Flora of New York/Fagales

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The order Fagales is part of the nitrogen-fixing clade:

nitrogen‑fixing clade

Fabales

Rosales

Cucurbitales

Fagales

Fagaceae (beech family: oak, chestnut, and beech)

	Myricaceae (bayberry family: sweet-fern and bayberry)

	Juglandaceae (walnut family: walnut and hickory)

Betulaceae (birch family: alder, birch, hornbeam, and hazelnut)

However, the vast majority of species able to form nitrogen-fixing root nodules are in the Fabaceae (legume family). In the Fagales, only the Myricaceae (bayberry family) and Alnus (alder) species are able to fix nitrogen.

Fagales species primarily take the form of trees. They have also been placed in the Juglandales.

Clades	Order	Family	Subfamily	Tribe	Genus	Common names		#
angiosperms: eudicots: rosids: fabids	Fagales	Fagaceae	Quercoideae	Querceae	Quercus	oak	white oak	15
				Querceae	Quercus	oak	red oak	16
				Castaneeae	Castanea	chestnut		4
			Fagoideae	—	Fagus	beech		2
		Myricaceae	—	—	Comptonia	sweetfern		1
					Myrica	sweetgale		1
					Morella	bayberry		2
		Juglandaceae	Juglandoideae	Juglandeae	Juglans	walnut, butternut		3
		Juglandaceae	Juglandoideae	Caryeae	Carya	hickory		8
		Betulaceae	Betuloideae	—	Alnus	alder		5
			Betuloideae	—	Betula	birch		15
			Coryloideae	Carpineae	Carpinus	hornbeam		3
				Carpineae	Ostrya	hop hornbean		1
				Coryleae	Corylus	hazelnut		3

Family Fagaceae edit

The Fagaceae (beech family) contains the oaks (Quercus), chestnuts (Castanea), and beeches (Fagus).^[1]^[2]

↑ Fagaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
↑ Paul S. Manos, Zhe-Kun Zhou, and Charles H. Cannon (2001). "Systematics of Fagaceae: Phylogenic Test of Reproductive Trait Evolution" (PDF). International Journal of Plant Sciences. 162(6): 1361–1379.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Subfamily Quercoideae edit

The Quercoideae, as organized here, includes the oaks and the chestnuts.

Tribe Querceae edit

Querceae currently comprises only genus Quercus. In previous schemes, the tribe also included upgraded Quercus subgenera, including Macrobalanus (large-fruited white oaks) and Erythrobalanus (red and black oaks).^[1]^[2]

Quercus edit

The genus Quercus contains the oaks, which comprise about 30 taxa of trees and shrubs in New York. Two sections of oaks in the subgenus Quercus are found in the state: sect. Quercus (white oaks) and sect. Lobate (red oaks). They commonly hybridized only within their own section.^[1]

↑ Steven D. Glenn (2013). Quercus. New York Metropolitan Flora Project.

Quercus sect. Quercus edit

Quercus montana
chestnut oak

The Quercus section Quercus contains the white-oak group, most members of which have leaves with rounded lobes. White oaks produce acorns that mature in a single season and are relatively sweet.

Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Quercus
Genus Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Quercus	White oak group	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Quercus alba L. 1753. Quercus alba L. 1803. Quercus alba var. pinnatifida Michx. 1803. Quercus alba var. repanda Michx. 1838. Quercus repanda (Michx.) Raf. (nom. illeg.) 1838. Quercus nigrescens Raf. 1838. Quercus retusa Raf. 1841. Quercus candida Steud. 1891. Quercus ramosa Dippel 1918. Quercus alba var. latiloba Sarg. 1924. Quercus alba var. longigemma Trel. 1924. Quercus alba var. ryderi Trel. 1960. Quercus alba var. subcaerulea Pickens & M.Pickens 1960. Quercus alba var. subflavea Pickens & M.Pickens	White oak, Eastern white oak, Stave oak Chêne blanc	Native, CoC: 7, Secure, S5, G5 FACU Perennial, Tree, Sun - shade		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN LBJ Images Wikispecies
Quercus bicolor Willd. 1783. Quercus prinus var. platanoides Lam. 1785. Quercus alba var. palustris Marshall 1790. Quercus alba var. palustris Castigl. (nom. illeg.) 1801. Quercus bicolor Willd. 1818. Quercus bicolor var. mollis Nutt. 1842. Quercus prinus var. bicolor Spach 1864. Quercus velutina L'Hér. ex A.DC. (nom. illeg.) 1864. Quercus filiformis Muhl. ex A.DC (pro syn.) 1864. Quercus bicolor var. platanoides A.DC. 1886. Quercus discolor var. bicolor Hampton 1891. Quercus bicolor var. angustifolia Dippel 1891. Quercus bicolor var. cuneiformis Dippel 1892. Quercus platanoides (Lam.) Sudw.	Swamp white oak Chêne bicolore, Chêne bleu	Native, CoC: 7, Secure, S5, G5 OBL-FACW Perennial, Tree, Part shade		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies
Quercus montana Willd. 1789. Quercus prinus var. lata Aiton 1789. Quercus prinus var. oblongata Aiton 1789. Quercus rubra var. montana Aiton (nom. illeg.) 1801. Quercus prinus var. monticola Michx. 1801. Quercus prinus var. palustris Michx. 1803. Quercus pumila Michx. (nom. illeg.) 1805. Quercus montana Willd. 1838. Quercus carpinifolia Raf. 1838. Quercus granulata Raf. 1838. Quercus longifolia Raf. 1838. Quercus versicolor Raf. 1864. Quercus monticola G.Kirchn. 1891. Quercus carolineana Dippel	Chestnut oak ⓘ Mountain chestnut oak ⓘ Rock chestnut oak ⓘ	Native, CoC: 8, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 5 GBIF	USDA-N0 COL POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA FNA Images Wikispecies
Quercus prinoides Willd. 1785. Quercus prinus var. humilis Marshall 1801. Quercus prinus var. pumila Michx. 1801. Quercus prinoides Willd. 1811. Quercus prinus var. chincapin F.Michx. 1814. Quercus chinquapin Pursh 1838. Quercus prinoides Raf. (nom. illeg.) 1838. Quercus chincapin (F.Michx.) Raf. 1877. Quercus castanea var. prinoides (Willd.) Muhl. ex Engelm. 1886. Quercus muehlenbergii var. humilis (Marshall) Britton 1907. Quercus prinoides var. rufescens Rehder 1918. Quercus rufescens (Rehder) E.P.Bicknell	Dwarf chinquapin oak, Scrub chestnut oak	Native, CoC: 8, Secure FACU-UPL Perennial, Tree-shrub		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA FNA Images Wikispecies
Quercus macrocarpa Michx. 1801. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. 1812. Quercus olivaeformis F.Michx. 1838. Cerris macrocarpa (Michx.) Raf. 1838. Cerris oliviformis (F.Michx.) Raf. 1856. Quercus macrocarpa var. oliviformis (F.Michx.) A.Gray 1876. Quercus macrocarpa var. depressa (Nutt.) Engelm. 1924. Quercus macrocarpa f. oliviformis (F.Michx.) Trel 1931. Quercus mandanensis Rydb. 1935. Quercus macrocarpa ssp. oliviformis (F.Michx.) A.Camus	Bur oak, Burr oak, Mossy-cup oak, Blue oak Chêne à gros fruits	Native, CoC: 6, Likely secure FAC-FACU Perennial, Tree-shrub		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 1803. Quercus prinus var. acuminata Michx. 1877. Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 1884. Quercus rubra var. muehlenbergii (Engelm.) Wenz. 1895. Quercus acuminata Sarg. (i) 1901. Quercus brayi Small	Chinkapin oak, Chinquapin oak, Yellow chestnut oak Chêne jaune, Chêne de Mühlenberg	Native, CoC: 8, Likely secure FACU-UPL Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Quercus stellata Wangenh. 1787. Quercus stellata Wangenh. 1803. Quercus obtusiloba Michx. 1918. Quercus minor (Marshall) Sarg. 1918. Quercus stellata var. attenuata 1918. Quercus stellata var. parviloba	Post oak Chêne étoilé, Chêne à étoilé	Native, CoC: 9, Likely secure FACU-UPL Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 4	USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies
Quercus robur L. 1753. Quercus robur L. 1790. Quercus pedunculata Ehrh.	English oak, Pedunculate oak, European oak Chêne pédonculé	Introduced from Eurasia, Cultivated, Rarely naturalizes Perennial, Tree		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Genus Quercus sect. Quercus (excluded taxa)	White oak group	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Quercus michauxii Nutt. 1818. Quercus michauxii Nutt.	Swamp chestnut oak, Basket oak, Cow oak	N. America native southeastern U.S., N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Quercus margarettae (Ashe) Small 1894. Quercus minor var. margarettae Ashe 1903. Quercus margaretta (Ashe) Small 1913. Quercus stellata var. margarettae (Ashe) Sarg. 1983. Quercus stellata ssp. margarettae (Ashe) A.E.Murray	Sand post oak, Runner oak, Dwarf post oak	N. America native southeastern U.S., N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies

Quercus sect. Quercus hybrids edit

These are the naturally-occurring white oak hybrids found in New York State.

Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Quercus
Genus Quercus sect. Quercus	White oak group	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Quercus × saulii C.K.Schneid. Quercus alba × Quercus montana	Saul's oak, Hybrid of white oak & chestnut oak	Native, Vulnerable		NYFA: 3?	USDA-N0 Go Botany ITIS Images Wikispecies
Quercus × jackiana Schneid. Quercus alba × Quercus bicolor	Jack's oak, Hybrid of white oak & swamp-white oak Chêne de Jack	Native, Endangered		NYFA: 1?	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN Images Wikispecies
Quercus × faxonii Trel. Quercus alba × Quercus prinoides	Faxon's oak, Hybrid of white oak & dwarf chinkapin oak	Native, Endangered		NYFA: 1?	USDA-N0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Quercus × fernowii Trel. Quercus alba × Quercus stellata	Fernow's oak, Hybrid of white oak & post oak	Native, Endangered, Impersistent		NYFA: 1?	USDA-N0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Quercus × schuettei Trel. Quercus bicolor × Quercus macrocarpa Quercus × hillii Trel.	Schuette's oak, Hybrid of swamp white oak & burr oak Chêne de Schuette	Native, Unranked		NYFA: U	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN Images Wikispecies
Quercus × bebbiana C.K.Schneid. Quercus alba × Quercus macrocarpa	Bebb's oak, Hybrid of white oak & burr oak Chêne de Bebb	Native, Unranked		NYFA: U	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN Images Wikispecies
Quercus × deamii Trel. Quercus macrocarpa × Quercus muehlenbergii^[1] 1917. Quercus × deamii Trel. 1948. Quercus × fallax E.J.Palmer	Deam's oak, Hybrid of burr oak & chinkapin oak Chêne de Deam	Native, Unranked		NYFA: U	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Images Wikispecies
↑ Trelease (1924) considered Q.× deamii to be Q.alba × Q.muehlenbergii. Bartlett (1951) showed that Q.macrocarpa × Q.muehlenbergii were more likely to have been the real parents of Q.× deamii. Meanwhile E.J.Palmer (1948) published the name Q.× fallax for oaks with that parentage. So now Q.× fallax is considered to be a synonym of Q.× deamii.

Quercus sect. Lobatae edit

Red oak

The Quercus section Lobatae (similar to sect. Erythrobalanus) contains the red oak group, most members of which have leaves with pointed or spiny lobes. Red oaks produce acorns that require two seasons (18 months) to mature and are relatively bitter.

Note that Quercus lobata (a California native) is a member of sect. Querca, not sect. Lobatae, as might be inferred from its name.

The oaks of this group are especially susceptible to the oak wilt fungus (Bretziella fagacearum. formerly Ceratocystis fagacearum).^[1]

↑ Oak Wilt in the Northeastern and Midwestern States. A Story Map by the USDA Forest Service Eastern Region

Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Lobatae
Genus Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Lobatae	Red oak group	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Quercus rubra L. 1753. Quercus rubra L. 1817. Quercus borealis Michx. 1916. Quercus maxima (Marshall) Ashe 1916. Quercus borealis var. maxima (Marshall) Ashe (i) 1916. Quercus borealis var. maxima (Marshall) Sarg.	Red oak, Northern red oak Chêne rouge	Native, CoC: 7, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree, Sun - part shade		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Quercus velutina Lam. 1785. Quercus velutina Lam. 1908. Quercus velutinavar. missouriensis 1917. Quercus missouriensis Ashe	Black oak, Eastern black oak	Native, CoC: 7, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh. 1785. Quercus rubravar. nana Marshall 1787. Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh. 1895. Quercus nana (Marshall) Sarg. (i)	Scrub oak, Bear oak Chêne à feuilles de houx, Chêne de Banister	Native, CoC: 7, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree, shrub		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Quercus coccinea Münchh. 1770. Quercus coccinea Münchh. 1789. Quercus rubravar. coccinea 1918. Quercus coccineavar. tuberculata	Scarlet oak	Native, CoC: 8, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree, Sun		NYFA: 5	USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Quercus palustris Münchh. 1770. Quercus palustris Münchh.	Pin oak	Native, CoC: 7, Likely secure FACW Perennial, Tree, Sun - shade		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos LBJ FEIS Images Wikispecies
Quercus marilandica Münchh. var. marilandica 1753. Quercus nigravar. marilandica 1770. Quercus marilandica Münchh.	Blackjack oak	Native, CoC: 7, Rare UPL Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 3	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA LBJ Images Wikispecies
Quercus phellos L. 1753. Quercus phellos L.	Willow oak	Native, CoC: 8, Endangered FACW-FAC Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 1	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA LBJ Images Wikispecies
Quercus shumardii Buckley 1860. Quercus shumardii Buckley	Shumard('s) oak, Shumard red oak, Southern red oak, Swamp red oak	Native, CoC: 8, Endangered FACW-FAC Perennial, Tree, shrub		NYFA: 1	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS LBJ Images Wikispecies
Quercus imbricaria Michx. 1801. Quercus imbricaria Michx. 1842. Quercus phellosvar. imbricaria 1936. Erythrobalanus imbricaria (Michx.) O.Schwarz	Shingle oak, Laurel oak	Introduced from midwestern US, Midwest native, Not naturalized FAC-FACU Perennial, Tree		NYFA: X	USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Genus Quercus sect. Lobatae (excluded taxa)	Red oak group	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Quercus falcata Michx. 1801. Quercus falcata Michx.	Southern red oak, Spanish oak	N. America native southern U.S., N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 FNA Tropicos BBG Images Wikispecies Note: ^[1]
Quercus pagoda Raf. 1824. Quercus falcata var. pagodifolia Elliott 1838. Quercus pagoda Raf. 1896. Quercus pagodifolia (Elliott) Ashe 1917. Quercus rubra var. leucophylla Ashe 1918. Quercus rubra var. pagodifolia (Elliott) Ashe ex Sarg. 1935. Quercus falcata var. leucophylla (Ashe) Palmer & Steyerm.	Cherrybark oak, Cherry-bark oak	N. America native southern U.S., N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
↑ New York Metropolitan Flora Project (BBG) shows Quercus falcata in northeastern New Jersey, within then New York City metropolitan area.

Quercus sect. Lobatae hybrids edit

These are the naturally-occurring red oak hybrids found in New York State.

Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Lobatae
Genus Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Lobatae	Red oak hybrids	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Quercus × bushii Sarg. Quercus marilandica × Quercus velutina	Bush's oak, Hybrid of blackjack oak & black oak	Native, Threatened, Impersistent		NYFA: 2	USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies
Quercus × brittonii W.T. Davis (pro sp.) Quercus ilicifolia × Quercus marilandica	Britton's oak, Hybrid of scrub oak & blackjack oak	Native, Endangered		NYFA: 1?	Images Wikispecies
Quercus × rehderi Trel. Quercus ilicifolia × Quercus velutina	Rehder's oak, Hybrid of scrub oak & black oak	Native, Endangered		NYFA: 1?	USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies
Quercus × hawkinsiae Sudw. Quercus rubra × Quercus velutina Quercus × hawkinsi Sudw. Quercus × hawkinsii Sudw. Quercus × porteri Trelease illeg.	Hawkins' oak, Hybrid of red oak & black oak Chêne de Hawkins	Native, Endangered		NYFA: 1?	USDA-NN VASCAN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Quercus × rudkinii Britton (pro sp.) Quercus marilandica × Quercus phellos Quercus × dubia Ashe	Rudkin's oak, Hybrid of blackjack oak & willow oak	Native, Endangered			ITIS Images Wikispecies
Quercus × filialis Little Quercus phellos × Quercus velutina	Varileaf oak, Hybrid of willow oak & black oak	Native, Unranked		NYFA: U	USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies
Quercus × heterophylla Michx.f. Quercus phellos × Quercus rubra Quercus × hollickii Schneid.	Variable-leaved oak, Hybrid of willow oak & red oak	Native, Unranked		NYFA: U	USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies

Quercus sect. Cerris edit

Quercus acutissima

The potentially invasive Asian sawtooth oak has not been listed as naturalized in New York, but it has been until recently distributed as a "conservation" tree in the state, and has been listed as naturalized in Pennsylvania. It is reported as invasive in Wisconsin, South Carolina, and Georgia.

Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Cerris
Genus Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Cerris	Turkish oak group	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Quercus cerris L. Quercus cerris L.	European turkey oak ⓘ Turkey oak ⓘ	Introduced, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives, Invasive.org: [1], GRIIS-US: Present, SNA		NYFA: Xm NYFA: New York (2013) GBIF 5 SE counties	ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Quercus acutissima Carruth.	Sawtooth oak ⓘ Sawhorn oak ⓘ	Introduced from Asia, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives, Invasive.org: [2], GRIIS-US: Invasive, Cultivated, Not naturalized, NPS		NYFA: 0 NYFA: Not listed iNat 11 counties	USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies

Tribe Castaneeae edit

Castanea edit

Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.
American chestnut

Native American chestnut trees (Castanea dentata) were a major component of many New York forests until the introduction of the exotic chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) in the late 19th century. Mature American chestnuts are now rare, but stump sprouts are keeping the chestnut genome alive.

Fagales — Fagaceae — Castanoideae — Castanea
Genus Castanea	Chestnut	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. 1785. Fagus dentata Marshall (i) 1800. C. dentata (Marshall) Borkh. 1803. C. vescavar. americana 1817. C. americana (Michx.) Raf.	American chestnut, Chestnut Châtaignier d'Amérique	Native, CoC: 6, Likely secure UPL Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies Note: ^[1]
Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. 1768. Fagus pumila L. 1768. Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. 1818. Castanea alnifolia Nutt	Chinquapin Chinkapin Dwarf chestnut ⓘ Allegheny chinquapin	N. America native, Unranked UPL		NYFA: X	USDA-N0 Go Botany FNA BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc.	Japanese chestnut ⓘ Korean chestnut ⓘ	Introduced, Unk. naturalization		NYFA: Xu	USDA-X0 BBG Images Wikispecies
Castanea sativa Mill. Castanea vesca Castanea vulgaris	European chestnut	Introduced from Europe, Impersistent, Not naturalized		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Genus Castanea (excluded taxa)	Chestnut	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Castanea mollissima Blume	Chinese chestnut ⓘ	Introduced, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-X0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies
↑ Castanea dentata status is misleading because although the species is not rare and will likely persist, chestnut blight prevents the trees from maturing. Most grow from root suckers.

Subfamily Fagoideae edit

Fagus edit

American beech (Fagus grandifolia)

The American beech, Fagus grandifolia, is a widespread hardwood tree in New York, and historically associated with Acer saccharum (sugar maple) in beech-maple climax forests. The American beech, however, is susceptible to beech bark disease, which is now common in New York. The disease is made possible by the non-native beech scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga, which pierces the bark to feed on the sap. The resulting holes allow Nectria fungus spores to enter. Eventually the exotic fungus kills portions of inner bark and induces cankers that often girdle and kill the tree.^[1] Given these facts, the "secure" status for American beech may be counter-intuitive, but the loss of larger infected trees increases the number of root suckers and stump sprouts, causing dense beech thickets, which have little benefit for wildlife or timber harvesters. So, as with other disease-prone trees such as American elm and American chestnut, the threat of extirpation is low, even though the health of the existing population remains poor. In fact, foresters in New York often consider the American beech to be a native invasive or interfering species and treat beech tree stumps with glyphosate immediately after cutting to prevent such resprouts.^[2]

Fagales — Fagaceae — Fagoideae — Fagus
Fagus	Beech	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. 1788. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. 1789. Fagus ferruginea Aiton 1826. Fagus americana Sweet 1907. Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana (Loudon) Fernald & Rehder 1940. Fagus grandifolia ssp. heterophylla Camp	American beech Hêtre américain	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Fagus sylvatica L. 1753. Fagus sylvatica L.	European beech	Introduced from Eurasia		NYFA: X	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Family Myricaceae edit

The Myricaceae Blume 1829 (bayberry family) contains the bayberry, sweetgale, and sweet-fern species.^[1]

Robert L. Wilbur (1994) recommended splitting Myrica (bayberry and sweetgale), moving most of the bayberry species to Morella and leaving sweetgale in Myrica. He also expressed doubt about whether the two eastern North American bayberry species, M. pensylvanica and M. caroliniensis, were distinct enough to be considered separate species.^[2] In 2002, Wilbur made the recommendation that the two eastern North American bayberry species should be treated as a single species, Morella caroliniensis.^[3]

↑ Myricaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
↑ Robert L. Wilbur (1994). "The Myricaceae of the United States and Canada: genera, subgenera, and series." SIDA, Contributions to Botany 16(1):93-107.
↑ R.L. Wilbur (2002). "The identity and history of Myrica caroliniensis (Myricaceae)." Rhodora 104:39.

Comptonia edit

Fagales — Myricaceae — Myriceae — Comptonia
Genus Comptonia L’Hér. 1789	Sweet-fern	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Comptonia peregrina (L.) J.M.Coult. 1753. Liquidambar peregrina L. 1753. Myrica aspleniifolia L. 1763. Liquidambar aspleniifolia (L.) L. 1789. Comptonia aspleniifolia (L.) L’Hér. 1891. Myrica peregrina (L.) Kuntze 1894. Comptonia peregrina (L.) J.M.Coult.	Sweet fern, Fern gale Comptonie voyageuse, Comptonie à feuilles d'asplénie	Native, CoC: 6, Secure Perennial, Shrub, subshrub		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies

Myrica edit

Fagales — Myricaceae — Myriceae — Myrica
Genus Myrica L. 1754	Sweetgale	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Myrica gale L. 1753. Myrica gale L. 1889. Gale palustris Chev.	Sweet bayberry, Bog-myrtle, Sweet gale, Meadow-fern Myrique baumier, Bois-sent-bon	Native, Secure, Circumoreal OBL Perennial, Shrub		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies

Morella edit

Some sources, including the New York Flora Atlas, treat northern and southern bayberry as a single species. Other sources treat them separately. If treated as two distinct species, only northern bayberry (Morella pensylvanica) is thought to be native or naturalized in New York. But, if treated as as single species, Morella caroliniensis would have priority as the species name.

Fagales — Myricaceae — Myriceae — Morella
Genus Morella Lour. 1790	Bayberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Morella pensylvanica (Mirb.) Kartesz 1804. Myrica pensylvanica Mirb. 1919. Myrica macfarlanei Youngken 1937. Cerothamnus pensylvanicus Moldenke 1999. Morella pensylvanica (Mirb.) Kartesz^[1]	Northern bayberry, Candleberry, Waxberry, Tallow bayberry, Tallowshrub, Swamp candleberry, Candlewood Cirier de Pennsylvanie, Myrique de Pennsylvanie	Native, CoC: 7, Likely secure, S4, G5 FAC Perennial, Shrub		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ MBG Images Wikispecies
Morella caroliniensis (Mill.) Small 1768. Myrica caroliniensis Mill. 1838. Myrica heterophylla Raf. 1903. Morella caroliniensis Small 1910. Cerothamnus caroliniensis Tidestr.	Southern bayberry, Evergreen bayberry, Wax-myrtle, Small bayberry	N. America native		NYFA: 4	USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP MBG Images Wikispecies
↑ NYFA lists Morella pensylvanica as Morella caroliniensis (Mill.) Small, with Myrica pensylvanica as a synonym. However, the other sources listed here (except for Flora Novae Angliae @Go Botany) do not treat northern and southern bayberry as the same species. Flora of North America lists southern bayberry as Myrica heterophylla, and after discussing the minor differences between northern and southern bayberry, states "Whether these differences are sufficient to warrant the recognition of distinct species is yet to be satisfactorily resolved."

Family Juglandaceae edit

The New York members of the Juglandaceae (walnut family) include about ten reported native walnut and hickory species, and a single non-native walnut species.^[1] These trees are valuable both for their timber and nut production.

↑ Juglandaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Subfamily Juglandoideae edit

Both of the New York Juglandaceae tribes are placed in the Juglandoideae. Their fruits are similar in that they are composed of a nut surrounded by a fleshy outer covering so that they somewhat resemble a drupe such as a peach or plum.

Tribe Juglandeae edit

The Juglandeae in New York consist of the relatively common native black walnut and butternut (or white walnut) trees.

Juglans edit

Black walnut (Juglans nigra) may not be native to all parts of New York. It was once a dominant tree in the midwest and southeast, and was probably cultivated by Native Americans in parts of the state where it didn't occur naturally.

Most butternut (Juglans cinerea) trees in the state appear to have been infected by the butternut canker (the fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum) . Some naturalized "English" and possibly "Japanese" walnut trees have also been found in the southeastern part of the state.

Fagales — Juglandaceae — Juglandoideae — Juglandeae — Juglans
Genus Juglans sect. Rhysocaryon	Black walnuts	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Juglans nigra L. 1753. Juglans nigra L. 1861. Wallia nigra (L.) Alef.	Black walnut, American walnut Noyer noir, Noyer noir d'Amérique	Native, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Genus Juglans sect. Trachycaryon	White walnuts	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Juglans cinerea L. 1759. Juglans cinerea L. 1861. Wallia cinerea (L.) Alef.	Butternut, White walnut Noyer cendré, Arbre à noix longues, Noix tendre	Native, Likely secure FACU		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Genus Juglans sect. Cardiocaryon	Asian walnuts	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Juglans ailantifolia Carrière 1872. Juglans sieboldiana Maxim. 1878. Juglans ailantifolia Carrière	Japanese walnut, Siebold walnut, Onigurumi, Heartnut Noyer du Japon	Introduced from temperate Asia, Naturalized		NYFA: X0 NYFA: Suffolk (2012) cultivated only	USDA-X Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Genus Juglans	Hybrid walnuts	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Juglans × bixbyi Rehder Juglans ailantifolia × Juglans cinerea 1921. Juglans × bixbyi Rehder	Bixby's walnut, Buart, Buartnut, Hybrid of butternut & Japanese walnut	Introduced, No specimens		NYFA: X0	USDA-X0 Go Botany ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Genus Juglans sect. Juglans (excluded taxa)	Eurasian walnuts	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Juglans regia L. 1753. Juglans regia L. 1906. Juglans duclouxiana Dode 1906. Juglans falax Dode 1906. Juglans sinensis (C.DC.) Dode 1906. Juglans kamaonica (C.DC.) Dode 1906. Juglans orientis Dode	English walnut, Persian walnut, Common walnut, Black sea walnut, Madeira-nut Noyer commun	Introduced from Eurasia, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-XX VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Tribe Caryeae edit

Carya edit

North American hickories (Carya) are often divided into two groups: the true hickories (sect. Carya) and the pecan hickories (sect. Apocarya). Section Apocarya contains the pecan hickories, including pecan (Carya illinoinensis), water hickory (C. aquatica), and nutmeg hickory (C. myristiciformis). The wood of the trees in this section is generally considered to be a bit less dense and softer than that of the true hickories.^[1] The only member of sect. Apocarya found in New York is bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis). Section Carya contains the true hickories.

Recent molecular data does not strictly support using those two groupss^[2]

Fagales — Juglandaceae — Juglandoideae — Caryeae — Apocarya
Genus Carya sect. Apocarya	Pecan hickories	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch (1869) 1787. Juglans cordiformis 1869. Carya cordiformis Hicoria cordiformis Hicoria minima	Bitternut hickory, Swamp hickory Caryer cordiforme, Caryer amer	Native, Secure FAC-FACU		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Genus Carya sect. Carya	True hickories	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Carya ovata (Mill.) K.Koch var. ovata 1768. Juglans ovata Miller 1869. Carya ovata (Mill.) K.Koch Hicoria alba p.p. 1888. Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britton	Shagbark hickory, Shellbark hickory, Upland hickory Caryer ovale	Native, Secure FACU-FACU		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet 1768. Juglans glabra Mill. 1787. Juglans ovalis Wangenh. 1813. Juglans pyriformis Muhl., nom. nud. 1826. Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet 1913. Carya ovalis (Wangenh.) Sarg. 1969. Carya glabra var. odorata (Marshall) Little	Pignut hickory Sweet pignut Red hickory False shagbark Small pignut	Native, Secure FACU-FACU		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. 1753. Juglans alba L. p.p. 1798. Juglans tomentosa Poir. in Lam. 1818. Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. 1818. Carya alba (L.) Nutt 1838. Hicoria tomentosa (Lam.) Raf. 1869. Carya alba (L.) K. Koch 1888. Hicorius alba Britton	Mockernut hickory, Big-bud hickory, White-heart hickory, White hickory, Square-nut hickory	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-N0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies Note: ^[1]
Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don Hicoria laciniosa	Shellbark hickory, Kingnut, Big shellbark hickory, Shagbark hickory	Native, Threatened FACW-FAC		NYFA: 2	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Carya × dunbarii Sarg. Carya laciniosa × Carya ovata 1922. Carya × dunbarii Sarg.	Dunbar's hickory, Hybrid of Shellbark hickory & Shagbark hickory	Native, Unranked Perennial, Tree		NYFA: U	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Carya × laneyi Sarg. Carya cordiformis × Carya ovata 1913. Carya × Laneyi Sarg.	Laney's hickory, Hybrid of Bitternut hickory & Shagbark hickory	Native, Unranked		NYFA: U	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Carya cordiformis × laciniosa Carya cordiformis × Carya laciniosa	Hybrid of Bitternut hickory & Shellbark hickory	N. America native, No reports			Images Wikispecies
↑ NYFA and NRCS list Carya tomentosa as Carya alba. ARS, ITIS, and FNA all list the accepted species name as Carya tomentosa.

Family Betulaceae edit

The Betulaceae (birch family) contains the alder (Alnus), birch (Betula), hornbeam (Carpinus), hop-hornbeam (Ostrya), and hazel (Corylus) trees and shrubs.^[1]

↑ Betulaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Subfamily Betuloideae edit

The Betuloideae contains the alders and birches.

Alnus edit

Alnus incana
speckled alder

The genus Alnus contains trees generally referred to as alders.

Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Alnus
Genus Alnus	Alder	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Alnus incana (L.) Moench ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) R.T.Clausen 1771. Betula alnusvar. rugosa Du Roi 1784. Betula rugosa (Du Roi) Ehrh. 1826. Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. 1861. Alnus incanavar. americana 1945. Alnus rugosavar. americana 1949. Alnus incanassp. rugosa 1955. Alnus americana (Regel) Czerep.	Speckled alder, Tag alder, Swamp alder Aulne blanchâtre	Native, CoC: 5, Secure FACW-FACU Perennial, Shrub-tree		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies
Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willd. 1789. Betula serrulata Aiton 1805. Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willd. 1904. Alnus noveboracensis Britton 1945. Alnus serrulatavar. subelliptica 1967. Alnus incanavar. serrulata auct. Alnus rubra non (DuRoi) Spreng	Smooth alder, Hazel alder, Brookside alder, Brook-side alder Aulne tendre, Aulne blanc, Aulne serrulé	Native, CoC: 6, Secure OBL Perennial, Shrub-tree		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Alnus alnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch ssp. crispa (Aiton) Raus 1789. Betula crispa Aiton 1813. Alnus crispa (Aiton) Pursh 1904. Alnus alnobetula var. crispa H.J.P.Winkl. 1962. Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Aiton) Turrill 1964. Duschekia crispa (Aiton) Pouzar 2011. Alnus alnobetula ssp. crispa (Aiton) Raus	Green alder, Mountain alder, American green alder Aulne vert crispé, Aulne crispé, Aulne tardif	Native, CoC: 9, Vulnerable FAC Perennial, Shrub-tree		NYFA: 3	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Alnus × fallacina Callier Alnus incana ssp. rungosa × Alnus serrulata 1911. Alnus × fallacina Callier	Deceptive alder, Hybrid of speckled alder & smooth alder	Native, Endangered		NYFA: 1?	USDA-N0 Go Botany ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. 1753. Betula alnus L. 1753. Betula alnusvar. glutinosa L. 1757. Alnus vulgaris Hill 1790. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. 1913. Alnus alnus (L.) Britton nom. illeg.	European alder, Black alder, European black alder Aulne glutineux, Aulne noir	Introduced from Eurasia, n. Africa, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 64%^[1], CP-3^[2]		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies
Genus Alnus (potential hybrids)	Alder	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Alnus glutinosa × serrulata	Hybrid of European alder & smooth alder	Introduced, No specimens			Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Genus Alnus (excluded taxa)	Alder	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Alnus incana (L.) Moench ssp. incana 1794. Alnus incana (L.) Moench p.p.	Gray alder	Introduced from Eurasia, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-EXCLD ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Alnus glutinosa: Moderate (64). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

Betula edit

Betula papyrifera

Betula (ˈbech-ə-lə) in New York consists of about nine native species of birch trees, at least two native hybrids, and a single naturalized non-native species (though others have likely been planted). Here they are segregated into four subgenera:

Subg. Betulenta: B. alleghaniensis & B. lenta
Subg. Betula: B. populifolia, B. papyrifera, B. cordifolia, & B. pendula
Subg. Neurobetula: B. nigra
Subg. Chamaebetula: B. pumila, B. glandulosa, & B. minor

Betula subg. Betulenta edit

Palustrine forest of hemlocks, sweet birches (Betula lenta), and yellow birches (Betula alleghaniensis) along Fall Creek, Monroe County, Pennsylvania.

Subgenus Betulenta contains the wintergreen-oil birches, which in New York consist of yellow and black birch. These contain a noticeable amount of methyl salicylate in their twig bark, giving the twigs a minty odor when broken.

Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula subg. Betulenta
Genus Betula L. 1753 subg. Betulenta	Birch	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Betula alleghaniensis Britton 1811. Betula lutea F.Michx. nom. illeg. 1904. Betula alleghaniensis Britton 1922. B. luteavar. macrolepis 1949. B. luteavar. alleghaniensis 1966. B. alleghaniensisvar. fallax 1966. B. alleghaniensisvar. macrolepis	Yellow birch Bouleau jaune, Bouleau des Alléghanys, Merisier	Native, CoC: 7, Secure FAC Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies
Betula lenta L. 1753. Betula lenta L.	Black birch, Sweet birch, Cherry birch Bouleau flexible, Merisier rouge	Native, CoC: 6, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN LBJ Images Wikispecies

Betula subg. Betula edit

Betula populifolia
gray birch

Subgenus Betula contains the typical birches, which do not have methyl salicylate in their bark.

Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula subg. Betulenta
Genus Betula L. 1753 subg. Betula	Birch	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Betula populifolia Marshall 1785. Betula populifolia Marshall	Gray birch, White birch, Fire birch Bouleau à feuilles de peuplier, Bouleau gris	Native, CoC: 4, Secure Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Betula papyrifera Marshall 1785. Betula papyrifera Marshall 1789. B. papyracea Aiton 1841. B. albavar. papyrifera 1919. B. papyriferavar. elobata 1945. B. papyriferavar. commutata 1945. B. papyriferavar. pensilis	Paper birch, Canoe birch, White birch	Native, CoC: 5, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Betula cordifolia Regel 1861. Betula cordifolia Regel 1901. B. papyriferavar. cordifolia ^[1] 1902. B. albavar. cordifolia 1982. B. papyriferassp. cordifolia	Mountain paper birch, Mountain white birch, Heart-leaved birch, Heart-leaved paper birch	Native, CoC: 7, Vulnerable FACU Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 3	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies
Betula × caerulea Blanch. (pro sp.) Betula cordifolia × Betula populifolia 1904. Betula caerulea-grandis Blanch. 1904. Betula caerulea Blanch.	Blue birch, Hybrid of Mountain paper birch & Gray birch Bouleau bleu	Native, Endangered		NYFA: 1?	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies Note: ^[2]
Betula pendula Roth 1788. Betula pendula Roth 1789. Betula albavar. pendula 1790. Betula verrucosa Ehrh.	Weeping birch, Silver birch, European white birch, European weeping birch Bouleau verruqueux, Bouleau pendant, Bouleau pleureur, Bouleau blanc d'Europe	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Canada & Alaska??, Naturalized FACU Perennial, Tree		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Genus Betula subg. Betula (excluded taxa)	Birch	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Betula nana L. 1753. Betula nana L.	Alpine birch, Dwarf birch, Arctic dwarf birch	N. America native Canada & Alaska, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Betula pubescens Ehrh. ssp. pubescens Betula alba	Downy birch	Introduced, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies
Betula platyphylla Sukaczev Betula latifolia	Asian white birch	Introduced, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-X Images Wikispecies
↑ Betula cordifolia is often treated as a variety of Betula papyrifera. According to Flora of North America, "…perhaps it should be considered an ecological race of that species." ↑ Betula × caerulea (blue birch) is listed by NRCS as a cross between papyrifera & populifolia, but FNA agrees with NYFA in stating that it as more likey [cordifolia × populifolia]

Betula subg. Neurobetula edit

Betula nigra

Although somewhat rare in New York and native to bottomlands, especially in the Hudson Valley, river birch is also planted as a popular landscape tree in other parts of the state.

Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula subg. Neurobetula
Genus Betula L. 1753 subg. Neurobetula	Birch	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Betula nigra L. 1753. Betula nigra L. 1812. Betula rubra F.Michx.	River birch, Red birch, Black birch	Native, CoC: 8, Rare, S4, G5 FACW Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 3	USDA-N0 Go Botany FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies

Betula subg. Chamaebetula edit

Betula pumila
bog birch

Subgenus Chamaebetula contains the dwarf birches.

Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula subg. Chamaebetula
Genus Betula L. 1753 subg. Chamaebetula	Birch	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Betula pumila L. 1767. Betula pumila L. 1902. B. hallii Howell 1909. B. glandulifera (Regel) E. J. Butler	Bog birch, Dwarf birch, Low birch, Swamp birch	Native, CoC: 9, Threatened, NYNHP: 2^[1] OBL Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 2	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Betula glandulosa Michx. 1803. Betula glandulosa Michx. 1911. B. exilis Sukaczev	Alpine birch, Tundra dwarf birch, Dwarf birch, Resin birch Bouleau glanduleux	Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, NYNHP: 1^[2] OBL Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 1	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies
Betula minor (Tuck.) Fernald 1843. Betula papyraceavar. minor 1890. B. papyriferavar. minor 1902. B. albavar. minor 1945. B. minor Fernald 1966. B. pubescensssp. minor 1976. B. saxophila Lepage	Dwarf white birch, Dwarf birch Bouleau mineur	Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, NYNHP: 1^[3] Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 1	USDA-NN FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies
↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Betula pumila. Threatened, S2/G5. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Betula glandulosa. Endangered, S1/G5. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Betula minor. Endangered, S1/G4Q.

Betula inter-subgeneric hybrids edit

Betula × sandbergii

The only known hybrid of birches from separate subgenera collected in New York is Sandberg's birch (Betula × sandbergii, of parents B. papyrifera × B. pumila).

Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula
Genus Betula L. 1753	Birch	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Betula × sandbergii Britton (pro sp.) Betula papyrifera × Betula pumila 1904. Betula sandbergii Britton 1957. Betula × neoborealis Lepage	Sandberg's birch, Northern birch, Hybrid of Paper birch & Bog birch Bouleau de Sandberg	Native, Unranked		NYFA: U	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies
Genus Betula L. 1753 (excluded taxa)	Birch	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Betula × purpusii C.K.Schneid. Betula alleghaniensis × Betula pumila 1904. Betula purpusii C.K.Schneid. 1904. Betula purpusiivar. typica nom. inval.	Purpus' birch, Hybrid of Yellow birch & Bog birch Bouleau de Purpus	Native, Unranked		NYFA: U	USDA-NN VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies
Betula × dutillyi Lepage Betula glandulosa × Betula minor 1952. Betula × dutillyi Lepage	Dutilly's birch, Hybrid of Tundra dwarf birch & Dwarf white birch Bouleau de Dutilly	Native, Unranked		NYFA: D	USDA-0N VASCAN Images Wikispecies
Betula × raymundii Lepage Betula populifolia × Betula pumila 1957. Betula × raymundii Lepage	Raymund's birch, Hybrid of Gray birch & Bog birch Bouleau de Raymund	Native, Unranked		NYFA: D	USDA-0N VASCAN Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies
Betula alleghaniensis × papyrifera Betula alleghaniensis × Betula papyrifera	Un-named, Hybrid of Yellow brirch & Paper birch	Native, Unranked		NYFA: D	Images Wikispecies

Subfamily Coryloideae edit

The Coryloideae subfamily of the birch family generally includes the hornbeam (Carpineae) and hazel (Coryleae) tribes.

Tribe Carpineae edit

The Carpineae comprise the hornbeams (Carpinus) and hop-hornbeams (Ostrya). A single species of each is native to New York.

Ostrya edit

Ostrya virginiana
American hophornbeam

The genus Ostyra is generally known as hop-hornbeam, or ironwood. Of the approximately nine Ostyra species worldwide, only the Eastern hop-hornbeam species is known to grow outside of cultivation in New York. Because of its small size, shade tolerance, low timber value, and high reproductive rate, hop-hornbeam is often considered to be an undesirable understory species in forests being used for commercial timber production.^[1]^[2]

Fagales — Betulaceae — Coryloideae — Carpineae — Ostrya
Genus Ostrya	Hop-hornbean	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K.Koch 1768. Carpinus virginiana Mill. 1873. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch	Eastern hop-hornbeam, American hophornbeam, Ironwood Ostryer de Virginie, Bois de fer	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies

Carpinus edit

Carpinus caroliniana
American Hornbeam

The only species of hornbeam native in New York goes by the name American hornbeam, blue beech, or muscle-wood. It also goes by the name ironwood, but as that name is also commonly used for the related hop-hornbeam tree, perhaps it should be used for neither.

Fagales — Betulaceae — Coryloideae — Carpineae — Carpinus
Genus Carpinus	Hornbeam	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Carpinus caroliniana Walter ssp. virginiana (Marshall) Furlow 1785. C. betulus var. virginiana Marshall 1893. C. virginiana Sudw. non Miller 1768 1935. C. caroliniana var. virginiana Fernald 1987. C. caroliniana ssp. virginiana Furlow	American hornbeam, Musclewood, Blue beech, Muscle tree, Ironwood Charme de Virginie, Bois de fer	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Carpinus betulus L. 1753. C. betulus L. 1940. C. caucasica Grossh.	European hornbeam	Introduced from Eurasia, Unk. naturalization		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Genus Carpinus (excluded taxa)	Hornbeam	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Carpinus caroliniana Walter ssp. caroliniana 1788. C. caroliniana Walter 1803. C. americana Michx.	American hornbeam, Blue beech, Musclewood, Ironwood Charme de Caroline	N. America native southern US, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies

Tribe Coryleae edit

Corylus edit

Corylus contains the hazelnut shrubs and trees, which are not closely related to witchhazel.

Fagales — Betulaceae — Coryloideae — Coryleae — Corylus
Genus Corylus	Hazelnut	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Corylus cornuta Marshall ssp. cornuta 1785. Corylus cornuta Marshall 1789. Corylus rostrata Aiton 1940. C. cornutavar. megaphylla	Beaked hazelnut, Beaked hazel, Beaked filbert Noisetier à long bec, Coudrier à long bec	Native, CoC: 7, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun - part shade		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA IPN LBJ Images Wikispecies
Corylus americana Walter 1788. Corylus americana Walter 1864. C. americanavar. missouriensis 1916. C. americanavar. altior 1935. C. americanavar. indehiscens	American hazelnut, American hazel, American filbert Noisetier d'Amérique	Native, CoC: 6, Secure FACU Perennial, Shrub, Sun - shade		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies
Genus Corylus (excluded taxa)	Hazelnut	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Corylus avellana L. 1753. Corylus avellana L.	European hazelnut, European hazel, Common filbert Noisetier commun, Coudrier, Avelline	Introduced from Eurasia, N.Y. excluded FACU Perennial, Shrub		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-XX VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies

[1] Fagaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[2] Paul S. Manos, Zhe-Kun Zhou, and Charles H. Cannon (2001). "Systematics of Fagaceae: Phylogenic Test of Reproductive Trait Evolution" (PDF). International Journal of Plant Sciences. 162(6): 1361–1379.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[3] Thomas Denk et al. (2017) "An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks: review of previous taxonomic schemes and synthesis of evolutionary patterns"

[4] Hui-Lin Li & Ju-Ying Hsiao (1973) "A Preliminary Study of the Chemosystematics of American Oaks: Phenolic Characters of Leaves." Bartonia 42:5-13, 1973. www.jstor.org/stable/41610363.

[5] Steven D. Glenn (2013). Quercus. New York Metropolitan Flora Project.

[6] Trelease (1924) considered Q.× deamii to be Q.alba × Q.muehlenbergii. Bartlett (1951) showed that Q.macrocarpa × Q.muehlenbergii were more likely to have been the real parents of Q.× deamii. Meanwhile E.J.Palmer (1948) published the name Q.× fallax for oaks with that parentage. So now Q.× fallax is considered to be a synonym of Q.× deamii.

[7] Oak Wilt in the Northeastern and Midwestern States. A Story Map by the USDA Forest Service Eastern Region

[8] New York Metropolitan Flora Project (BBG) shows Quercus falcata in northeastern New Jersey, within then New York City metropolitan area.

[9] Castanea dentata status is misleading because although the species is not rare and will likely persist, chestnut blight prevents the trees from maturing. Most grow from root suckers.

[10] David R. Houston & James T. O'Brien (1985), "Beech Bark Disease", USDA Forest Service Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet 75.

[11] "Woodland Guidelines for the Control and Management of American Beech", Cornell University Cooperative Extension, Department of Natural Resources, Ithaca, NY (www.ForestConnect.info)

[12] Myricaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[13] Robert L. Wilbur (1994). "The Myricaceae of the United States and Canada: genera, subgenera, and series." SIDA, Contributions to Botany 16(1):93-107.

[14] R.L. Wilbur (2002). "The identity and history of Myrica caroliniensis (Myricaceae)." Rhodora 104:39.

[15] NYFA lists Morella pensylvanica as Morella caroliniensis (Mill.) Small, with Myrica pensylvanica as a synonym. However, the other sources listed here (except for Flora Novae Angliae @Go Botany) do not treat northern and southern bayberry as the same species. Flora of North America lists southern bayberry as Myrica heterophylla, and after discussing the minor differences between northern and southern bayberry, states "Whether these differences are sufficient to warrant the recognition of distinct species is yet to be satisfactorily resolved."

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