Fractals/Iterations in the complex plane/stripeAC
introduction
edit"Average colorings are a family of coloring functions that use the decimal part of the smooth iteration count to interpolate between average sums." [1]
Here stripes are lines perpendicular to the iteration bands ( level sets of escape time). These " radial strands ... follows the external rays which are of great importance in the theoretical study of M and in holomorphic dynamics." (A Cheritat)[2]
" is basically a cheap way to calculate an angle. TIA is averaging the angle over all iterations to get a smooth result. So there is some initialization and some calculations per iteration to do the sum. It has to store the sum at the previous iteration before adding the next one so you can interpolate between them to get a continuous function between iteration bands (in the same way that continuous potential is usually interpolated). This interpolation is done after the iterations bail out."[3] (xenodreambuie - author of Jux)
" ... it probably shows curves close to external rays, but nevertheless you do not have an explicit relation between the number returned by SAC and the true external argument." Wolf Jung
name
edit- SAM = Stripe Average Method
- SAC = Stripe Average Coloring[4]
- radial strands
history
editA new coloring called the Stripe Average was introduced by Jussi Härkönen in 2007. It is based on the behavior of the Triangle Inequality Average coloring.
examples
editImages
editfractalforums stripe-average-mandelbrot-2 by Zephitmaal
-
Mandelbrot set in gray, image and source code ( processing and c)
-
Mandelbrot set zoom ( wake 1/3 ) with c source code
-
Basilica Julia set
-
disconnected Julia set : Imploded cauliflower
video
edit
algorithm
editFor every point c of rectangle from parameter plane do:[5]
- Calculate the orbit of the point z0. The result is series of complex numbers {z0,z1,z2,...}
- Apply function t to this series to get a new series of real numbers: { t0=t(z0), t1=t(z1), t2=t(z2), ...}.
- Take the average A ( = arithmetic mean) of this series of real numbers
- map real number A to a color ( coloring function)
orbit
edit
Skipped orbit is a subset of truncated orbit:
- skip a first k+1 of items from the sequence
- do not use some first k+1 items to compute average
addend function
editThe addend function t
- maps complex number to real number
- is continuous on the elements of elements in skipped orbit
where :
- s is a stripe density
average
editfull
editAverage of full truncated orbit:
- compute average from all points of the truncated orbit
If one compute average of all points ( from i=1 to i=n) then:
- stripes will be visible ( good)
- level sets of escape time will be also visible (bad, discontinuity )
The solution is :
- the interpolation
- skipped truncated orbit
skipped
editAverage of skipped orbit:
- skip first (k+1) items from computing average
note that:
It removes some discontinuities but not level sets of escape time
interpolated
editLevel sets of escape time are still visible ( discontinuity). One can remove them using interpolation.[6]
interpolation:
- between 2 values
- using:
- linear function = linear interpolation
- splines = spline interpolation
- polynomial
steps:
- Construct a smooth iteration count u = real number ( see equation 3.11 from page 21 in J Harkonen thesis)
- take it's fractional part[7] d
Decimal (frational) part d is:
- zero at boundary of previous level set
- converges to 1 in the neighborhood of next level set boundary
"Thus it can be used as the interpolation coefficient."
linear
editTo compute linear average interpolate between two values:
- one obtained from the "full" series ( truncated and skipped) = Avg =
- one obtained from the average of all t elements except the last one = prevAvg =
see equation 4.2 from page 28 in J Harkonen thesis
or in GLSL code by Syntopia:
float mix = frac*avg+(1.0-frac)*prevAvg;
Here is important fragment of GLSL code by Syntopia:
// iteration
for ( i = 0; i < Iterations; i++) {
z = complexMul(z,z) + c;
if (i>=Skip) {
count++;
lastAdded = 0.5+0.5*sin(StripeDensity*atan(z.y,z.x));
avg += lastAdded;
}
z2 = dot(z,z);
if (z2> EscapeRadius2 && i>Skip) break;
}
prevAvg = (avg -lastAdded)/(count-1.0);
avg = avg/count;
frac =1.0+(log2(log(EscapeRadius2)/log(z2)));
float mix = frac*avg+(1.0-frac)*prevAvg;
spline
editCompute spline average using Catmull-Rom splines:
Polynomials :
then
see equation 4.3 from page 28 in J Harkonen thesis
Code
edit- java script by 2013 Douglas Haber
- dailyfractalart explorer and description of js code
- M set by Jeremy Ashkenas
C
edit- M_LN2 is defined in math.h[8]
#define M_LN2 0.69314718055994530942 /* log_e 2 */ The natural logarithm of the 2.[9]
/*
c program: console, 1-file
samm.c
samm = Stripe Average Method
with :
- skipping first (i_skip+1) points from average
- linear interpolation
en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fractals/Iterations_in_the_complex_plane/stripeAC
--------------------------------
1. draws Mandelbrot set for complex quadratic polynomial
Fc(z)=z*z +c
using samm = Stripe Average Method
-------------------------------
2. technique of creating ppm file is based on the code of Claudio Rocchini
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Color_complex_plot.jpg
create 24 bit color graphic file , portable pixmap file = PPM
see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_pixmap
to see the file use external application ( graphic viewer)
-----
it is example for :
https://www.math.univ-toulouse.fr/~cheritat/wiki-draw/index.php/Mandelbrot_set
-------------
compile :
gcc samm.c -lm -Wall
./a.out
-------- git --------
cd existing_folder
git init
git remote add origin git@gitlab.com:adammajewski/mandelbrot_wiki_ACh.git
git add samm.c
git commit -m "samm + linear interpolation "
git push -u origin master
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <complex.h> // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6418807/how-to-work-with-complex-numbers-in-c
#define M_PI 3.14159265358979323846 /* pi */
/* screen ( integer) coordinate */
int iX,iY;
const int iXmax = 1200;
const int iYmax = 1000;
/* world ( double) coordinate = parameter plane*/
double Cx,Cy;
const double CxMin=-2.5;
const double CxMax=1.5;
const double CyMin=-5.0/3.0;
const double CyMax= 5.0/3.0;
/* */
double PixelWidth; //=(CxMax-CxMin)/iXmax;
double PixelHeight; // =(CyMax-CyMin)/iYmax;
/* color component ( R or G or B) is coded from 0 to 255 */
/* it is 24 bit color RGB file */
const int MaxColorComponentValue=255;
FILE * fp;
char *filename="samm_i.ppm"; // https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mandelbrot_set_-_Stripe_Average_Coloring.png
char *comment="# ";/* comment should start with # */
static unsigned char color[3]; // 24-bit rgb color
unsigned char s = 5; // stripe density
const int IterationMax=1000; // N in wiki
int i_skip = 1; // exclude (i_skip+1) elements from average
/* bail-out value for the bailout test for exaping points
radius of circle centered ad the origin, exterior of such circle is a target set */
const double EscapeRadius=10000; // = ER big !!!!
double lnER; // ln(ER)
double complex give_c(int iX, int iY){
double Cx,Cy;
Cy=CyMin + iY*PixelHeight;
if (fabs(Cy)< PixelHeight/2) Cy=0.0; /* Main antenna */
Cx=CxMin + iX*PixelWidth;
return Cx+Cy*I;
}
// the addend function
// input : complex number z
// output : double number t
double Give_t(double complex z){
return 0.5+0.5*sin(s*carg(z));
}
/*
input :
- complex number
- intege
output = average
*/
double Give_Arg(double complex C , int iMax)
{
int i=0; // iteration
double complex Z= 0.0; // initial value for iteration Z0
double A = 0.0; // A(n)
double prevA = 0.0; // A(n-1)
double R; // =radius = cabs(Z)
double d; // smooth iteration count
// iteration = computing the orbit
for(i=0;i<iMax;i++)
{
Z=Z*Z+C; // https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fractals/Iterations_in_the_complex_plane/qpolynomials
if (i>i_skip) A += Give_t(Z); //
R = cabs(Z);
if(R > EscapeRadius) break; // exterior of M set
prevA = A; // save value for interpolation
} // for(i=0
if (i == iMax)
A = -1.0; // interior
else { // exterior
// computing interpolated average
A /= (i - i_skip) ; // A(n)
prevA /= (i - i_skip - 1) ; // A(n-1)
// smooth iteration count
d = i + 1 + log(lnER/log(R))/M_LN2;
d = d - (int)d; // only fractional part = interpolation coefficient
// linear interpolation
A = d*A + (1.0-d)*prevA;
}
return A;
}
/*
input = complex number
output
- color array as Formal parameters
- int = return code
*/
int compute_color(complex double c, unsigned char color[3]){
double arg;
unsigned char b;
// compute
arg = Give_Arg( c, IterationMax);
//
if (arg < 0.0)
{ /* interior of Mandelbrot set = inside_color = */
color[0]=191; //
color[1]=191;
color[2]=191;
}
else // exterior of Mandelbrot set = CPM
{
// gray gradient
b = (unsigned char) (255 - 255*arg );
color[0]= b; /* Red*/
color[1]= b; /* Green */
color[2]= b; /* Blue */
};
return 0;
}
void setup(){
//
PixelWidth=(CxMax-CxMin)/iXmax;
PixelHeight=(CyMax-CyMin)/iYmax;
lnER = log(EscapeRadius); // ln(ER)
/*create new file,give it a name and open it in binary mode */
fp= fopen(filename,"wb"); /* b - binary mode */
/*write ASCII header to the file*/
fprintf(fp,"P6\n %s\n %d\n %d\n %d\n",comment,iXmax,iYmax,MaxColorComponentValue);
}
void info(){
double distortion;
// widt/height
double PixelsAspectRatio = (double)iXmax/iYmax; // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)
double WorldAspectRatio = (CxMax-CxMin)/(CyMax-CyMin);
printf("PixelsAspectRatio = %.16f \n", PixelsAspectRatio );
printf("WorldAspectRatio = %.16f \n", WorldAspectRatio );
distortion = PixelsAspectRatio - WorldAspectRatio;
printf("distortion = %.16f ( it should be zero !)\n", distortion );
printf("\n");
printf("bailut value = Escape Radius = %.0f \n", EscapeRadius);
printf("IterationMax = %d \n", IterationMax);
printf("i_skip = %d = number of skipped elements ( including t0 )= %d \n", i_skip, i_skip+1);
// file
printf("file %s saved. It is called .... in A Cheritat wiki\n", filename);
}
void close(){
fclose(fp);
info();
}
// ************************************* main *************************
int main()
{
complex double c;
setup();
printf(" render = compute and write image data bytes to the file \n");
for(iY=0;iY<iYmax;iY++)
for(iX=0;iX<iXmax;iX++)
{ // compute pixel coordinate
c = give_c(iX, iY);
/* compute pixel color (24 bit = 3 bytes) */
compute_color(c,color);
/*write color to the file*/
fwrite(color,1,3,fp);
}
close();
return 0;
}
Ultra Fractal
editStripes { ; Jussi Härkönen, 07-01-02 ; See Fibers and Things by Ron Barnett for a similar coloring ; for convergent fractals. ; ; TIA originally developed by Kerry Mitchell ; Curvature originally developed by Damien Jones ; ; 07-02-15 Added the interpolation mode parameter ; 07-03-07 Added the "None" interpolation mode ; 07-03-30 Added Skip iterations, seed (TIA only) and Mandel version (TIA only) ; parameters ; ; 16-10-30 Stripes + Perlin routines added by jam. ; ; from jh.ucl ; http://formulas.ultrafractal.com/cgi/formuladb?view;file=jh.ucl;type=.txt global: ; Precalculate the attenuation factor for attenuated sum float attenuationFactor = 1 - exp(-@attenuation) float lp = log(log(@bailout)) float twopi = 2 * #pi if (iteration > @skipIter) if (@coloring == "Stripes") ; Angle dependent component in [-1,1] float TkAng = sin(@angularFrequency * atan2(z) + @angularOffset) ; Radius-dependent component in [-1,1] float TkRad = sin(@circularFrequency * log((cabs(z))) + @circularOffset) ; The weighted sum of radius and angle dependent terms is in [-1,1] ; Scale and translate it to [0,1] Tk = 0.5 + 0.5 * ((1 - @circularWeight) * TkAng + @circularWeight * TkRad) elseif (@coloring == "Curvature") ; Skip two first iterations in order to get two nonzero previous values if (iteration > @skipIter + 2) q = (z - zPrev) / (zPrev - zPrev2) Tk = (abs(atan2(q)) / (pi)) else Tk = 0 endif else ; "TIA" ; Skip first iteration if (iteration > 1 + @skipIter) ; |z(k-1)^n| if (@usePixel) ; Use pixel value znAbs = cabs(z - #pixel) else ; Use seed specified by the user znAbs = cabs(z - @seed) endif ; Bounds: ; m(k) = ||z(k-1)|^n - |c|| float lowBound = abs(znAbs - cAbs) ; M(k) = |z(k-1)|^n + |c| float upBound = znAbs + cAbs ; T(k) Tk = (cabs(z) - lowBound) / (upBound - lowBound) endif endif ; Update previous sums sum3 = sum2 sum2 = sum1 sum1 = sum ; Calculate S(k) if (@attenuate) sum = attenuationFactor*sum + Tk else sum = sum + Tk endif endif ; ... ; #index = tempcolor default: title = "Stripes" param coloring caption = "Coloring mode" default = 0 enum = "Stripes" "TIA" "Curvature" hint = "Specifies the coloring algorithm." endparam param usePixel caption = "Mandel version" default = false visible = @coloring == "TIA" hint = "Specifies whether to use the algorithm adapted \ to Julia or Mandelbrot sets" endparam param seed caption = "Seed" default = (0.5,0.25) visible = (@coloring == "TIA") && (@usePixel == false) hint = "Seed of the Julia set." endparam param interpolation caption = "Interpolation" default = 0 enum = "Linear" "Smooth" "None" hint = "Specifies the interpolation method." endparam float param circularWeight caption = "Circle weight" default = 0.0 visible = (@coloring == "Stripes") min = 0 max = 1 hint = "Weight of circular and radial components. Weight = 0 shows only \ stripes, whereas weight = 1 shows only circles." endparam float param circularFrequency caption = "Circle frequency" default = 5.0 visible = (@coloring == "Stripes") hint = "Specifies the density of circles. Use integer values for smooth results." endparam float param circularOffset caption = "Circle offset" default = 0.0 visible = (@coloring == "Stripes") hint = "Circle offset given in radians." endparam float param angularFrequency caption = "Stripe density" default = 5.0 visible = (@coloring == "Stripes") hint = "Specifies the density of stripes. Use integer values for smooth results." endparam float param angularOffset caption = "Stripe offset" default = 0.0 visible = (@coloring == "Stripes") hint = "Stripe offset given in radians." endparam int param skipIter caption = "Skip iterations" default = 0 hint = "Excludes a given number of iterations from the end of the orbit." endparam ; Fractional iteration count parameters float param bailout caption = "Bailout" default = 1e20 min = 1 hint = "Bail-out value used by the fractal formula. Use large bailouts for \ best results." endparam ; Attenuation parameters bool param attenuate caption = "Moving average" default = false hint = "Use moving average instead of average. This may make the coloring \ structure appear clearer (especially with TIA), but may also make busy \ areas to appear flat." endparam float param attenuation caption = "Filter factor" default = 2 visible = @attenuate min = 0 hint = "Specifies the moving average strength. Values close to 0 cause the last \ terms to be weighted creating results similar to Cilia. Large values \ make the sum look more like the usual average." endparam }
Fragmentarium
edit// http://www.fractalforums.com/general-discussion/stripe-average-coloring/
// code by Syntopia
#include "2D.frag"
#group Mandelbrot
// Number of iterations
uniform int Iterations; slider[10,200,5000]
uniform float R; slider[0,0,1]
uniform float G; slider[0,0.4,1]
uniform float B; slider[0,0.7,1]
uniform bool Julia; checkbox[false]
uniform float JuliaX; slider[-2,-0.6,2]
uniform float JuliaY; slider[-2,1.3,2]
vec2 c2 = vec2(JuliaX,JuliaY);
void init() {}
vec2 complexMul(vec2 a, vec2 b) {
return vec2( a.x*b.x - a.y*b.y,a.x*b.y + a.y * b.x);
}
vec2 mapCenter = vec2(0.5,0.5);
float mapRadius =0.4;
uniform bool ShowMap; checkbox[true]
uniform float MapZoom; slider[0.01,2.1,6]
vec3 getMapColor2D(vec2 c) {
vec2 p = (aaCoord-mapCenter)/(mapRadius);
p*=MapZoom; p.x/=pixelSize.x/pixelSize.y;
if (abs(p.x)<2.0*pixelSize.y*MapZoom) return vec3(0.0,0.0,0.0);
if (abs(p.y)<2.0*pixelSize.x*MapZoom) return vec3(0.0,0.0,0.0);
p +=vec2(JuliaX, JuliaY) ;
vec2 z = vec2(0.0,0.0);
int i = 0;
for (i = 0; i < Iterations; i++) {
z = complexMul(z,z) +p;
if (dot(z,z)> 200.0) break;
}
if (i < Iterations) {
float co = float( i) + 1.0 - log2(.5*log2(dot(z,z)));
co = sqrt(co/256.0);
return vec3( .5+.5*cos(6.2831*co),.5+.5*cos(6.2831*co),.5+.5*cos(6.2831*co) );
} else {
return vec3(0.0);
}
}
// Skip initial iterations in coloring
uniform int Skip; slider[0,1,100]
// Scale color function
uniform float Multiplier; slider[-10,0,10]
uniform float StripeDensity; slider[-10,1,10]
// To test continous coloring
uniform float Test; slider[0,1,1]
uniform float EscapeRadius2; slider[0,1000,100000]
vec3 getColor2D(vec2 c) {
if (ShowMap && Julia) {
vec2 w = (aaCoord-mapCenter);
w.y/=(pixelSize.y/pixelSize.x);
if (length(w)<mapRadius) return getMapColor2D(c);
if (length(w)<mapRadius+0.01) return vec3(0.0,0.0,0.0);
}
vec2 z = Julia ? c : vec2(0.0,0.0);
int i = 0;
float count = 0.0;
float avg = 0.0; // our average
float lastAdded = 0.0;
float z2 = 0.0; // last squared length
for ( i = 0; i < Iterations; i++) {
z = complexMul(z,z) + (Julia ? c2 : c);
if (i>=Skip) {
count++;
lastAdded = 0.5+0.5*sin(StripeDensity*atan(z.y,z.x));
avg += lastAdded;
}
z2 = dot(z,z);
if (z2> EscapeRadius2 && i>Skip) break;
}
float prevAvg = (avg -lastAdded)/(count-1.0);
avg = avg/count;
float frac =1.0+(log2(log(EscapeRadius2)/log(z2)));
frac*=Test;
float mix = frac*avg+(1.0-frac)*prevAvg;
if (i < Iterations) {
float co = mix*pow(10.0,Multiplier);
co = clamp(co,0.0,10000.0);
return vec3( .5+.5*cos(6.2831*co+R),.5+.5*cos(6.2831*co + G),.5+.5*cos(6.2831*co +B) );
} else {
return vec3(0.0);
}
}
#preset Default
Center = -0.587525,0.297888
Zoom = 1.79585
AntiAliasScale = 1
AntiAlias = 1
Iterations = 278
R = 0
G = 0.4
B = 0.7
Julia = false
JuliaX = -0.6
JuliaY = 1.3
ShowMap = true
MapZoom = 2.1
Skip = 6
Multiplier = -0.1098
StripeDensity = 1.5384
Test = 1
EscapeRadius2 = 74468
#endpreset
#preset Julia
Center = -0.302544,-0.043626
Zoom = 4.45019
AntiAliasScale = 1
Iterations = 464
R = 0.58824
G = 0.3728
B = 0.27737
Julia = true
JuliaX = -1.26472
JuliaY = -0.05884
ShowMap = false
MapZoom = 1.74267
Skip = 4
Test = 1
EscapeRadius2 = 91489
Multiplier = 0.4424
StripeDensity = 2.5
AntiAlias = 2
#endpreset
Processing
edit// http://www.fractalforums.com/general-discussion/stripe-average-coloring/
// code by asimes{{typo help inline|reason=similar to amises|date=October 2022}}
// result : https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mandelbrot_set_-_Stripe_Average_Coloring.png
float xmin = -2.5;
float ymin = -2.0;
float wh = 4;
float stripes = 5.0;
int maxIterations = 1000;
void setup() {
size(10000, 10000, P2D);
}
void draw() {
loadPixels();
float xmax = xmin+wh;
float ymax = ymin+wh;
float dx = (xmax-xmin)/width;
float dy = (ymax-ymin)/height;
float x = xmin;
for (int i = 0; i < width; i++) {
float y = ymin;
for (int j = 0; j < height; j++) {
float zr = x;
float zi = y;
float lastzr = x;
float lastzi = y;
float orbitCount = 0;
int n = 0;
while (n < maxIterations) {
float zrr = zr*zr;
float zii = zi*zi;
float twori = 2*zr*zi;
zr = zrr-zii+x;
zi = twori+y;
if (zrr+zii > 10000) break;
orbitCount += 0.5+0.5*sin(stripes*atan2(zi, zr));
lastzr = zr;
lastzi = zi;
n++;
}
if (n == maxIterations) pixels[i+j*width] = 0;
else {
float lastOrbit = 0.5+0.5*sin(stripes*atan2(lastzi, lastzr));
float smallCount = orbitCount-lastOrbit;
orbitCount /= n;
smallCount /= n-1;
float frac = -1+log(2.0*log(10000))/log(2)-log(0.5*log(lastzr*lastzr+lastzi*lastzi))/log(2);
float mix = frac*orbitCount+(1-frac)*smallCount;
float orbitColor = mix*255;
pixels[i+j*width] = color(orbitColor);
}
y += dy;
}
x += dx;
}
updatePixels();
noLoop();
}
void mousePressed(){
save("a10000.png");
}
Programs
editReferences
edit- ↑ Jussi Harkonen : On Fractal Coloring Techniques
- ↑ A Cheritat wiki : Mandelbrot_set - Radial_strands
- ↑ fractalforums : triangle-inequality-average-coloring
- ↑ fractalforum : master's-thesis-on-fractal-coloring-techniques
- ↑ fractalforums : stripe-average-coloring
- ↑ wikipedia : Interpolation
- ↑ wijkipedia : Fractional part
- ↑ stackoverflow question: how-to-use-m-ln2-from-math-h ?
- ↑ M_LN2