wimm. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 26:3	Great blue lobelia, Blue cardinal flower, Great lobelia Lobélie bleue	Native, CoC: 5, Secure OBL-FACW Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun - shade		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Lobelia spicata Lam. 1792. Lobelia spicata Lam. in Encycl. 3:587 1803. Lobelia claytoniana Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2:153 1804. Lobelia goodenioides Willd. in Hort. Berol.: t. 30 1830. Lobelia nivea Raf. in Ann. Nat. 1: 16, nom. illeg. 1836. Rapuntium claytonianum (Michx.) C.Presl in Prodr. Monogr. Lobel.:23 1839. Lobelia leptostachys A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 7:376 1878. Lobelia spicata var. hirtella A.Gray in Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2(1):6 1891. Dortmanna spicata (Lam.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:380 1898. Lobelia hirtella (A.Gray) Greene in Pittonia 3:349 1903. Lobelia bracteata Small in Fl. S.E. U.S.:1146 1913. Lobelia leptostachys var. hirtella (A.Gray) Farw. in Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 15:188 1917. Petromarula hirtella (A. Gray) Nieuwl. & Lunell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 5: 13 1936. Lobelia spicata var. originalis McVaugh in Rhodora 38: 308, not validly publ.	Palespike lobelia, Pale-spiked lobelia, Spiked lobelia, Balespike lobelia, Highbelia Lobélie à épi	Native, CoC: 4, Secure FAC Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5 iNat	USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies
Lobelia kalmii L. 1753. Lobelia kalmii L. 1836. Rapuntium kalmii (L.) C.Presl 1891. Dortmanna kalmii (L.) Kunze 1900. Lobelia kalmii var. strictiflora Rydb. 1908. Lobelia strictiflora (Rydb.) Lunell	Brook lobelia, Kalm's lobelia, Bog lobelia, Ontario lobelia Lobélie de Kalm	Native, CoC: 8, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies
Lobelia cardinalis L. 1753. Lobelia cardinalis L. 1792. Lobelia graminea Lam. 1809. Lobelia fulgens Willd. 1809. Lobelia splendens Willd. 1891. Dortmanna cardinalis (L.) Kuntze 1891. Dortmanna fulgens Kuntze 1940. Lobelia cardinalis ssp. graminea (Lam.) McVaugh	Cardinalflower, Cardinal flower, Scarlet lobelia Lobélie cardinale, Lobélie du cardinal, Lobélie écarlate	Native, CoC: 7, Likely secure OBL-FACW Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun-shade		NYFA: 4-5	USDA-NN POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Lobelia dortmanna L. 1753. Lobelia dortmanna L. 1796. L. lacustris (L.) Salisb. superfl. 1836. Rapuntium dortmanna (L.) C.Presl	Dortmann's cardinalflower, Water lobelia, Dortmann's lobelia, Water gladiole Lobélie de Dortmann, Cardinale de Dortmann, Lobélie aquatique	Native, CoC: 9, Likely secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies
Lobelia nuttallii Schult. 1818. Lobelia gracilis Nutt. in… 1819. Lobelia nuttallii Schult. in… 1836. Rapuntium nuttallianum C.Presl in… 1891. Dortmanna nuttallii (Schult.) Kuntze in… 1803. Lobelia kalmii var. caroliniana Michx in… 1821. Lobelia kalmii var. gracilis W.P.C.Barton in…	Nuttall's lobelia	Native, CoC: 7, Vulnerable FACW Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 3	USDA-N0 Go Botany-0 LBJ Images Wikispecies

Lobelia sect. Hypsela

Lobelia pedunculata

The New York Flora Atlas (as of 2023) doesn't list any non-native Lobelias in New York State, but Lobelia chinensis is considered potentially invasive if it were to be found in the state. Of more concern might be Lobelia pedunculata, a small Australian ground cover that has been noted to be aggressive in Europe and western North America.

Asterales — Campanulaceae — Lobelioideae — Lobelieae — Lobelia sect. Hypsela
Genus Lobelia sect. Hypsela	Lobelias	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lobelia chinensis Lour. 1790. Lobelia chinensis Lour.	Chinese lobelia	Introduced from Asia, Potentially invasive, NYIS: 37%^[1] Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 0 NYFA: Not listed iNat New Jersey	USDA-X0 Go Botany-0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Lobelia pedunculata R.Br. 1810. Lobelia pedunculata R.Br. in… 1836. Rapuntium pedunculatum (R.Br.) C.Presl in… 1868. Pratia pedunculata (R.Br.) Benth. in…	Matted Pratia ⓘ Trailing Pratia ⓘ Blue Star Creeper ⓘ Blue lawn-lobelia ⓘ	Introduced from eastern Australia, Cultivated		NYFA: Not listed iNat GBIF Cultivated only	POWO BONAP Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Lobelia chinensis: Low (37). Although it is listed a potentially invasive in New York, BONAP and USDA-NRCS plants database show that Lobelia chinensis has naturalized in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, but not New York State.

Lobelia sect. Stenotium

Lobelia erinus

Lobelia erinus has been introduced as a garden plant from tropical and southern Africa. It appears to be commonly planted in New York State.^[1]

In western Europe, it is said to increasingly escape from cultivation but not to persist.^[2]

Asterales — Campanulaceae — Lobelioideae — Lobelieae — Lobelia sect. Stenotium
Genus Lobelia sect. Stenotium	Bractless Lobelias	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lobelia erinus L. 1753. Lobelia erinus L. in… 1768. Rapuntium erinus (L.) Mill. in… 1891. Dortmanna erinus (L.) Kuntze in…	Edging Lobelia ⓘ Garden Lobelia ⓘ Bedding Lobelia ⓘ Common Lobelia ⓘ Dwarf Annual Lobelia ⓘ Lobélie érine ⓘ	Introduced from tropical & southern Africa		NYFA: Not listed iNat Widely cultivated	USDA-X0 POWO BONAP Images Wikispecies

Family Menyanthaceae

The Menyanthaceae is a family of aquatic and wetland plants.

Menyanthes

Menyanthes trifoliata

The genus Menyanthes contains a single species, Menyanthes trifoliata (buckbean or bogbean). Its native range covers much of the temperate and subarctic northern hemisphere.

Asterales — Menyanthaceae — Menyanthes
Genus Menyanthes L.	Buckbean	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Menyanthes trifoliata L. 1753. Menyanthes trifoliata L. in… 1822. Menyanthes palustris Gray in… 1826. Menyanthes americana Sweet in… 1830. Menyanthes verna Raf. in… 1837. Menyanthes latifolia Raf. in… 1837. Menyanthes tridentata Raf. in… 1929. Menyanthes trifoliata var. minor Fernald 2003. Menyanthes trifoliata ssp. verna (Raf.) Gervais & M. Parent	Buckbean, Buck-bean, Bog buckbean, Bogbean Trèfle d'eau	Native, CoC: 9, Likely secure, S4, G5 OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 4 NYFA: ? counties ? counties	USDA-N POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies

Nymphoides

Nymphoides cordata

Floating-hearts (Nymphoides)

Asterales — Menyanthaceae — Nymphoides
Genus Nymphoides Ség. 1754	Floatingheart	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Nymphoides cordata (Elliott) Fernald 1803. Villarsia lacunosa Vent. in… 1817. Villarsia cordata Elliott in… 1837. Limnanthemum lacunosum (Vent.) Griseb. in… 1838. Limnanthemum lacunosum var. australe Griseb. in… 1839. Menyanthes punctata Muhl. ex Griseb. in… 1891. Nymphoides lacunosa (Vent.) Kuntze in… 1921. Trachysperma lacunosa (Vent.) House in… 1938. Nymphoides cordata (Elliott) Fernald in…	Floating-heart, Little floatingheart, Little floating heart, Eight-angled floatingheart Faux-nymphéa à feuilles cordées, Nymphoïde cordées	Native, CoC: 9, Vulnerable, SNR, G5 OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 3-4 iNat GBIF	USDA-N COL WFO POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Nymphoides peltata (S.G.Gmel.) Kuntze 1753. Menyanthes nymphoides L. in… 1770. Limnanthemum peltatum S.G.Gmel. in… 1803. Villarsia nymphoides (L.) Vent. in… 1805. Nymphoides natans J. St.-Hil. in… 1805. Schweyckerta nymphoides (L.) C.C.Gmel. in… 1819. Villarsia peltata (S.G.Gmel.) Roem. & Schult. in… 1891. Nymphoides peltata (S.G.Gmel.) Kuntze in… 1907. Nymphoides peltatum (S.G.Gmel.) Britten & Rendle in… 1914. Nymphoides flava Druce in…	Yellow floating-heart, Yellow floatingheart Faux-nymphéa pelté, Faux-nénuphar, Nymphoïdès pelté, Petit nénuphar	Introduced from Eurasia, Highly invasive, NYIS: 74%^[1], Prohibited^[2] OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: X iNat	USDA-X POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Nymphoides hydrophylla (Lour.) Kuntze 1790. Menyanthes hydrophylla Lour. in… 1799. Menyanthes cristata Roxb. in… 1819. Villarsia hydrophyllum (Lour.) Roem. & Schult. in… 1824. Villarsia cristata (Roxb.) Spreng. in… 1839. Limnanthemum cristatum (Roxb.) Griseb. in… 1839. Limnanthemum hydrophyllum (Lour.) Griseb. in… 1841. Menyanthes sinarica Buch.-Ham. ex Steud. in… 1891. Nymphoides hydrophylla (Lour.) Kuntze in… 1891. Nymphoides cristata (Roxb.) Kuntze in… 1910. Limnanthemum taquetii H.Lév. in…	Crested floatingheart ⓘ	Introduced from Asia (China, India, Indo-China), Highly invasive, Invasive.org: [3], GRIIS-US: Invasive, Cultivated		NYFA: Not Listed iNat GBIF Cutivated?	USDA-X COL POWO ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Nymphoides peltata: Highly invasive (74). ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

[1] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ilex crenata: Low (48).

[2] Although Ilex aquifolium is not listed as naturalized in New York or most of the Northeast, it is listed as present in "forests and borders of swamps in areas of habitation" in the adjacent state of Massachusetts,[1] and it is cultivated in suitable parts of New York as an ornamental tree.

[3] Morin, N.R. 2020. Taxonomic changes in North American Campanuloideae (Campanulaceae). Phytoneuron 2020-49: 1-46. Published 15 July 2020. ISSN 2153 733X

[4] Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2023. Flora of the southeastern United States Web App. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, U.S.A. Dec 24, 2023.

[5] Roquet et. al. 2008: "Natural Delineation, Molecular Phylogeny and Floral Evolution in Campanula." Systematic Botany 33(1): 203-217.

[6] Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2023. Flora of the southeastern United States Web App. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, U.S.A. Dec 25, 2023.

[7] Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2023. Flora of the southeastern United States Web App. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, U.S.A. Dec 24, 2023.

[8] Morin, N.R. 2020. Taxonomic changes in North American Campanuloideae (Campanulaceae). Phytoneuron 2020-49: 1-46. Published 15 July 2020. ISSN 2153 733X

[9] Roquet et. al. 2008: "Natural Delineation, Molecular Phylogeny and Floral Evolution in Campanula." Systematic Botany 33(1): 203-217.

[10] Sutherland, B. L. and L. F. Galloway. 2018. Effects of glaciation and whole genome duplication on the distribution of the Campanula rotundifolia polyploid complex. American Journal of Botany 105(10): 1760–1770.

[11] Julia Wilson, et. al. 2020: Invasion, isolation and evolution shape population genetic structure in Campanula rotundifolia, AoB PLANTS, Volume 12, Issue 2, April 2020, plaa011

[12] Morin, N.R. 2020. Taxonomic changes in North American Campanuloideae (Campanulaceae). Phytoneuron 2020-49: 1-46. Published 15 July 2020. ISSN 2153 733X

[13] Shetler, S.G. 1982. Variation and evolution of the nearctic harebells (Campanula subsect. Heterophylla). Phanerogamarum Monographiae Tomus XI. J. Cramer: Vaduz.

[14] Lammers, T.G. 2007. Campanulaceae. In J.W. Kadereit & C. Jeffrey, vol. eds., VIII Flowering Plants - Eudicots. Asterales. In K. Kubitzki, ed., The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp.26-56.

[15] Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. MIM, Deurne. The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023.

[16] Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2023. Flora of the southeastern United States Web App. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, U.S.A. Accessed Dec 26, 2023.

[17] Cornell Botanic Gardens Invasive Species Policy Committee (2018). Appendix 4. Plant species that are considered moderately invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region.

[18] Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2023. Flora of the southeastern United States Web App. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, U.S.A.

[19] Thomas G. Lammers (2011), "Revision of the Infrageneric Classification of Lobelia L. (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae)." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 98(1): 37–62.

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← Lamiales 3	Flora of New York — Aquifoliaceae, Campanulaceae, Menyanthaceae				→ Carduoideae
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