Flora of New York/Lamiales 1

← Solanales	Flora of New York — Lamiales 1: Oleaceae, Tetrachondraceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae				→ Lamiales 2: Lamiaceae
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

The Lamiales ^[1]

↑ P. F. Stevens, (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 13, September 2013. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/

Family OleaceaeEdit

The Oleaceae (olive family) in New York consists of a handful of native and introduced ash trees, along with a number of non-native shrubs, some of which, primarily the privets, are extremely invasive and create dense thickets. Interestingly, the olive family does not include Elaeagnus species (Russian olive and autumn olive), which are also common alien invasives but are categorized in the Elaeagnaceae (oleaster family) in the Rhamnales.^[1]^[2]

↑ Oleaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
↑ Oleaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

Tribe ForsythieaeEdit

ForsythiaEdit

Forsythia is a popular non-native ornamental shrub, planted at least in part for its bright yellow early spring flowers. In New York, the degree of this popularity is tempered in much of the state where local weather doesn't consistently allow much flowering. The two species listed as having to some extent naturalized in New York are F. viridissima (greenstem forsythia) and F. suspensa (weeping forsythia). It's likely that in recent times the hybrid of the two, Forsythia × intermedia, has been planted at least as much as either of its parents, but it is sterile and also may not reproduce vegetatively as well as F. suspensa, whose arching branches root where they touch the ground, allowing it to do a slow walk into any adjacent natural area.^[1]

↑ Paul M. Catling (2007) "Weeping forsythia, another shrub naturalized in Canada." Botanical Electronic News No. 378 April 25, 2007. Victoria, B.C.

Branch center	Branch position	Leaf type	Species
Hollow between nodes			Forsythia suspensa (weeping forsythia)
Pith between nodes	Upright	Simple	Forsythia viridissima (greenstem forsythia)
Pith between nodes	Upright or arching	Simple or 3-lobed	Forsythia × intermedia (hybrid forsythia)

Lamiales — Oleaceae — Forsythieae — Forsythia
Forsythia	Forsythia	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Forsythia viridissima Lindl. 1846. Forsythia viridissima Lindl. 1932. Rangium viridissimum Ohwi	Greenstem forsythia, Green-stemmed forsythia, Golden-bells Forsythia vert	Introduced from China & Korea			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl 1780. Ligustrum suspensum Thunb. 1784. Syringa suspensa Thunb. ex Murray 1804. Forsythia suspensa Vahl 1932. Rangium suspensum Ohwi	Forsythia, Weeping forsythia, Golden-bells	Introduced from China, Impersistent			NYFA-X USDA-X0 NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
Forsythia × intermedia Zabel Forsythia suspensa var. fortunei × Forsythia viridissima 1885. Forsythia × intermedia Zabel 1900. F. × intermedia var. densiflora Koehne	Border forsythia, Showy forsythia, Hybrid forsythia	Introduced, Not naturalized, No NY reports			NYFA-Xm USDA-X0 ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp

Tribe OleeaeEdit

Subtribe FraxininaeEdit

FraxinusEdit

The genus Fraxinus is represented in New York primarily by the three native and economically important ash trees: white ash, black ash, and green ash. All are susceptible to infestation by the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) which has already infested a number of areas in the state and is expected to decimate ash tree populations in the near future.

Lamiales — Oleaceae — Oleeae — Fraxininae — Fraxinus
Fraxinus sect. Melioides	Ash	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Fraxinus americana L. 1753. Fraxinus americana L. 1878. F. americana var. microcarpa 1898. F. biltmoreana Beadle 1947. F. americana var. biltmoreana 1983. F. americana ssp. biltmoreana	White ash, American ash Frêne blanc, Franc frêne, Frêne d'Amérique	Native, C:3, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree			NYFA-N USDA-NN NPT Can ARS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. 1785. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. 1788. F. pubescens Lam. 1800. F. lanceolata Borkh. 1865. F. juglandifolia var. aucubifolia 1894. F. pennsylvanica var. lanceolata 1947. F. pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima 1949. F. pennsylvanica fo. aucubifolia	Green ash, Downy ash, Northern red ash Frêne de Pennsylvanie, Frêne rouge	Native, C:4, Secure FACW-FAC Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS BNA Images, wsp
Fraxinus profunda (Bush) Bush 1813. Fraxinus tomentosa F.Michx. superfl. 1894. Fraxinus americana var. profunda 1897. Fraxinus profunda (Bush) Bush 1897. Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. profunda 1914. Calycomelia profunda (Bush) Nieuwl.	Pumpkin ash Frêne pubescent	Native, C:8, Impersistent OBL Perennial, Tree			NYFA-X USDA-NN NPT Can ARS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Fraxinus sect. Fraxinus	Ash	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Fraxinus nigra Marshall 1785. Fraxinus nigra Marshall 1788. F. sambucifolia Lam. 1790. F. nigra var. sambucifolia 1846. F. americana var. sambucifolia	Black ash, Brown ash, Hoop ash, Swamp ash, Water ash Frêne noir, Frêne de grève, Frêne gras	Native, C:8, Secure FACW Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Fraxinus excelsior L. 1753. Fraxinus excelsior L.	European ash, Black ash Frêne commun, Frêne d'Europe	Introduced from Eurasia, Impersistent Perennial, Tree			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS BNA Images, wsp

Subtribe LigustrinaeEdit

The subtribe Ligustrinae contains the non-native lilacs and privets.

SyringaEdit

The common lilac (Syringa vulgaris) has been grown in the state as an ornamental shrub for centuries and appears to persist only where it has been cultivated, and so it is found to have naturalized mainly around abandoned farmsteads and such. The more recently introduced Japanese tree lilac (Syringa reticulata) however is considered to be potentially invasive, and although it is not yet widespread outside of cultivation in New York, it is of concern.

Lamiales — Oleaceae — Oleeae — Ligustrinae — Syringa
Syringa L.	Lilac	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Syringa vulgaris L. 1753. Syringa vulgaris L.	Common lilac, Purple lilac Lilas commun, Lilas vulgaire	Introduced from southeastern Europe, Naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS Images, wsp Note: WI, CA
Syringa reticulata (Blume) H. Hara ssp. reticulata 1850. Ligustrum reticulatum Blume 1941. Syringa reticulata H.Hara 1952. Ligustrina reticulata Nakai	Japanese tree lilac Lilas japonais	Introduced from temperate Asia, Potentially invasive, NYIS: 31%^[1]			NYFA-Xn USDA-X0 NPT Can ARS BBG Images, wsp Note: NYFA blog
Syringa (excluded taxa)	Lilac	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Syringa reticulata (Blume) H. Hara ssp. amurensis (Rupr.) P.S. Greene & M.C. Chang 1856. Syringa amurensis Rupr. 1995. S. reticulata ssp. amurensis	Amur lilac	Introduced from temperate Asia, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-X0 ARS BBG Images, wsp
Syringa villosa Vahl 1804. Syringa villosa Vahl 1895. Syringa bretschneideri Lemoine	Villous lilac, Late lilac, Japanese lilac	Introduced from China, No NY reports			NYFA-0 USDA-X0 NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp Note: ^[2]
Syringa josikaea J. Jacq. ex Rchb. 1830. Syringa josikaea Rchb.	Hungarian lilac	Introduced from southeastern Europe, No NY reports			NYFA-0 USDA-X0 NPT Can ARS ITIS Images, wsp Note: ^[3]
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Syringa reticulata: 31% (Capital/Mohawk). ↑ USDA-NRCS Plants database showed Syringa villosa in Westchester County, apparently based on Glenn, S.D. (ed.). 2013. New York Metropolitan Flora database. New York Metropolitan Flora Project, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, New York. The New York Metropolitan Flora Project entry for genus Syringa at http://nymf.bbg.org/genus/195, only shows S. reticulata and S. vulgaris present in the New York metro area. ↑ https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/syringa/josikaea/ shows Syringa josikaea appearing to be naturalized in adjacent Berkshire County, MA.

LigustrumEdit

Ligustrum vulgare
European privet

In general, the several privet species, none of which are native to the western hemisphere, have been found to be invasive, and some are quite difficult to control where they have naturalized. The New York Flora Atlas reports that Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet) is by far the most common and invasive of the naturalized privets, but that Ligustrum vulgare (European privet) can be locally quite aggressive as well.

Ligustrum sp.	young twigs & stalks of floral panicles	floral-panicle length	corolla lobe to tube length ratio	tube length
L. vulgare	hairless or minutely pubescent	longer than 2"	~1/1	2.5 - 3 mm
L. obtusifolium	conspicuously hairy	1" to 2" long	1/3 - 2/3	5 - 8 mm

Lamiales — Oleaceae — Oleeae — Ligustrinae — Ligustrum
Ligustrum	Privet	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ligustrum vulgare L. 1753. Ligustrum vulgare L. 1877. L. insulense Decne. 1879. L. insulare Decne.	European privet, Common privet, Wild privet, Prim Troène commun, Troène	Introduced from Europe, western Asia, northern Africa, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 68%^[1] FACU Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc. var. obtusifolium 1846. L. obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc. 1899. L. obtusifolium var. regelianum 1900. L. ibota var. regelianum 1904. L. regelianum Koehne	Border privet	Introduced from Japan, Korea, Highly invasive, NYIS: 77%^[2], Prohibited^[3], CP-2^[4] NE-4^[5], IPA VT Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-X USDA-X0 NPT ARS Trop. Images, wsp
Ligustrum obtusifolium var. suave 1861. Ligustrum amurense Carrière 1934. L. ibota var. Kitag. 1944. L. obtusifolium var. suave 1965. L. obtusifolium ssp. suave	Amur privet, Amur river privet^[5]	Introduced from China, Potentially invasive, NYIS: NA^[6] Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-X USDA-X0 NPT ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. 1844. Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. 1850. L. japonicum var. ovalifolium Blume 1877. L. californicum Decne. 1878. L. medium Franch. & Sav.	California privet, Oval-leaf privet, Garden privet Troène des haies	Introduced from Japan, South Korea, Invasive, NYIS: 45%^[7], CP-3^[8], CT-FL Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS Images, wsp
Ligustrum (excluded taxa)	Privet	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ligustrum sinense Lour. 1790. Ligustrum sinense Lour. 1874. L. villosum May 1931. L. microcarpum Kaneh. & Sasaki	Chinese privet, Small-leaf privet	Introduced from China, Taiwan, Laos, Vietnam, Potentially invasive, NYIS: NA^[9]			NYFA-U USDA-X0 NPT ARS Trop. Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum vulgare: Moderate (68). ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum obtusifolium: High (77). ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species ↑ Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2009) ↑ ^a ^b Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum obtusifolium: Not assessed (NA). ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum ovalifolium: Moderate (45). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2009) ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum sinense: Not assessed (NA).

Subtribe OleinaeEdit

ChionanthusEdit

White fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus) is a usually-dioecious tree that is native to the southeastern US, possiibly as far north as southern Pennsylvania and New Jersey, but it has been reported to have naturalized in a few New York counties. It is becoming popular as a small ornamental tree in residential landscapes. There is some evidence that white fringetree in an acceptable host for the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis).^[1]

↑ Don Cipollini & Chad M. Rigsby (2015) "Incidence of Infestation and Larval Success of Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) on White Fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus), Chinese Fringetree (Chionanthus retusus), and Devilwood (Osmanthus americanus)" Environ Entomol 44(5):1375-1383, 22 July 2015.

Lamiales — Oleaceae — Oleeae — Oleinae — Chionanthus
Chionanthus	Fringetree	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Chionanthus virginicus L. 1753. Chionanthus virginica L. 1814. C. virginicus var. maritimus 1830. C. maritimus (Pursh) Sweet	White fringetree, White fringe-tree, White fringe tree, American fringetree, Old-man's-beard	Introduced from southeast US, N. America native FAC Perennial, Tree, shrub, Part shade			NYFA-X USDA-N0 NPT ARS Trop. NSE BNA LBJ Images, wsp

Family TetrachondraceaeEdit

The Tetrachondraceae is a very small family containing only two species of the genus Tetrachondra and a single species of the genus Polypremum. Of these three species, only Polypremum procumbens, juniper leaf, has been reported to have been collected in New York, but it has since been excluded from the New York Flora Atlas.^[1]^[2]

PolypremumEdit

Juniper leaf appears to be native from southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas. It is not known to have naturalized in New York State.

Lamiales — Tetrachondraceae — Polypremum
Polypremum (excluded taxa)	Juniper leaf	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Polypremum procumbens L.	Juniper leaf	N. America native southeastern US, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-NN BNA Images, wsp
↑ Tetrachondraceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York. ↑ Tetrachondraceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

Family PlantaginaceaeEdit

The Plantaginaceae (plantain family)^[1]^[2]

↑ Plantaginaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York. ↑ Plantaginaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

Tribe GratioleaeEdit

GratiolaEdit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Gratioleae — Gratiola
Gratiola	Hedge-hyssop	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Gratiola neglecta Torr. 1819. Gratiola neglecta Torr.	Northern clammy hedge-hyssop, Clammy hedge-hyssop, American hedge-hyssop Gratiole négligée	Native, C:4, Secure OBL Annual, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Gratiola aurea Muhl. 1811. Gratiola lutea Raf. 1813. Gratiola aurea Muhl. 1920. Gratiola aurea var. obtusa 1935. Gratiola lutea var. obtusa	Golden hedge-hyssop, Golden hedgehyssop, Golden pert Gratiole dorée	Native, C:9, Likely secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Gratiola virginiana L. Gratiola virginiana L.	Virginia hedge hyssop Roundfruit hedgehyssop	Native, C:?, Endangered OBL Annual-biennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-1 USDA-N0 Images, wsp

LeucosporaEdit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Gratioleae — Leucospora
Leucospora	Leucospora	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. 1803. Capraria multifida Michx. 1825. Stemodia multifida (Michx.) Spreng. 1834. Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. 1844. Sutera multifida (Michx.) Walp. 1846. Conobea multifida (Michx.) Benth.	Narrow-leaved paleseed, Narrow-leaf paleseed, Obe-Wan-Conobea, Cliff conobea	Introduced from southern Midwest, N. America native, Naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-NN NEW-0 Can ITIS Trop. Images, wsp

Tribe CheloneaeEdit

CheloneEdit

Chelone glabra
white turtle-head

Turtleheads are all native to eastern North America, but only the white turtlehead is native to New York State. Although common in New York wetlands and listed as secure, it is also listed as exploitably vulnerable by the state.^[1]

↑ 6 CRR-NY 193.3(d) Exploitably vulnerable native plants.

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Cheloneae — Chelone
Chelone	Turtlehead	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Chelone glabra L. 1753. Chelone glabra L. 1840. Chlonanthes glabra (L.) Raf. 1929. Chelone chlorantha Pennell & Wherry	White turtlehead, White turtle-head, Snakehead, Smooth balmony Galane glabre	Native, C:6, Secure, Vulnerable OBL Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun - shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Chelone lyonii Pursh 1814. Chelone Lyonii Pursh Flora Americae Septentrionalis 2: 737.	Pink turtlehead	Introduced, US South native, No NY reports FACW Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-0 USDA-N0 NPT ITIS NSE BNA Images, wsp
Chelone obliqua L. 1767. Chelone obliqua L. 1935. Chelone obliqua ssp. typica (L.) Pennell nom. inval.	Red turtlehead	Introduced, US South native, No NY reports OBL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-0 USDA-N0 NPT ITIS NSE BNA Images, wsp

PenstemonEdit

Penstemon or beardtongue is a large genus of about 250 species of primarily North American herbaceous perennials. The genus name was derived from the Greek penta (five) and stemon (stamen), referring to the flowers, which have five stamens (one sterile and four fertile).

Some Penstemon species have been hybridized and selected for horticultural trade. A popular example is Penstemon 'Dark Towers' (2004), which is a cross between an eastern U.S. cultivar: Penstemon digitalis Nutt. 'Husker Red' (Lindgren, 1984) and south-central U.S. hybrid pollen parent: Penstemon 'Prairie Splendor' (Penstemon cobaea Nutt. × Penstemon triflorus A.Heller) (Lindgren, 1993).^[1]

↑ Dale T. Lindgren and Daniel M. Schaaf (2009). "Penstemon 'Dark Towers'." HortScience June 2009 vol. 44 no. 3 852-853

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Cheloneae — Penstemon
Penstemon subg. Penstemon sect. Penstemon	Beardtongue	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. 1753. Chelone hirsuta L. (i) 1800. Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. (i)	Hairy beardtongue, Hairy beard-tongue, Northeastern beard-tongue	Native, C:7, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS Images, wsp
Penstemon pallidus Small 1903. Penstemon pallidus Small 1922. P. arkansanus var. pubescens 1933. P. brevisepalus Pennell	Pale beardtongue, Eastern white beardtongue Penstémon pâle	Native, C:10, Secure FACU-UPL			NYFA-5 USDA-NX NPT ARS ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims P. laevigatus ssp. digitalis P. laevigatus var. angulatus	Foxglove beardtongue, Fox-glove beard-tongue, Talus-slope beard-tongue	Introduced, US South native, Naturalized FAC			NYFA-5 USDA-NX NPT BNA Images, wsp
Penstemon calycosus Small Penstemon calycosus Small P. laevigatus ssp. calycosus	Longsepal beardtongue, Long-sepal beard-tongue	Introduced, N. America native, Unk. naturalizaiton			NYFA-X USDA-N0 NPT BNA Images, wsp
Penstemon tubaeflorus Nutt. 1837. Penstemon tubaeflorus Nutt. (i) 1837. Penstemon tubiflorus Nutt. (i) 1949. P. tubaeflorus var. achoreus Fernald	Funnel-form beardtongue, White-wand beardtongue, Tube beardtongue	Introduced, N. America native			NYFA-X USDA-NX NPT Can ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp

CollinsiaEdit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Cheloneae — Collinsia
Collinsia Nutt. (1817)	Blue-eyed-Mary	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Collinsia verna Nutt. 1817. Collinsia verna Nutt. 1824. Collinsia bicolor Raf.	Blue-eyed Mary, Spring blue-eyed Mary, Eastern blue-eyed Mary, Broad-leaved collinsia, Innocence Collinsie printanière	Native, C:10, Endangered, No recent reports, DEC-A^[1] FAC-FACU Annual, Herb-forb			NYFA-Z USDA-NN NEW-0 Can ITIS Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Collinsia parviflora Lindl. 1813. Antirrhinum tenellum Pursh nom. illeg. 1827. Collinsia parviflora Lindl. 1846. Collinsia parviflora var. parviflora 1906. Collinsia tenella Piper nom. illeg.	Small-flowered blue-eyed Mary Maiden blue-eyed Mary Few-flowered blue-eyed Mary Blue-lips Small blue-eyed Mary Small-flowered collinsia Collinsie à petites fleurs	Introduced, N. America native, Not naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-NN Can ARS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered.

Tribe AntirrhineaeEdit

NuttallanthusEdit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Antirrhineae — Nuttallanthus
Nuttallanthus	Toadflax	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A.Sutton 1753. Antirrhinum canadense L. 1802. Linaria canadensis (L.) Dum. Cours. 1988. N. canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton	Old-field toadflax, Canada toadflax, Blue toadflax, Field toadflax Linaire du Canada	Native, C:3, Likely secure Biennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp

ChaenorhinumEdit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Antirrhineae — Chaenorhinum
Chaenorhinum	Dwarf-snapdragon	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Chaenorhinum minus (L.) Lange	Dwarf snapdragon	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp

LinariaEdit

Linaria vulgaris
butter-and-eggs

Linaria (toadflax) has also been placed in the Scrophulariaceae (figwort family).

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Antirrhineae — Linaria
Linaria	Toadflax	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Linaria vulgaris Mill. Linaria linaria (L.) Karst.	Butter-and-eggs, Yellow toadflax, Flax-weed, Wild snapdragon, Eggs-and-bacon	Introduced from Eurasia, Potentially invasive, Refs.^[1]^[2]			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Images, wsp
Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill. ssp. dalmatica L. genistifolia ssp. dalmatica Antirrhinum dalmaticum L.	Balkan toadflax, Dalmatian toadflax	Introduced from Mediterranean, Potentially invasive, Refs.^[3]^[4], Invasive.org			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Images, wsp
Linaria maroccana Hook. f.	Moroccan toadflax, Morocco toadflax	Introduced from Mediterranean, Impersistent, Not naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Images, wsp
Linaria genistifolia (L.) Mill. ssp. genistifolia 1753. Antirrhinum genistifolium L. 1768. Linaria genistifolia (L.) Mill.	Broom-leaved toad-flax	Introduced from Eurasia, Not naturalized			NYFA-Xm USDA-X0 NPT ARS Images, wsp
Linaria repens (L.) Mill. Linaria repens (L.) Mill. Linaria striata DC.	Pale toad-flax, Striped toadflax	Introduced, Not naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp
Linaria supina (L.) Chaz. ssp. supina Linaria repens (L.) Mill. Linaria striata DC.	Prostrate toad flax, Lesser butter and eggs	Introduced, Not naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-X0 Images, wsp
↑ National Invasive Species Information Center lists Linaria vulgaris as invasive in the US. ↑ Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States lists Linaria vulgaris as invasive in adjacent states CT & NJ and ten other states. ↑ National Invasive Species Information Center lists Linaria dalmatica as invasive in the US. ↑ Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States lists Linaria dalmatica as invasive in four western states.

CymbalariaEdit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Antirrhineae — Cymbalaria
Cymbalaria	Cymbalaria	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Cymbalaria muralis Gaertn., Meyer & Sherb. Linaria cymbalaria	Kenilworth ivy	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp
Cymbalaria pallida Wettst.	White coliseum-ivy, Italian toadflax	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-00 Images, wsp

KickxiaEdit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Antirrhineae — Kickxia
Kickxia	Cancerwort	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort.	Sharp-point toadflax	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp
Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort.	Round-leaved cancerwort	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp

AntirrhinumEdit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Antirrhineae — Antirrhinum
Antirrhinum	Snapdragon	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Antirrhinum majus	Garden snapdragon	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp

MisopatesEdit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Antirrhineae — Misopates
Misopates	Snapdragon	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Misopates orontium (L.) Raf. Antirrhinum orontium L.	Lesser snapdragon	Introduced, Impersistent			NYFA-Xm USDA-XX Images, wsp

Tribe CallitricheaeEdit

CallitricheEdit

Callitriche palustris
vernal water-starwort

The Callitriche found in New York are aquatic plants known as water-starworts.

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Callitricheae — Callitriche
Callitriche	Water-starwort	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Callitriche heterophylla Pursh ssp. heterophylla Callitriche anceps Fernald	Diverseleaf water-starwort, Twoheaded water-starwort	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Images, wsp
Callitriche palustris L. Callitriche verna L.	Vernal water-starwort	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Images, wsp
Callitriche terrestris Raf. Callitriche austinii Engelm. Callitriche deflexa A.Braun	Terrestrial water-starwort	Native, Threatened, DEC-B^[1]			NYFA-2-3 USDA-NN NPT Images, wsp
Callitriche hermaphroditica L.	Autumnal water-starwort, Northern water-starwort	Native, Endangered, DEC-A^[2]			NYFA-1 USDA-NN NPT Images, wsp
Callitriche stagnalis	Pond water-starwort	Introduced, Somewhat invasive, NYIS: 49%^[3]			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Images, wsp
↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (b) Threatened. ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Callitriche stagnalis: Moderate (49).

HippurisEdit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Callitricheae — Hippuris
Hippuris	Mare's-tail	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Hippuris vulgaris L. 1953. Hippuris vulgaris L.	Common mare's-tail Hippuride vulgaire, Queue de cheval, Pesse vulgaire	Native, Endangered, DEC-A^[1]			NYFA-1 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Images, wsp
↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered.

Tribe DigitalideaeEdit

DigitalisEdit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Digitalideae — Digitalis
Digitalis sect. Digitalis	Foxglove	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Digitalis purpurea L. 1753. Digitalis purpurea L.	Purple foxglove, Common foxglove, Digitalis, Fairy cap Digitale pourpre, Grande digitale	Introduced from Europe, Morocco, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 53%^[1]			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS Images, wsp
Digitalis sect. Globiflorae	Foxglove	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Digitalis lanata Ehrh. 1792. Digitalis lanata Ehrh.	Grecian foxglove, Woolly foxglove, Woolly digitalis Digitale laineuse	Introduced from Europe, Turkey, Somewhat invasive, NYIS: 37%^[2]			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS Images, wsp
Digitalis sect. Macranthae	Foxglove	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Digitalis grandiflora Mill. 1768. Digitalis grandiflora Mill. 1770. Digitalis ambigua Murray	Yellow foxglove, Large yellow foxglove Digitale à grandes fleurs	Introduced from Eurasia			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS Images, wsp
Digitalis lutea L. 1753. Digitalis lutea L.	Straw foxglove, Small yellow foxglove Digitale jaune, Digitale à petites fleurs, Petite digitale	Introduced from Europe			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Digitalis purpurea: Moderate (53). ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Digitalis lanata: Low (37).

Tribe VeroniceaeEdit

VeronicaEdit

Veronica subg. VeronicaEdit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Veronica
Veronica subg. Veronica	Speedwell	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Veronica scutellata L.	Marsh speedwell, Skullcap speedwell	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Images, wsp
Veronica officinalis L. 1753. Veronica officinalis L. 1862. V. officinalis var. tournefortii Rchb.	Common speedwell, Gypsy-weed, Common gypsy-weed	Introduced from Eurasia, Macaronesia, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 52%^[1]			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS ITIS Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Veronica officinalis: Moderate (52). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.

Veronica subg. BeccabungaEdit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Beccabunga
Veronica subg. Beccabunga	Speedwell	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Veronica americana Schwein. ex Benth. 1846	American speedwell, American brooklime	Native, C:4, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS Images, wsp
Veronica peregrina L. ssp. peregrina	Neckweed, Purslane speedwell	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Images, wsp
Veronica peregrina L. ssp. xalapensis Veronica xalapensis Kunth Veronica sherwoodii M.Peck	Hairy purslane speedwell, Neckweed	Native, Vulnerable			NYFA-3 USDA-NN NPT Images, wsp
Veronica catenata Pennell 1921. Veronica catenata Pennell Veronica comosa Richt. Veronica connata Raf. Veronica salina Schur. misapplied auct. V. anagallis-aquatica	Chained speedwell, Pink water speedwell, Water speedwell, Pennell's speedwell	Native, C:10, Vulnerable			NYFA-3-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS Images, wsp
Veronica serpyllifolia (Dicks. ex With.) Syme ssp. humifusa Veronica tenella All. Veronica humifusa Dicks.	Bright blue speedwell	Native, Likely extirpated			NYFA-X USDA-NN NPT Images, wsp
Veronica serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia	Thyme-leaved speedwell	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Images, wsp
Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. 1753. V. anagallis-aquatica L. V. brittonii Porter ex Pennell V. glandifera Pennell auct. V. catenata	Water speedwell, Blue speedwell, Water pimpernel, Brook pimpernel, Blue water speedwell Mouron d'eau	Introduced			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS BNA Images, wsp
Veronica beccabunga L.	Brooklime, European speedwell	Introduced, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 62%^[1]			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Veronica beccabunga: Moderate (62).

Veronica subg. ChamaedrysEdit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Chamaedrys
Veronica subg. Chamaedrys	Speedwell	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Veronica arvensis L.	Corn speedwell	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp
Veronica chamaedrys L.	Germander speedwell	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp
Veronica dillenii Crantz	Dillen's speedwell	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-X0 Images, wsp
Veronica verna L.	Spring speedwell	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp

Veronica subg. CochlidiospermaEdit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Cochlidiosperma
Veronica subg. Cochlidiosperma	Speedwell	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Veronica hederifolia L.	Ivy-leaved speedwell	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Images, wsp

Veronica subg. OrientalesEdit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Orientales
Veronica subg. Orientales	Speedwell	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Veronica austriaca L. ssp. teucrium (L.) D.A. Webb 1762. Veronica teucrium L. 1939. V. krylovii Schischk. 1972. V. austriaca ssp. teucrium	Broad-leaved speedwell Broadleaf speedwell Large speedwell	Introduced from Eurasia, Unk. naturalization			NYFA-X USDA-XX ARS Images, wsp

Veronica subg. PocillaEdit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Pocilla
Veronica subg. Pocilla	Speedwell	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Veronica agrestis L.	Field speedwell, Green field speedwell	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Images, wsp
Veronica biloba L. Pocilla biloba (L.) W.A. Weber	Two-lobe speedwell	Introduced, Rare			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Images, wsp
Veronica filiformis Sm.	Slender speedwell	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Images, wsp
Veronica persica Poir. Pocilla persica	Bird-eye speedwell	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Images, wsp
Veronica polita Fries Pocilla polita (Fr.) Fourr. Veronica didyma Ten. p.p.	Wayside speedwell	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Images, wsp

Veronica subg. PseudolysimachionEdit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Pseudolysimachion
Veronica subg. Pseudolysimachion	Speedwell	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Veronica longifolia L. 1753. Veronica longifolia L. 1852. Pseudolysimachion longifolium (L.) Opiz	Longleaf speedwell, Long-leaf speedwell, Long-leaved speedwell, Garden speedwell	Introduced, Eurasia native			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT ARS ITIS Images, wsp
Veronica spicata L. 1753. Veronica spicata L. 1769. Veronica orchidea Crantz 1817. Veronica barrelieri Schult. 1852. Pseudolysimachion spicatum (L.) Opiz 1950. Veronica hololeuca Juz.	Spike speedwell	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT ARS Images, wsp
Veronica bachofenii Heuff. 1821. Veronica grandis Fisch. ex Spreng. misapplied 1835. Veronica bachofenii Heuff. 1967. Pseudolysimachion bachofenii	Heartleaf speedwell, Heart-leaved speedwell	Introduced from eastern Europe, Impersistent, Not naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT ARS ITIS Images, wsp

VeronicastrumEdit

Veronicastrum virginicum
Culver's root

Culver's root is the sole species of Veronicastrum, meaning "false Veronica."

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronicastrum
Veronicastrum	Veronicastrum	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. 1753. Veronica virginica L. 1818. Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt. 1917. Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.	Culver's root, Blackroot, Bowman's root, Tall speedwell	Native, C:5, Threatened FAC-FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun - part shade			NYFA-2 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS BNA LBJ Images, wsp

Tribe PlantagineaeEdit

Littorella Edit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Plantagineae — Littorella
Littorella	Shore grass	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Littorella americana Fernald 1753. Plantago uniflora L. 1859. Littorella uniflora (L.) Asch. 1918. Littorella americana Fernald 1952. Littorella uniflora var. americana Gleason 1996. Plantago americana Rahn	American shore-grass	Native, Endangered OBL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-1 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. NSE BNA IPN Images, wsp Note: ^[1]
↑ USDA-ARS Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) treats Littorella as a subgenus of Plantago and Littorella uniflora as a synonym of Plantago uniflora. It also considers this species to be a European native, referencing Aldén, Ryman & Hjertson (2009).

PlantagoEdit

Plantago subg. PlantagoEdit

Plantago rugelii
black-seeded plantain

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Plantagineae — Plantago subg. Plantago
Plantago subg. Plantago	Plantain	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Plantago rugelii Decne.	Rugel’s plantain Blackseed plantain Black-seeded plantain American plantain	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NX NPT iNat Images, wsp
Plantago virginica L.	Virginia plantain, Pale-seeded plantain, Hoary plantain	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NX NPT Images, wsp
Plantago cordata Lam. 1792. Plantago cordata Lam.	Heart-leaved plantain, Heartleaf plantain, Kingroot	Native, Rare OBL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-3 USDA-NN NPT ARS Images, wsp
Plantago pusilla Nutt.	Dwarf plantain	Introduced, N. America native			USDA-N0 NPT Images, wsp
Plantago heterophylla Nutt.	Slender plantain	Introduced, N. America native			NYFA-X USDA-N0 NPT Images, wsp
Plantago major L.	Common plantain, Nipple-seeded plantain	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Images, wsp
Plantago media L.	Lamb's tongue plantain Hoary plantain Plantain moyen Plantain bâtard	Introduced from Eurasia			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT ARS Trop. Images, wsp
Plantago subg. Plantago (excluded taxa)	Plantain	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Plantago eriopoda Torr.	Redwool plantain	Introduced, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-NN NPT Images, wsp

Plantago subg. CoronopusEdit

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Plantagineae — Plantago subg. Coronopus
Plantago	Plantain	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Plantago maritima L. var. juncoides Plantago juncoides Lam. Plantago maritima ssp. borealis Plantago oliganthos	Seaside plantain	Native, Threatened			NYFA-2-3 USDA-NN Images, wsp
Plantago coronopus L.	Buckhorn plantain	Introduced, Rare			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp

Plantago subg. Psyllium s.lEdit

This subgenus combines subg. Psyllium s.s and subg. Albicans, which have been found to be polyphyletic when treated separately.

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Plantagineae — Plantago subg. Psyllium s.l
Plantago	Plantain	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Plantago aristata Michx.	Largebracted plantain, Rat-tail plantain, Western ripplegrass	Introduced, N. America native			NYFA-X USDA-NX Images, wsp
Plantago patagonica Jacq.	Woolly plantain	Introduced, N. America native			NYFA-X USDA-NN Images, wsp
Plantago lanceolata L.	English plantain, Narrowleaf plantain, Narrow-leaved plantain	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Images, wsp
Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit. 1753. Plantago psyllium L., nom. utique rej. 1759. Plantago indica L., nom. utique rej. 1794. Plantago scabra Moench 1801. Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit.	Flaxseed plantain Sand plantain	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX ARS Images, wsp

Family ScrophulariaceaeEdit

The Scrophulariaceae (figwort Family) ...^[1]^[2]

Tribe ScrophularieaeEdit

ScrophulariaEdit

Lamiales — Scrophulariaceae — Scrophularieae — Scrophularia
Scrophularia	Figwort	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh 1813	Hare figwort, Lanceleaf figwort, American figwort	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS Images, wsp
Scrophularia marilandica L. 1753	Carpenter's square, Figwort, Eastern figwort, Maryland figwort	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS Images, wsp
Scrophularia nodosa L. 1753	Woodland figwort, Common figwort, Figwort	Introduced, Eurasia native			NYFA-X USDA-NX ARS ITIS Images, wsp
Scrophularia auriculata L. 1753 S. aquatica auct.	Shoreline figwort, Water betony, Water figwort	Introduced, Impersistent			NYFA-Xm USDA-X0 ARS ITIS Images, wsp
↑ Scrophulariaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York. ↑ Scrophulariaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

VerbascumEdit

Lamiales — Scrophulariaceae — Scrophularieae — Verbascum
Verbascum	Mullein	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Verbascum blattaria L. 1753. Verbascum blattaria L.	Moth mullein, White moth mullein	Introduced, Eurasia native, N. Africa native			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT ARS ITIS Images, wsp
Verbascum thapsus L. 1753 1753. Verbascum thapsus L.	Common mullein, Great mullein Molène, Bouillon blanc	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Images, wsp
Verbascum lychnitis L. 1753. Verbascum lychnitis L.	White mullein	Introduced, Eurasia native			NYFA-X USDA-XX ARS ITIS Images, wsp
Verbascum × spurium K.Koch Verbascum lychnitis × Verbascum thapsus 1837. Verbascum spurium K.Koch	Mullein	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-X0 ARS Images, wsp
Verbascum phlomoides L. 1753 1753. Verbascum phlomoides L.	Orange mullein, Clasping-leaved mullein	Introduced, Eurasia native			NYFA-X USDA-XX ARS ITIS Images, wsp
Verbascum phoeniceum L. 1753. Verbascum phoeniceum L. 1753. Verbascum phoenicium L.	Purple mullein	Introduced, Eurasia native			NYFA-X USDA-X0 ARS ITIS Images, wsp
Verbascum sinuatum L. 1753. Verbascum sinuatum L.	Wavyleaf mullein, Wavy-leaved mullein, Black-leaved mullein, Scallop-leaved mullein	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-X0 ITIS Images, wsp

Tribe LimoselleaeEdit

LimosellaEdit

Lamiales — Scrophulariaceae — Limoselleae — Limosella
Limosella	Mudwort	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Limosella australis R.Br. (1810) L. aquatica var. tenuifoliaL. subulata	Mudwort, Welsh mudwort	Native, Rare, Vulnerable			NYFA-3 USDA-NN ITIS Images, wsp

Tribe BuddlejeaeEdit

BuddlejaEdit

One species of Butterfly bush, Buddleja davidii has escaped cultivation and become invasive in New York State. It has been widely planted to attract butterflies and birds, but it has been found to be invasive in many temperate locations outside of its native range in China. Butterfly-bush should not be confused with butterfly-weed (Asclepias tuberosa), which is a native milkweed.

Lamiales — Scrophulariaceae — Buddlejeae — Buddleja
Buddleja	Butterflybush	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Buddleja davidii Franch. 1888. Buddleja davidii Franch.	Orange-eyed butterfly-bush, Orange-eye butterfly-bush, Orange eye butterflybush, Butterfly bush, Orange eye, Summer lilac Arbre aux papillons, Lilas d'été	Introduced from China, Invasive, NYIS: 45%^[1] FACU Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT ARS Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Buddleja davidii: Low (45). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.

← Solanales	Flora of New York — Lamiales 1: Oleaceae, Tetrachondraceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae				→ Lamiales 2: Lamiaceae
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

[1] P. F. Stevens, (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 13, September 2013. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/

[2] Oleaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[3] Oleaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

[4] Paul M. Catling (2007) "Weeping forsythia, another shrub naturalized in Canada." Botanical Electronic News No. 378 April 25, 2007. Victoria, B.C.

[5] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Syringa reticulata: 31% (Capital/Mohawk).

[6] USDA-NRCS Plants database showed Syringa villosa in Westchester County, apparently based on Glenn, S.D. (ed.). 2013. New York Metropolitan Flora database. New York Metropolitan Flora Project, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, New York. The New York Metropolitan Flora Project entry for genus Syringa at http://nymf.bbg.org/genus/195, only shows S. reticulata and S. vulgaris present in the New York metro area.

[7] ttps://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/syringa/josikaea/ shows Syringa josikaea appearing to be naturalized in adjacent Berkshire County, MA.

[8] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum vulgare: Moderate (68).

[9] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum obtusifolium: High (77).

[10] New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

[CP2-11] Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2009)

[NE4-12] Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[13] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum obtusifolium: Not assessed (NA).

[14] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum ovalifolium: Moderate (45).

[CP3-15] Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2009)

[16] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum sinense: Not assessed (NA).

[17] Don Cipollini & Chad M. Rigsby (2015) "Incidence of Infestation and Larval Success of Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) on White Fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus), Chinese Fringetree (Chionanthus retusus), and Devilwood (Osmanthus americanus)" Environ Entomol 44(5):1375-1383, 22 July 2015.

[18] Tetrachondraceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[19] Tetrachondraceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

[20] Plantaginaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[21] Plantaginaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

[22] 6 CRR-NY 193.3(d) Exploitably vulnerable native plants.

[23] Dale T. Lindgren and Daniel M. Schaaf (2009). "Penstemon 'Dark Towers'." HortScience June 2009 vol. 44 no. 3 852-853

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