Time, Days and Months
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1.1
to learn this language. This introductory lesson will explain you the very basic things that you should know.
Introduction
editSinhala (සිංහල), also known as Sinhalese in English, is the native language of the Sinhalese people who constitute approximately 75% of the population of Sri Lanka and number greater than 15 million. Sinhala is also spoken as a second language by about three million people from other ethnic groups in Sri Lanka. It has evolved over the course of more than 2,300 years. Sanskrit and Pali are ancestor languages of Sinhala. It belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages, and has been influenced by Dravidian languages such as Tamil and less so from a few other Indo-European languages: English, Dutch, and Portuguese.
Etymology
editAccording to legend, Sinhabahu or Sīhabāhu (meaning, "Lion-arms") was the son of a princess of the Kalinga Kingdom and Sinha* (meaning, "Lion"; *he is described as a lion;). Sinhabahu killed his father who was harming the people of Kalinga and became the king of Kalinga. Prince Vijaya was his son who was exiled because of his impropriety and sailed to Sri Lanka with his troops. The term Sinhala comes from Sanskrit and is based on the mythological story of Prince Vijaya who is also the mythological founder of the Sinhalese nation. In some versions of this story, he is introduced with the name Simhala and as the son of Sinha. So, both the nation and the language are named from "Sinhala". There are lot of definitions for the etymology of the name Simhala, but none of them are considered official. However, it is agreed that it has a connection with the word Sinha (meaning, "Lion").
History
editAlthough Sinhala is an Indo-European language, it has some unique features that set it apart from other Indo-Aryan languages. Some of the differences can be explained by the substrate influence of the parent stock of the Vedda language1. Sinhala has many words that are only found in Sinhala, or shared between Sinhala and Vedda and not etymologically derivable from Middle or Old Indo-Aryan.
The oldest Sinhalese Prakrit inscriptions found are from the 3rd to 2nd century BCE following the arrival of Buddhism in Sri Lanka; the oldest existing literary works date from the 9th century CE. Because of the arrival of Buddhism, Sri Lanka has been effected by the Indian culture and has relinquished most of the aboriginal Vedda culture which has almost completely disappeared now. Because of this situation, Sri Lanka became a country with Indo-Aryan culture which is surrounded by the Dravidian culture of South India. This has made Dravidian languages (mostly Tamil) a major influence of Sinhala.
Stages of historical development
editThe development of Sinhala is divided into four periods:
- Sinhalese Prakrit (until 3rd century AD)
- Proto-Sinhala (3rd - 7th century AD)
- Medieval Sinhala (7th - 12th century AD)
- Modern Sinhala (12th century — present)
Written Sinhala and Spoken Sinhala
editThere is a large difference between written and spoken Sinhala. Written Sinhala has a strict standard, but spoken Sinhala doesn't. So spoken Sinhala is easier to learn than written Sinhala. Even though this book has been written to teach how to speak, read and write, its priority is to teach written Sinhala. The following passage has some very important information about the writing system and pronunciation, so please read it carefully and study it well.
Writing System and Pronunciation
editSinhala is written in Sinhala script, which is an abugida, where only the consonants are independent letters and the vowels are indicated with diacritics (pillam; පිල්ලම්, vowel strokes) on those consonants. However, vowels are written as full letters when they occur word-initially, including in some compound words. Each consonant without a vowel stroke has an "inherent vowel", either /ʌ/ or /ə/, depending on the position of the consonant within the word. Vowel strokes are used to change the inherent vowel to another vowel sound. When a consonant has no vowel sound, the consonant is written with a sign called hal kirīma (හල් කිරීම) on it which removes the inherent vowel. So, a consonant-vowel pair is written as a single character: a letter plus an optional vowel stroke which changes the vowel sound, or in the case of the hal kirīma, removes the vowel sound.
The inherent vowel is pronounced /ʌ/ when stressed (the first vowel in a word, before a consonant without an attached vowel, and certain other situations) and /ə/ when unstressed. There are a few words which are exceptions to the normal rules of stress pronunciation.
- The inherent form of the letter: "ක" (/ka/).
- To write ki, a diacritic is placed over the letter: "කි" (/ki/).
- When there is no vowel, a special sign, hal kirīma is added: "ක්" (/k/).
Even though the writing system of Sinhala is an abugida, there were characters called "joined letters" (bandi akuru; බැඳි අකුරු) with three sounds combined that are rarely used now. They were used widely until the mid-twentieth century. These letters were written when the first letter is a consonant without a vowel and the second is a letter with a consonant and a vowel.
The alphabet
editThe alphabet (actually an abugida) will be extensively described in the next lesson. There are 18 vowels and 42 consonants in the alphabet. Keep in mind that there are some letters that are not included in the alphabet and some letters that are unused. The alphabet has many versions since ancient times and there are different modern versions that are proposed. However, the standard Sinhala alphabet is the one from the Sri Lankan National Institute of Education (NIE).
How should I start?
editThere is no need to write long paragraphs at the start, because you just need to understand these lessons and go ahead. Don't worry too much about your progress in learning this language. It'll be very easy to understand if you start from the basics. Even though Sinhala is an Indo-European language, as is English, it is very far from English geographically and linguistically. So, its structure is very different from English. Although there aren't many online sources for you to learn Sinhala, this book will be enough to learn the basics. You can learn how to write Sinhala letters from YouTube videos and other online sources. Get a paper notebook and write them again and again. Then, try to write them in more accurate shapes and sizes.
If you are familiar with IPA symbols, they will give you a better idea how to pronounce the words. In this wikibook, we use special signs for vowels to make these lessons easier. They will be introduced to you in the vowel chart of the next lesson. Also, every word written in Sinhala script will be followed by its pronunciation written in English (Latin) characters.
This book is designed with lessons in four stages. Basic lessons will make you ready to advance to the next stage. Each lesson of the second stage will have its own vocabulary and exercises. So, study well and have fun! Also, don't forget to read the DID YOU KNOW fact in every lesson.
The ruined city of Anuradhapura is one of the oldest sites in Sri Lanka where Brahmi writing on pottery dating from the 6th century BCE has recently been found with the title 'Anuradha' scratched on it. According to Mahavamsa, Anuradha is the founder of the Anuradhapura city. The term pura means city in Sinhala.
Notes
edit- 1.^ Vedda is the language of the aboriginal people of Sri Lanka. The parent Vedda language is of unknown genetic origins. Studies indicate that modern Vedda is a creole which evolved from ancient times, when the Veddas came in contact with the early Sinhalese, from whom they increasingly borrowed words and synthetic features, yielding the cumulative effect that Vedda looks like Sinhala in many particulars, but its grammatical core is still intact.
1.2
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The alphabet and its evolution
editThe above alphabet is the standard alphabet for Sinhalese. There are 18 vowels and 42 consonants in this modern alphabet. It has been using as the standard alphabet by Sri lankan National Institute of Education (NIE) since 1989. The first documentation of the Sinhala alphabet is found in the journal "Sidhath Sangarawa" (සිදත් සඟරාව; meaning, "The Journal of Theories") which was written in medieval Sinhala in the age of Dambadeniya (1220–1345). Known as "Sidhath Sangara Hodiya" (සිදත් සඟරා හෝඩිය; meaning, "The Alphabet of The Journal of Theories"). There are only 10 vowels and 20 consonants in this alphabet. It evolved to the modern Sinhala alphabet.
How to pronounce
editTry to memorize the letters and the sounds of each letter. 'අ' is the only letter in Sinhalese which can be pronounced in two ways. It is explained in the highlighted part of the previous lesson. Sound ə is never pronounced with the letter 'අ' which is always written in the beginning of a word, but with a consonant which has joined with the vowel sound of 'අ'. So, it is called "letter 'අ' (IPA: ʌ)". 'ඏ' and 'ඐ' are letters that are currently not in use, still the National Institute of Education hasn't removed them from the alphabet. All other vowels are just very simple and easy to understand. Listen to the audio files and practice to pronounce them.
Vowels
editVowel | Audio | Sinhala IPA | American English IPA | British English IPA | Pronunciation | Notes | Signs that are used in this book |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
අ | /a/ | ʌ or ə | ʌ or ə | like u in run; like a in above* |
*Used only when the letter is joined with a consonant. අ appears only at the beginning of a word. e.g. අම්මා ammā (mother) |
a or ə | |
ආ | /aː/ | ɑ | ɑː | like a in father | ā | ||
ඇ | /æ/ | æ | æ | like a in at | æ | ||
ඈ | /æː/ | æ | æ | like a in ant | ǣ | ||
ඉ | /i/ | ɪ | ɪ | like i in king | i | ||
ඊ | /iː/ | i | iː | like ee in see | ī | ||
උ | /u/ | ʊ | ʊ | like u in put | u | ||
ඌ | /uː/ | u | uː | like oo in cool | ū | ||
ඍ | /ri/ | ɛɹ | æɹ | like re in brewer | |||
ඎ | /ru/ | - | - | like re in brew | Not written in the beginning of a word; Long sound of ඍ |
||
ඏ | /li/ | - | - | - | Not in use | - | |
ඐ | /liː/ | - | - | - | Not in use | - | |
එ | /e/ | ɛ | ɛ | like e in bed | e | ||
ඒ | /eː/ | eɪ | eɪ | like a in ancient | ē | ||
ඓ | /ai/ | aɪ | aɪ | like i in rice | ei | ||
ඔ | /o/ | ɑ | ɒ | like o in not | o | ||
ඕ | /oː/ | oʊ | əʊ | like o in go | ō | ||
ඖ | /au/ | aʊ | aʊ | like ou in house | ou |
Key | |
---|---|
short monophthong | |
long monophthong | |
diphthong |
Consonants
editIn the following table, the IPA for each consonant is shown without the inherent vowel for clarity. Note: in English, voiceless stops (/k, t, p/) are pronounced aspirated at the start of words when followed immediately by a vowel: cat /kʰæt/, tap /tʰæp/, pack /pʰæk/. Aspiration has been lost in modern Sinhala, so now the aspirated consonants are pronounced identically to their non-aspirated counterparts.
Consonant | IPA | Audio | Transliteration | Pronunciation | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ක | /k/ | k | c in picnic /pʰɪknɪk/. | ||
ඛ | /k/ (/kʰ/) | kh (digraph) | Modern: c in picnic /pʰɪknɪk/. Ancient: c in cat cat /kʰæt/. |
No aspiration in modern Sinhala. | |
ග | /ɡ/ | g | g in game /ɡeɪm/. | ||
ඝ | /ɡ/ (/ɡʰ/) | gh (digraph) | Modern: g in game /ɡeɪm/. Ancient: no English equivalent. g with a puff of air immediately afterwards. |
No aspiration in modern Sinhala. | |
ඞ | /ŋ/ | ng (digraph) | ng in sing /sɪŋ/. | This letter is not used in modern Sinhala. ශ්රී ලංකා (Sri Lanka) use to be spelt with this letter, but now the dependent stroke බිංදුව bingduwa (the small circle) is used instead. | |
ඟ | /ᵑɡ/ | ng | Similar to, but not exactly the same as, ng in stronger /stɹɒŋɡə/ where the g has a "hard" sound. | This letter is written like ග three letters before, but with a small stroke at the start to indicate the pre-nasalisation. | |
ච | /t͡ʃ/ | c | ch in itch /ɪt͡ʃ/. | The transliteration is c, not ch, to avoid confusion with the aspirated letter transcribed ch. | |
ඡ | /t͡ʃ/ (/t͡ʃʰ/) | ch (digraph) | Modern: ch in itch /ɪt͡ʃ/. Ancient: ch in chin /t͡ʃʰɪn/. |
The transliteration is ch, not chh, to maintain consistency with the transcriptions of the other aspirated letters. No aspiration in modern Sinhala. | |
ජ | /d͡ʒ/ | j | j in jug /d͡ʒʌɡ/. | ||
ඣ | /d͡ʒ/ (/d͡ʒʰ/) | jh (digraph) | Modern: j in jug /d͡ʒʌɡ/. Ancient: no English equivalent. j with a puff of air immediately afterwards. |
No aspiration in modern Sinhala. | |
ඤ | /ɲ/ | gn (digraph) | ñ in señor (Spanish) /seˈɲoɾ/. | ||
ඦ | /ᶮd͡ʒ/ | nj | Similar to, but not exactly the same as, ng in orange /ˈɒɹɪnd͡ʒ/. | This letter is written like ජ three letters before, but with a small stroke at the start to indicate the pre-nasalisation. There is no example of any word in modern or ancient Sinhala that uses this letter. | |
ට | /ʈ/ | t | Similar to, but not exactly the same as, t in pat /pʰæt/. | /ʈ/ in Sinhala is close enough to /t/ in English that most people won't hear the difference. | |
ඨ | /ʈ/ (/ʈʰ/) | th (digraph) | Modern: Similar to, but not exactly the same as, t in pat /pʰæt/. Ancient: Similar to, but not exactly the same as, t in tack /tʰæk/. |
/ʈ/ in Sinhala is close enough to /t/ in English that most people won't hear the difference. No aspiration in modern Sinhala. | |
ඩ | /ɖ/ | d | Similar to, but not exactly the same as, d in disc /dɪsk/. | /ɖ/ in Sinhala is close enough to /d/ in English that most people won't hear the difference. | |
ඪ | /ɖ/ (/ɖʰ/) | dh (digraph) | Modern: Similar to, but not exactly the same as, d in disc /dɪsk/. Ancient: no English equivalent. Similar to d with a puff of air immediately afterwards. |
/ɖ/ in Sinhala is close enough to /d/ in English that most people won't hear the difference. No aspiration in modern Sinhala. | |
ණ | /n/ | n | n in net /nɛt/. | This letter ණ used to be pronounced /ɳ/, differently from න /n/, but in modern Sinhala they are both pronounced /n/. | |
ඬ | /ᶯɖ/ | nd | Similar to, but not exactly the same as, nd in and /ænd/. | This letter is written like ඩ three letters before, but with a small stroke at the start to indicate the pre-nasalisation. | |
ත | /t̪/ | th (digraph) | No exact equivalent in English. Somewhat similar to th in teeth /tiːθ/. | If you have trouble saying /t̪/, you can replace it with /θ/ and still be understood. | |
ථ | /t̪/ (/t̪ʰ/) | th (digraph) | Modern: No exact equivalent in English. Somewhat similar to th in teeth /tiːθ/. Ancient: No exact equivalent in English. Somewhat similar to th in thin /θʰɪn/. |
If you have trouble saying /t̪/, you can replace it with /θ/ and still be understood. No aspiration in modern Sinhala. | |
ද | /d̪/ | d | No exact equivalent in English. Somewhat similar to th in this /ðɪs/. | If you have trouble saying /d̪/, you can replace it with /ð/ and still be understood. | |
ධ | /d̪/ (/d̪ʰ/) | th (digraph) | Modern: No exact equivalent in English. Somewhat similar to th in this /ðɪs/. Ancient: No exact equivalent in English. Somewhat similar to th in this /ðɪs/ with a puff of air immediately afterwards. |
If you have trouble saying /d̪/, you can replace it with /ð/ and still be understood. No aspiration in modern Sinhala. | |
න | /n/ | n | n in net /nɛt/. | ණ used to be pronounced /ɳ/, differently from this letter න /n/, but in modern Sinhala they are both pronounced /n/. | |
ඳ | /ⁿd̪/ | nth (trigraph) | No exact equivalent in English. Somewhat similar to n th in when this /wɛnðɪs/. | This letter is written like ද three letters before, but with a small stroke at the start to indicate the pre-nasalisation. | |
ප | /p/ | p | p in tap /tæp/. | ප /p/ is used for some old loanwords before ෆ /f/ was included in the alphabet, e.g. "France" is ප්රංශය /praŋʃəjə/ (Prangshaya). | |
ඵ | /p/ (/pʰ/) | ph (digraph) | Modern: p in tap /tæp/. Ancient: Similar to p in pen /pʰɛn/. |
No aspiration in modern Sinhala. | |
බ | /b/ | b | b in big /bɪɡ/. | ||
භ | /b/ (/bʰ/) | bh (digraph) | Modern: b in big /bɪɡ/. Ancient: no English equivalent. b with a puff of air immediately afterwards. |
No aspiration in modern Sinhala. | |
ම | /m/ | m | m in mat /mæt/. | ||
ඹ | /ᵐb/ | mb (digraph) | Similar to, but not exactly the same as, mb in amber /æmbə(ɹ)/. | This letter is written like a cross between ම one letter before, and බ three letters before. | |
ය | /j/ | y | y in yet /jɛt/. | ||
ර | /r/ | r | Similar to r in red /ɹɛd/. | /r/ is a trilled r. The plain r in English is /ɹ/. Either sound is acceptable. | |
ල | /l/ | l | l in list /lɪst/. | ළ used to be pronounced /ɭ/, differently from this letter ල /l/, but in modern Sinhala they are both pronounced /l/. | |
ව | /v~ʋ~w/ | v, w | v in vivid /ˈvɪvɪd/, w in water /ˈwɔːtə(ɹ)/. | /v/, /ʋ/, /w/ are all allophones of ව. Each word has only a single pronunciation. E.g. වතුුර (water) is pronounced /wat̪urə/, not /vat̪urə/. | |
ශ | /ʃ/ | sh (digraph) | sh in ship /ʃɪp/. | ශ්රී ලංකා (Sri Lanka) and other words with ශ්රී srī (honourable, holy) are pronounced as if they're spelt with ස /s/ instead of ශ /ʃ/. | |
ෂ | /ʃ/ (/ʂ/) | sh (digraph) | Modern: sh in ship /ʃɪp/. Ancient: no English equivalent. Somewhat similar to sh in ship /ʃɪp/. |
This letter ෂ is pronounced the same as ශ in modern Sinhala. | |
ස | /s/ | s | s in set /sɛt/. | Some words that use හ /h/ in the spoken language use ස /s/ instead in the written language. | |
හ | /h/ | h | h in hat /hæt/. | Some words that use ස /s/ in the written language use හ /h/ instead in the spoken language. | |
ළ | /l/ | l | l in list /lɪst/. | This letter ළ used to be pronounced /ɭ/, differently from ල /l/, but in modern Sinhala they are both pronounced /l/. | |
ෆ | /f/ | f | f in fin /fɪn/. | Sinhala used to not include a sound for /f/. However, due to the foreign influences of Portuguese, Dutch and finally English, a new letter ෆ was added to the alphabet. Most Sinhalese can pronounce this sound now, but historically, those who couldn't pronounced it as /p/ instead, e.g. The Sinhala word for France is ප්රංශය /praŋʃəjə/ (Prangshaya). |
Key | |
---|---|
unaspirated | |
aspirated | |
nasal | |
pre-nasal | |
approximant / trill | |
fricative |
ඥ
1.3
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Pronouns
editFirst person pronouns
editSingular | Plural |
---|---|
Subjective: මම (I; mamə) Objective: මා (Me; mā) |
Subjective: අපි (We; api) Objective: අප (Us; apə) |
Second person pronouns
editSingular | Plural |
---|---|
Masculine: Subjective: තෝ (You; thō) Objective: තා (You; thā) |
Subjective: තොපි/තෙපි (You; thopi/thepi) Objective: තොප (You; thopə) |
Feminine: Subjective: තී (You; thī) Objective: තා (You; thā) |
Third person pronouns
editSingular | Plural |
---|---|
Masculine: Subjective: ඔහු (He; ohu) Objective: ඔහු (Him; ohu) |
Subjective: ඔවූහු (They; owūhu) Objective: ඔවුන් (Them; owun) |
Feminine: Subjective: ඈ/ඇය (She; ǣ/æyə) Objective: ඈ/ඇය (Her; ǣ/æyə) | |
Neuter: Subjective: ඌ (It; ū) Objective: ඌ (It; ū) |
Subjective: උන් (It; un) Objective: උන් (It; un) |
Masculine: Subjective: හේ/හෙතෙම (He; hē/hethemə) Objective: ඔහු (Him; ohu) |
Subjective: ඕතුමූ (They; ōthumū) |
Feminine: Subjective: ඕ/ඕතොමෝ (She; ō/ōthomō) Objective: ඈ/ඇය (Her; ǣ/æyə) |
1.4
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Word classes
editThis part will basically teach you that how the words are classified into classes in Sinhalese. Mainly, there are three word classes in Sinhalese. They are:
- Nouns (නාම පද; Nāmə padhə)
- Verbs (ක්රියා පද; Kriyā padhə)
- Indeclinable words (අව්යය පද; Awyə padhə)
- Prepositions (නිපාත පද; Nipāthə padhə)
- Prefixes (උපසර්ග; Upəsargə)
Nouns ~ නාම පද
editNouns can be divided into these categories:
- Pronouns (සර්ව නාම; Sarwə nāmə)
- Abstract nouns (කේවල නාම; Kēwalə nāmə)
Pronounce were described in the previous lesson. So, Let's see how the abstract nouns are divided:
- ජාති නාම - Jāthi nāmə
- Nouns describing a group with similarities.
- eg: Sinhalese, English, Men, Women...
- ද්රව්ය නාම - Dhrawyə nāmə
- Nouns describing lifeless objects.
- eg: Stone, tree, book, pencil...
- ගුණ නාම - Gunə nāmə
- Nouns describing qualities of something.
- eg: Fat, tall, red, kind...
- ක්රියා නාම - Kriyā nāmə
- Nouns describing an incidences, activities and doers
- eg: Running, runner, playing, player...
- සංඥා නාම - Sagñā nāmə
- Nouns describing something separately from others. (Names of people and places)
- eg: John, London, Mary, Paris...
Verbs ~ ක්රියා පද
editBeside the basic verbs, there are few kinds of verbs. They are:
- පූර්ව ක්රියා
- මිශ්ර ක්රියා
- විධි ක්රියා
- ආශිර්වාද ක්රියා
- ප්රයෝජ්ය ක්රියා
- අසම්භාව්ය ක්රියා
Indeclinable words ~ අව්යය පද
editIndeclinable words can be divided into prepositions and prefixes. There are no suffixes in Sinhalese.
Prepositions ~ නිපාත පද
editPrepositions can be used in the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence. They are written as single words and there are a large number of prepositions in Sinhalese.
අති දක්ශ ලෙස
editPrefixes can be joined to a word at the beginning of the word. These are not considered as words, because they can not be written separately. There are only few prefixes in Sinhalese.
1.5
Warning: Display title "<center>Nouns ~ නාම පද</center>" overrides earlier display title "<center>Word classes ~ පද වර්ග</center>".
- Mother: අම්මා (amma)
- Father: තාත්තා (thaththa)
- Brother: සහෝදරයා (sahōdarayā)
- Sister: සහෝදරිය (sahōdariya)
- Aunty: නැන්දා (nændā)
- Uncle: මාමා (māmā)
- Grandmother: ආච්චි (ācci)
- Grandfather: සීයා (sīyā)
- Elephant: අලියා (aliyā)
- Dog: බල්ලා (ballā)
- Cat: බළලා (baḷalā)
- Lion: සිංහයා (siṁhayā)
- Crow: කපුටා (kapuṭā)
- Frog: ගෙම්බා (gembā)
- Butterfly: සමනළයා (samanalayā)
- Snake: සර්පයා (sarpayā)
- Tree: ගස (gasa)
- Mountain: කන්ද (kanda)
- Train: දුම්රිය (dumriya)
- Pen: පෑන (pǣna)
- Pencil: පැන්සල (pænsala)
- Book: පොත (pota)
- Flower: මල (mala)
- Telephone: දුරකථනය (durakathanaya)
1.6
Warning: Display title "<center><i>Pillam</i> (vowel-symbols) ~ පිල්ලම්</center>" overrides earlier display title "<center>Nouns ~ නාම පද</center>".
'Pillam' is the Sinhalese word for the symbols, which attach to consonants to make different sounds. There are 14 pillams and each of them has a different name. But We do not need to know their names first. Pillam represents a vowel when it is attached to a consonant and they are always used attached with a consonant only. There are several ways to attach a pillam to a consonant.
Even though We showed you Sinhala consonants as ක, ග, ජ, ච, ට... in the alphabet, those letters were created with a vowel attached to their original/basic type.
- ක් + අ = ක ________ 'ක්' is pronounced as 'ck' in 'Jack'
- ග් + අ = ග ________ 'ග්' is pronounced as 'g' in 'Jug'
- ජ් + අ = ජ _________ 'ජ්' is pronounced as 'ge' in 'Judge'
- ච් + අ = ච _________ 'ච්' is pronounced as 'ch' in 'Catch'
- ට් + අ = ට _________ 'ට්' is pronounced as 't' in 'Rat'
Hope you remember all vowels. Take a look again.
අ, ආ, ඇ, ඈ, ඉ, ඊ, උ, ඌ, ඍ, ඎ, ඏ, ඐ, එ, ඒ, ඓ, ඔ, ඕ, ඖ
Letters ඏ and ඐ are not in use at present. So We don't use those letters for further lessons.
Lets see how 14 pillams make different sounds with one letter (ක).
Vowel | pillam | Pronunciation | Example words |
---|---|---|---|
ක් + අ | No specific pillam | ක (ka) | කවිය (poem) |
ක් + ආ | කා (kā) | කාසිය (coin) | |
ක් + ඇ | Example | කැ (kæ) | කැළය (forest) |
ක් + ඈ | Example | කෑ (kǣ) | කෑම (food) |
ක් + ඉ | Example | කි (ki) | කිරි (milk) |
ක් + ඊ | Example | කී (kī) | කීටයා (larvae) |
ක් + උ | Example | කු (ku) | කුණු (garbage) |
ක් + ඌ | Example | කූ (kū) | කූඩය (basket) |
ක් + එ | Example | කෙ (ke) | කෙසෙල් (banana) |
ක් + ඒ | Example | කේ (kē) | කේන්තිය (anger) |
ක් + ඔ | Example | කො (ko) | කොළඹ (Colombo) |
ක් + ඕ | Example | කෝ (kō) | කෝච්චිය (train) |
ක් + ඍ | Example | කෘ (kṛ) | කෘත්රිම (artificial) |
ක් + ඖ | Example | කෞ (kau) | කෞශල්යය (skill) |
Example | Example | Example | Example |
As shown above, You can make different sounds just using pillam instead of vowels with the consonants. You have to use ක, ග, ච, ජ, ට, ඩ, ත, ද, න, ප, බ, භ, ම, ය, ර, ල, ව, ශ, ෂ, ස, හ and ෆ only from all 42 consonants. Other consonants usually don't make different sounds with pillams. Even they make sounds, they are very rarely used in the language.
Lets try.
අ | ආ | ඇ | ඈ | ඉ | ඊ | උ | ඌ | ඍ | ඎ | එ | ඒ | ඓ | ඔ | ඕ | ඖ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ක් | ක | කා | කැ | කෑ | කි | කී | කු | කූ | කෘ | කෲ | කෙ | කේ | කෛ | කො | කෝ | කෞ |
ග් | ග | ගා | ගැ | ගෑ | ගි | ගී | ගු | ගූ | ගෘ | ගෲ | ගෙ | ගේ | ගෛ | ගො | ගෝ | ගෞ |
ච් | ච | චා | චැ | චෑ | චි | චී | චු | චූ | - | - | චෙ | චේ | චෛ | චො | චෝ | චෞ |
ජ් | ජ | ජා | ජැ | ජෑ | ජි | ජී | ජු | ජූ | - | - | ජෙ | ජේ | ජෛ | ජො | ජෝ | ජෞ |
ට් | ට | ටා | ටැ | ටෑ | ටි | ටී | ටු | ටූ | ටෘ | ටෲ | ටෙ | ටේ | ටෛ | ටො | ටෝ | ටෞ |
ඩ් | ඩ | ඩා | ඩැ | ඩෑ | ඩි | ඩී | ඩු | ඩූ | - | - | ඩෙ | ඩේ | ඩෛ | ඩො | ඩෝ | ඩෞ |
ත් | ත | තා | තැ | තෑ | ති | තී | තු | තූ | - | - | තෙ | තේ | තෛ | තො | තෝ | තෞ |
ද් | ද | දා | දැ | දෑ | දි | දී | දු | දූ | - | - | දෙ | දේ | දෛ | දො | දෝ | දෞ |
න් | න | නා | නැ | නෑ | නි | නී | නු | නූ | නෘ | - | නෙ | නේ | නෛ | නො | නෝ | නෞ |
ප් | ප | පා | පැ | පෑ | පි | පී | පු | පූ | පෘ | - | පෙ | පේ | පෛ | පො | පෝ | පෞ |
බ් | බ | බා | බැ | බෑ | බි | බී | බු | බූ | බෘ | බෲ | බෙ | බේ | බෛ | බො | බෝ | බෞ |
භ් | භ | භා | භැ | භෑ | භි | භී | භු | භූ | - | - | භෙ | භේ | භෛ | භො | භෝ | භෞ |
ම් | ම | මා | මැ | මෑ | මි | මී | මු | මූ | මෘ | මෙ | මේ | මෛ | මො | මෝ | මෞ | |
යි | ය | යා | යැ | යෑ | යි | යී | යු | යූ | - | - | යෙ | යේ | - | යො | යෝ | යෞ |
ර් | ර | රා | රැ | රෑ | රි | රී | රු | රූ | - | - | රෙ | රේ | රෛ | රො | රෝ | රෞ |
ල් | ල | ලා | ලැ | ලෑ | ලි | ලී | ලු | ලූ | - | - | ලෙ | ලේ | ලෛ | ලො | ලෝ | ලෞ |
ව් | ව | වා | වැ | වෑ | වි | වී | වු | වූ | - | - | වෙ | වේ | වෛ | වො | වෝ | වෞ |
ශ් | ශ | ශා | ශැ | ශෑ | ශි | ශී | ශු | ශූ | - | - | ශෙ | ශේ | ශෛ | ශො | ශෝ | ශෞ |
ෂ් | ෂ | ෂා | ෂැ | ෂෑ | ෂි | ෂී | ෂු | ෂූ | ෂෛ | ෂො | ෂෝ | ෂෞ | ||||
ස් | ස | සා | සැ | සෑ | සි | සී | සු | සූ | සෘ | - | සෙ | සේ | සෛ | සො | සෝ | සෞ |
හ් | හ | හා | හැ | හෑ | හි | හී | හු | හූ | හෘ | - | හෙ | හේ | හෛ | හො | හෝ | හෞ |
ෆ් | ෆ | ෆා | ෆැ | ෆෑ | ෆි | ෆී | ෆු | ෆූ | ෆෘ | ෆෲ | ෆෙ | ෆේ | ෆෛ | ෆො | ෆෝ | ෆෞ |
1.8
Warning: Display title "<center>Greetings ~ සුභාශිංසන</center>" overrides earlier display title "<center><i>Pillam</i> (vowel-symbols) ~ පිල්ලම්</center>".
- Hello! - හෙලෝ (helō)
- Good morning! - සුභ උදෑසනක් (subha udǣsanak)
- Good evening! - සුභ සන්ධ්යාවක් (subha sandhyāvak)
- Good night! - සුභ රාත්රියක් (subha rātriyak)
- Nice to meet you! - හමුවීම සතුටක් (hamuvīma satuṭak)
- How are you? - ඔබට කොහොමද? (obaṭa kohomada?)/කොහොමද සැප සනීප? (kohomada sæpa sanīpa?)
- Thank you - ස්තූතියි (stūtiyi)
- See you again - නැවත හමුවෙමු (nævata hamuvemu)
- Bye! - බායි! (bāyi)
Lets try to do some exercises.
Click "▼" to check your answers.
Hello!
editHow would you respond to:
1.10
Warning: Display title "<center>Numbers ~ ඉලක්කම්</center>" overrides earlier display title "<center>Greetings ~ සුභාශිංසන</center>".
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2.1
Warning: Display title "<center>Alphabet/Step by step/Vowels 1</center>" overrides earlier display title "<center>Numbers ~ ඉලක්කම්</center>".
We have already seen the Alphabet. But now We are going to learn how to pronounce and how to write Sinhalese letters, with examples.
අ
editඅ is the first letter of the Alphabet. it is basically pronounced as a in 'what'. It is only used at the beginning of a word as well as all the other vowels. Let's see some example words begin with this letter.
- අම්මා (ammā) - Mother
- අට (aṭa) - Eight
- අවි (avi) - Weapons
- අලුත් (alut) - New
- අශ්වයා (aśvayā) - Horse
- අක්කා (akkā) - Elder sister
- අකුරු (akuru) - Letters of the alphabet/Fonts
- අඛණ්ඩ (akhaṇḍa) - Unbroken/Continuous
- අඟ (an̆ga) - Horn
- අඟහරුවාදා (an̆gaharuvādā) - Tuesday
ආ
editආ is the second letter of the alphabet. It's like a longer version of the first letter අ. ආ is pronounced as a in 'smart'. This letter is also can be seen only at the beginning of a word. Let's see some example words begin with this letter.
- ආදරය (ādaraya) - love
- ආච්චි (ācci) - Grandmother
- ආගම (āgama) - religion
- ආකරය (ākaraya) - mine
- ආධාරය (ādhāraya) - help/support
- ආයෙත් (āyet) - again
- ආරම්භය (ārambhaya) - beginning/commencement/start
- ආරාධනාව (ārādhanāva) - invitation
- ආරවුල (āravula) - dispute/quarrel
- ආවරණය (āvaraṇaya) - shield/shelter/covering
ඇ
editThe third vowel in the alphabet. it sounds like a in cat. This letter is also can be seen only at the beginning of a word. Let's see some example words begin with this letter.
- ඇඟිල්ල (an̆gilla) - finger
- ඇස (asa) - eye
- ඇටය (aṭaya) - bone or seed or nut
- ඇට්ටර (aṭṭara) - obstinate
- ඇඳ (an̆da) - bed
- ඇඬුම (an̆ḍuma) - cry
- ඇඳුම (an̆duma) - cloth/dress
- ඇප (apa) - bail
- ඇපල් (apal) - apple
- ඇඹුල් (am̆bul) - sour
ඈ
editThe forth vowel in the alphabet. It sounds like a in 'ash' or 'jam'. This letter is also can be seen only at the beginning of a word. Let's see some example words begin with this letter.
- ඈ - she
- ඈත (ǣtha) - far
- ඈනුම (ǣnuma) - yawn
- ඈන් (ǣn) - Ann
ඉ
editThe fifth vowel in the alphabet having the fine, sharp sound of i in 'his' or 'pin'. This letter is also can be seen only at the beginning of a word. Let's see some example words begin with this letter.
- ඉක්මන් - quick
- ඉක්කාව - hiccough
- ඉක්බිති - then/thereafter
- ඉඟුරු - ginger
- ඉගෙනීම - learning
- ඉගිලෙනවා - fly
- ඉටි - wax
- ඉතිහාසය - history
- ඉතින් - so/well/henceforth
- ඉබ්බා - Tortoise
ඊ
editThe sixth vowel in the alphabet. It is sounded like ee in 'feel'. This letter is also can be seen only at the beginning of a word. Let's see some example words begin with this letter.
- ඊතලය (ītalaya) - arrow
- ඊයම් (īyam) - lead
- ඊසාන (īsāna) - north east
- ඊයෙ (īye) - yesterday
- ඊළඟ (īḷan̆ga) - next
උ
editThe seventh vowel in the alphabet. It sounds like u in 'put. This letter is also can be seen only at the beginning of a word. Let's see some example words begin with this letter.
- උක් - sugar cane
- උකුණා - Louse
- උකුල - hip/lap
- උගත් - educated
- උගන්වනවා - teach
- උගුල - trap/snare
- උච්ඡාරණය - pronunciation
- උඩ - above/over/on
- උඩඟු - arrogant
- උත්තරය - answer
ඌ
editThe eighth vowel in the alphabet. It sounds like u in 'rule'. This letter is also can be seen only at the beginning of a word. Let's see some example words begin with this letter.
- ඌ - it
- ඌරා - pig
- ඌන - deficient
- ඌර්ධව - high/above/upper/uppermost
2.2
Warning: Display title "<center>Alphabet/Step by step/Vowels 2</center>" overrides earlier display title "<center>Alphabet/Step by step/Vowels 1</center>".
ඍ
editThe ninth letter in the alphabet. The sound of which is in Sanskrit = ṛi in English, which sound is retained in some Sanskrit words, naturalized in the Sinhalese language, while in others it is = ru. It is only used at the beginning of a word as well as all the other vowels. Let's see some example words begin with this letter. There aren't many words begin with this letter.
- ඍතුව (ṛtuva) - season
- ඍණ (ṛṇa) - negative
- ඍජු (ṛju) - straight
- ඍෂි (ṛṣi) - a saint or holy person (in Hindu mythology)
එ
editThe 13th letter in the alphabet. It sounds as a in 'hay', e in 'men' or e in 'engage'. It is only used at the beginning of a word as well as all the other vowels. Let's see some example words begin with this letter.
- එක (eka) - one
- එකම (ekama) - only
- එන්න (enna) - come
- එල්ලනවා (ellanava) - hang
- එළුවා (eḷuvā) - goat
- එළදෙන (eḷadena) - cow
- එඬේරා (en̆ḍērā) - shepherd
- එලිය (eliya) - light
- එදා (edā) - that other day
- එකතුව (ekatuva) - sum
ඒ
editThe 14th letter in the alphabet. It sounds as a in 'made'. It takes the sound of the vowel එ held long. It is only used at the beginning of a word as well as all the other vowels. Let's see some example words begin with this letter.
- ඒකාන්ත (ēkānta) - verily/truly
- ඒක (ēka) - that/alone/solitary/that thing
- ඒවා (ēvā) - those
- ඒනිසා (ēnisā) - therefor/so
- ඒකා (ēkā) - that fellow
ඓ
editThe 15th letter of the alphabet. It is a diphthong. It sounds like i in 'while'. On other hand We can say it sounds like the name of the letter "I" in English. It is only used at the beginning of a word as well as all the other vowels. Let's see some example words begin with this letter. There aren't many words begin with this letter.
- ඓතිහාසික (aitihāsika) - historical
- ඓශ්වර්යය (aiśvaryaya) - splendor/omnipotence
ඔ
editThe 16th letter of the alphabet. It has the sound of o in 'olive'. It is only used at the beginning of a word as well as all the other vowels. Let's see some example words begin with this letter.
- ඔටුන්න (oṭunna) - diadem/crown
- ඔටුවා (oṭuvā)- camel
- ඔත්තුකාරයා (ottukārayā) - spy
- ඔක්කොම (okkoma) - all/everyone
- ඔට්ටුව (oṭṭuva) - wager/bet/stake
- ඔතනවා (otanavā) - wrap
- ඔවුන් (ovun)- they
- ඔරුව (oruva) - canoe
- ඔරවනවා (oravanavā) - stare
- ඔලුව (oluva) - head
ඕ
editThe 17th letter of the alphabet. It takes the sound of the vowel ඔ held long as o in 'stone'. This letter is also can be seen only at the beginning of a word. Let's see some example words begin with this letter.
- ඕපාදූප (ōpādūpa) - gossip/insinuation
- ඕලු (ōlu) - Lotus
ඖ
editThe 18th letter and the last vowel in the alphabet. It sounds like ou in 'our'. This letter is also can be seen only at the beginning of a word. Let's see some example words begin with this letter. There isn't many words begin with this letter.
- ඖෂධ (auṣadha) - drugs/medicine
2.3
Warning: Display title "<center>Alphabet/Step by step/Consonants 1</center>" overrides earlier display title "<center>Alphabet/Step by step/Vowels 2</center>".
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ක | ඛ | ග | ඝ | ඞ | ඟ | ච | ඡ | ජ | ඣ | ඤ | ඦ | ට | ඨ | ඩ | ඪ | ණ | ඬ | ත | ථ | ද | ||||||||
ka | kha | ga | gha | nha | ca | cha | ja | jha | ṭa | ṭha | ḍa | ḍha | ||||||||||||||||
22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | ||||||||
ධ | න | ඳ | ප | ඵ | බ | භ | ම | ඹ | ය | ර | ල | ව | ශ | ෂ | ස | හ | ළ | ෆ | අං | අඃ | ||||||||
dha | na | pa | ghra | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes about Consonants | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Consonants can be divided in to following categories.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes about Pink coloured letters | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
These letters are very rarely used in the language. |
ක
editක is pronounced like cu in 'cut'.
Sounds that can be made with ක
edit- කා - sounds like ca in 'cart'.
- කැ - sounds like ca in 'cat'.
- කෑ - takes the sound of කැ held long.
- කි - sounds like ki in 'kill'.
- කී - sounds like kee in 'keep'.
- කු - sounds like coo in 'cook'.
- කෙ - sounds like Ke in 'Kevin'.
- කේ - takes the sound of කෙ held long
- කො - sounds like co in 'convent.
- කෝ - sounds like co in 'cold.
- කෘ - sounds like cru in 'cruel.
- කෞ - sounds like the word cow
Exercise
editTry to read following words.
ග
editග is pronounced like ge in trigger.
Sounds that can be made with ග
edit- ගා - sounds like ga in garlic.
- ගැ - sounds like ga in gamble.
- ගෑ - takes the sound of ගැ held long.
- ගි - sounds like gi in giggle.
- ගී - sounds like gee in geek.
- ගු - sounds like gu in guava.
- ගූ - sounds like goo in goose.
- ගෙ - sounds like ge in get.
- ගේ - takes the sound of ගෙ held long.
- ගො - sounds like go in got.
- ගෝ - sounds like gou in gourmand.
- ගෘ - sounds like gru in gruel.
- ගෞ - sounds like gov in govern.
ච
editච is pronounced like chu in churh.
Sounds that can be made with ච
edit- චා - sounds like cha in Charlse.
- චැ - sounds like cha in chat.
- චෑ - takes the sound of චැ held long.
- චි - sounds like chi in chin.
- චී - sounds like chea in cheat.
- චු - sounds like... cu
- චූ - sounds like choo in choose.
- චෙ - sounds like che in cherry.
- චේ - sounds like cha in chary.
- චො - sounds like cho in chop.
- චෝ - sounds like the word chore.
- චෞ - sounds like the word chow.
ඩ
editඩ is pronounced like du in duck.
Sounds that can be made with ඩ
edit- ඩා - sounds like da in darling.
- ඩැ - sounds like da in Daniel.
- ඩෑ - sounds like da in dam.
- ඩි - sounds like de in dear.
- ඩී - sounds like dea in deal.
- ඩු - sounds like ḍu.
- ඩූ - sounds like doo in doodle.
- ඩෙ - sounds like de in devil.
- ඩේ - sounds like the word day.
- ඩො - sounds like do in doctor.
- ඩෝ - sounds like the word door
2.4
Warning: Display title "<center>Alphabet/Step by step/Consonants 2</center>" overrides earlier display title "<center>Alphabet/Step by step/Consonants 1</center>".
ත
editත is pronounced like thi in thigh.
Sounds that can be made with ත
edit- තා - sounds like tha in Thai.
- තැ - sounds like the word Thank you
- තෑ - sounds like the word Thanks
- ති - sounds like the word Theater
- තී - sounds like thie in thief.
- තු -
- තූ -
- තෙ - sounds like the word Theresa
- තේ - takes the sound of තෙ held long.
- තො -
- තෝ - sounds like tho in thought.
- තෘ - sounds like the word through
- තෞ - sounds like the word thou in thousand.
ද
editද is pronounced like the word, the in English.
Sounds that can be made with ද
edit- දා -
- දැ - sounds like tha in that.
- දෑ - takes the sound of දැ held long.
- දි - sounds like thi in this.
- දී - takes the sound of දි held long.
- දු -
- දූ -
- දෙ - sounds like the in then.
- දේ - sounds like the word they.
- දො -
- දෝ -
- දෘ -
න
editන is pronounced like n in nine.
Sounds that can be made with න
edit- නා - sounds like the word Narcotic
- නැ - sounds like na in natural.
- නෑ - takes the sound of නැ held long.
- නි - sounds like ni in nip.
- නී - sounds like ne in neon. takes the sound of නි held long.
- නු - sounds like no in noon.
- නූ - sounds like noo in noodle.
- නෙ - sounds like ne in nephew.
- නේ - takes the sound of නෙ held long.
- නො - sounds like no in nod.
- නෝ - sounds like nau in naught.
- නෘ -
- නෞ - sounds like the word now
ප
editප is pronounced like pu in purple.
Sounds that can be made with ප
edit- පා - sounds like the word Parliament
- පැ - sounds like the word Panda
- පෑ - sounds like the word Pan cake
- පි - sounds like the word Pistol
- පී - sounds like the word Peanut
- පු - sounds like the word Put
- පූ - sounds like the word Pool
- පෙ - sounds like the word Pepsi
- පේ - sounds like the word Payment
- පො - sounds like the word Pop
- පෝ - sounds like the word Poster
- පෘ - sounds like the word approval
- පෞ - sounds like the word Proud
බ
editබ is pronounced like b in bus.
Sounds that can be made with බ
edit- බා - sounds like ba in basket.
- බැ - sounds like ba in baron.
- බෑ - takes the sound of බැ held long.
- බි - sounds like bi in biscuit.
- බී - sounds like bee in beet.
- බු - sounds like bo in book.
- බූ - sounds like boo in boost.
- බෙ - sounds like be in bell.
- බේ - takes the sound of බෙ held long.
- බො - sounds like bo in boss.
- බෝ - sounds like ba in ball.
- බෘ - sounds like broo in brooch.
- බෞ - sounds like bau in baud.
ම
editම is pronounced like m in my.
Sounds that can be made with ම
edit- මා - sounds like ma in march.
- මැ - sounds like ma in manner.
- මෑ - sounds like ma in man.
- මි - sounds like mi in miss.
- මී - sounds like the word me.
- මු - sounds like the word muezzin
- මූ - sounds like moo in moon.
- මෙ - sounds like me in men.
- මේ - takes the sound of මෙ held long.
- මො - sounds like mo in module.
- මෝ - sounds like the word word.
- මෘ -
- මෞ - sounds like mou in mouth.
ය
editය is pronounced like y in young.
Sounnds that can be made with ය
edit- යා - sounds like ya in yard.
- යැ - sounds like ya in yap.
- යෑ - sounds like ya in yam.
- යි - sounds like ye in year.
- යී - sounds like yea in yeast.
- යු - sounds like yu in Yugoslavian.
- යූ - sounds like you in youth.
- යෙ - sounds like ye in yet.
- යේ - takes the sound of යෙ held long.
- යො - sounds like yo in yon.
- යෝ - sounds like yo in yoghurt.
- යෞ - sounds like yow in yowl.
2.5
ර
editර is pronounced like r in run.
Sounds that can be made with ර
edit- රා - sounds like ra in rather.
- රැ - sounds like ra in ram.
- රෑ - takes sound of රැ held long.
- රි - sounds like ri in risk.
- රී - sounds like ree in reek.
- රු - sounds like ru in rubella.
- රූ - sounds like ru in rule.
- රෙ - sounds like re in rest.
- රේ - takes the sound of රෙ held long.
- රො - sounds like ro in royal.
- රෝ - sounds like the word raw.
- රෞ - sounds like rou in round.
ල
editල is pronounced like l in like.
Sounds that can be made with ල
edit- ලා -
- ලැ -
- ලෑ -
- ලි -
- ලී -
- ලු -
- ලූ -
- ලෙ -
- ලේ -
- ලො -
- ලෝ -
- ලෞ -
ව
editව is pronounced like w in white.
Sounds that can be made with ව
edit- වා -
- වැ -
- වෑ -
- වි -
- වී -
- වු -
- වූ -
- වෙ -
- වේ -
- වො -
- වෝ -
- වෘ -
- වෞ -
ශ
edit
2.10
Warning: Display title "<center>Time, Days and Months</center>" overrides earlier display title "<center>Alphabet/Step by step/Consonants 2</center>".
Months
editජනවාරි (janavāri) | January |
පෙබරවාරි (pebaravāri) | February |
මාර්තු (mārtu) | March |
අප්රේල් (aprēl) | April |
මැයි (mæyi) | May |
ජුනි (juni) | June |
ජුලි (juli) | July |
අගෝස්තු (agōstu) | August |
සැප්තැම්බර් (sæptæmbar) | September |
ඔක්තෝබර් (oktōbar) | October |
නොවැම්බර් (novæmbar) | November |
දෙසැම්බර් (desæmbar) | December |
Days of the week
editඉරිදා (iridā) | Sunday |
සඳුදා (san̆dudā) | Monday |
අඟහරුවාදා (an̆gaharuvādā) | Tuesday |
බදාදා (badādā) | Wednesday |
බ්රහස්පතින්දා (brahaspatindā) | Thursday |
සිකුරාදා (sikurādā) | Friday |
සෙනසුරාදා (senasurādā) | Saturday |