C# Programming

C# (pronounced "C Sharp"||"C#") is a multi-purpose computer programming language suitable for a wide variety of development needs. This Wikibook introduces C# language fundamentals and covers a variety of the base class libraries (BCL) provided by the Microsoft .NET Framework.

Introduction

Main introduction: C Sharp Programming/Foreword

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Although C# is derived from the C programming language, it introduces some unique and powerful features, such as delegates (which can be viewed as type-safe function pointers) and lambda expressions which introduce elements of functional programming languages, as well as a simpler single class inheritance model (than C++) and, for those of you with experience in "C-like" languages, a very familiar syntax that may help beginners become proficient faster than its predecessors. Similar to Java, it is object-oriented, comes with an extensive class library, and supports exception handling, multiple types of polymorphism, and separation of interfaces from implementations. Those features, combined with its powerful development tools, multi-platform support, and generics, make C# a good choice for many types of software development projects: rapid application development projects, projects implemented by individuals or large or small teams, Internet applications, and projects with strict reliability requirements. Testing frameworks such as NUnit make C# amenable to test-driven development and thus a good language for use with Extreme Programming (XP). Its strong typing helps to prevent many programming errors that are common in weakly typed languages.

Foreword: A description of the C# language and introduction to this Wikibook.
Getting started with C#: A simple C# program and where to get tools to compile it.

Basics

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Basic syntax: Describes the basics in how the applications you write will be interpreted.
Naming conventions: Quickly describes the generally accepted naming conventions for C#.
Variables: The entities used to store data of various shapes.
Operators: Summarizes the operators, such as the '+' in addition, available in C#.
Data structures: Enumerations, structs, and more.
Control statements: Loops, conditions, and more. How the program flow is controlled.
Exceptions: Responding to errors that can occur.

Classes

Namespaces: Giving your code its own space to live in.
Classes: The blueprints of objects that describes how they should work.
Objects: Cornerstones of any object-oriented programming language, objects are the tools you use to perform work.
Encapsulation and accessor levels: Explains protection of object states by encapsulation, or the bundling of an object's data and functionality.

Advanced Topics

Inheritance: Re-using existing code to improve or specialize the functionality of an object.
Interfaces: Define a template, on which to base sub-classes.
Delegates and Events: Learn about delegates, anonymous delegates, lambda expressions, and events.
Abstract classes: Build partially implemented classes.
Partial classes: Split a class over several files to allow multiple users to develop, but also to stop code generators interfering with source code.
Generics: Allow commonly used collections and classes to appear to have specialization for your custom class.
Extension methods: Extend the functionality of existing types.
Object Lifetime: Learn about the lifetime of objects, where they are allocated and learn about garbage collection.
Design Patterns: Learn commonly used design methodologies to simplify and/or improve your development framework.

The .NET Framework

.NET Framework Overview: An overview of the .NET class library used in C#.
Console Programming: Input and Output using the console.
Windows Forms: GUI Programming with Windows Forms.
Collections: Effectively manage (add, remove, find, iterate, etc.) large sets of data.
Threading: Learn how to run code concurrently and how to synchronize code.
Marshalling: Communicating with unmanaged code

Examples

K-Means++

Keywords

C# Keywords

`abstract`	`as`	`base`	`bool`	`break`
`byte`	`case`	`catch`	`char`	`checked`
`class`	`const`	`continue`	`decimal`	`default`
`delegate`	`do`	`double`	`else`	`enum`
`event`	`explicit`	`extern`	`false`	`finally`
`fixed`	`float`	`for`	`foreach`	`goto`
`if`	`implicit`	`in`	`int`	`interface`
`internal`	`is`	`lock`	`long`	`namespace`
`new`	`null`	`object`	`operator`	`out`
`override`	`params`	`private`	`protected`	`public`
`readonly`	`ref`	`return`	`sbyte`	`sealed`
`short`	`sizeof`	`stackalloc`	`static`	`string`
`struct`	`switch`	`this`	`throw`	`true`
`try`	`typeof`	`uint`	`ulong`	`unchecked`
`unsafe`	`ushort`	`using`	`var`	`virtual`
`void`	`volatile`	`while`

Special C# Identifiers (Contextual Keywords)

`add`	`alias`	`async`	`await`	`dynamic`
`get`	`global`	`nameof`	`partial`	`remove`
`set`	`value`	`when`	`where`	`yield`

Contextual Keywords (Used in Queries)

`ascending`	`by`	`descending`	`equals`	`from`
`group`	`in`	`into`	`join`	`let`
`on`	`orderby`	`select`	`where`

External links

C# Tutorial
An Introduction to Mono Development by Andrew Troelsen
C# Environment setup Visual C# environment setup details from MSDN
C# FAQ C# FAQ, Blogs and Forums.
C# Language Specification download page at ECMA
C# Programming Tutorial
C# Programming Tutorial Collection
C# Yellow Book (via pdf download)
Microsoft Visual Studio Community Edition : A free development environment created by Microsoft.
Mono Project : C# Development Environment for Linux, Windows, and other platforms.