# Geometry

• Euclidean[1]
• non-Euclidean[2]
• hyperbolic
• eliptic

Quality of image geometry:

• good ( not distorted)

# Viewport (visible part of the plane )

A viewport is a polygon viewing region in computer graphics.[3]

## Description

Rectangle part of 2D plane can be described by :

• corners ( 4 real numbers or 2 complex numbers = 2D points)
• center and :
• width ( 3 real numbers )
• magnification

"People specify fractal coordinates in many ways. Some people use the coordinates of the upper-left and lower-right visible points, specifying the coordinates as four numbers x1, y1, x2, y2. To set the same viewpoint in XaoS, set the real portion of the center to (x1+x2)/2, the imaginary part of center to (y1+y2)/2, and the radius to the greater of x2-x1 and y2-y1." ( from Xaos doc[4] )

### Corners

Standard description in Fractint, Ultra Fractal, ChaosPro and Fractal Explorer are corners. For example initial plane for Mandelbrot set is

 Corners:                X                     Y
Top-l          -2.5000000000000000    1.5000000000000000
Bot-r           1.5000000000000000   -1.5000000000000000
Ctr -0.5000000000000000   0.0000000000000000  Mag 6.66666667e-01
X-Mag-Factor     1.0000   Rotation    0.000   Skew    0.000


Display window of parameter plane has :

• a horizontal width of 4 (real)
• a vertical width (height) of 3 (imag)
• an aspect ratio (proportion) 4/3 ( also in pixels 640/480 so ther is no distorsion)
• center z=-0.5

See demo par file :

Mandel_Demo        { ; PAR for initialization of Fractint demo
reset=1900 type=mandel corners=-2.5/1.5/-1.5/1.5 params=0/0 inside=0
sound=no
}


For julia set/ dynamic plane has :

Corners:                X                     Y
Top-l          -2.0000000000000000    1.5000000000000000
Bot-r           2.0000000000000000   -1.5000000000000000
Ctr  0.0000000000000000   0.0000000000000000  Mag 6.66666667e-01
X-Mag-Factor     1.0000   Rotation    0.000   Skew    0.000


Description from documentation of Fractint :

CORNERS=[xmin/xmax/ymin/ymax[/x3rd/y3rd]]

Example: corners=-0.739/-0.736/0.288/0.291

Begin with these coordinates as the range of x and y coordinates, rather than the default values of (for type=mandel) -2.0/2.0/-1.5/1.5. When you specify four values (the usual case), this defines a rectangle: x- coordinates are mapped to the screen, left to right, from xmin to xmax, y-coordinates are mapped to the screen, bottom to top, from ymin to ymax. Six parameters can be used to describe any rotated or stretched parallelogram: (xmin,ymax) are the coordinates used for the top-left corner of the screen, (xmax,ymin) for the bottom-right corner, and (x3rd,y3rd) for the bottom-left. Entering just "CORNERS=" tells Fractint to use this form (the default mode) rather than CENTER-MAG (see below) when saving parameters with the [B] command.

int SetPlaneFromCorners(double CxMin , double CxMax, double CyMin , double CyMax){

// http://www.purplemath.com/modules/midpoint.htm
Center = (CxMax+CxMin)/2.0 + I*(CyMax+CyMin)/2.0;

return 0;

}


### Center and ...

 "If you use the center, you can change the zoom level and the plot zooms in/out smoothly on the same center point. " Duncan C).


#### magnification

Fractint uses Mag ( compare with Xmagfactor)

 CENTER-MAG=[Xctr/Yctr/Mag[/Xmagfactor/Rotation/Skew]]


This is an alternative way to enter corners as a center point and a magnification that is popular with some fractal programs and publications. Entering just "CENTER-MAG=" tells Fractint to use this form rather than CORNERS (see above) when saving parameters with the [B] command. The [TAB] status display shows the "corners" in both forms. When you specify three values (the usual case), this defines a rectangle: (Xctr, Yctr) specifies the coordinates of the center of the image.

Mag indicates the amount of magnification to use. Initial value ( no zoom ) is 6.66666667e-01.

Six parameters can be used to describe any rotated or stretched parallelogram: Xmagfactor tells how many times bigger the x- magnification is than the y-magnification,

Rotation indicates how many degrees the image has been turned.

Skew tells how many degrees the image is leaning over. Positive angles will rotate and skew the image counter-clockwise.

Parameters can be saved to parmfile called fractint.par

#### width

Wolf Jung uses center and width in Mandel:

/*
from mndlbrot.cpp  by Wolf Jung (C) 201
These classes are part of Mandel 5.7, which is free software; you can
redistribute and / or modify them under the terms of the GNU General
version 3, or (at your option) any later version. In short: there is
no warranty of any kind; you must redistribute the source code as well
*/
void mndlbrot::startPlane(int sg, double &xmid, double &rewidth) const
{  if (sg > 0)
{ xmid = -0.5; rewidth = 1.6; } // parameter plane
else { xmid = 0; rewidth = 2.0; } // dynamic plane


#### width and height

to describe plane ( view ) Xaos uses:

• 4 numbers in scripts

Xaos uses to call it "radius" but it is defind as : the greater of (x2-x1= width) and y2-y1=height."

It is very usefull for zooming : fix center and only change radius.

Claude Heiland-Allen[5] use center and radius for parameter plane of complex quadratic polynomial:

• "the difference in imaginary coordinate between the center and the top of the axis-aligned view rectangle".
• "px_radius is half the width of the image (in real coordinates)" [6]
view="-0.75 0 1.5" # standard view of parameter plane : center_re, center_im, radius


${\displaystyle radius={\frac {1}{Mag}}={\frac {height}{2}}}$

  // modified code using center and radius to scan the plane
int height = 720;
int width = 1280;
double dWidth;
double complex center= -0.75*I;
double complex c;
int i,j;

double width2; // = width/2.0
double height2; // = height/2.0

width2 = width /2.0;
height2 = height/2.0;

complex double coordinate(int i, int j, int width, int height, complex double center, double radius) {
double x = (i - width /2.0) / (height/2.0);
double y = (j - height/2.0) / (height/2.0);
complex double c = center + radius * (x - I * y);
return c;
}

for ( j = 0; j < height; ++j) {
for ( i = 0; i < width; ++i) {
c = coordinate(i, j, width, height, center, dRadius);
// do smth
}
}


The same in GLSL ( for Shadertoy) :


vec2 GiveCoordinate(vec2 center, float radius, vec2 fragCoord, vec3 iResolution)
{

// from pixel to world coordinate
// now point (0,0) is left bottom
// point (iResolution.x, iResolution.y) is right top
float x = (fragCoord.x -  iResolution.x/2.0)/ (iResolution.y/2.0);
float y = (fragCoord.y -  iResolution.y/2.0)/ (iResolution.y/2.0);
return c ;
}


Set plane:


int SetPlane(complex double center, double radius, double a_ratio){

ZxMax = creal(center) + radius*a_ratio;	//0.75;
ZyMin = cimag(center) - radius;	// inv
ZyMax = cimag(center) + radius;	//0.7;
return 0;

}


# Orientation

Check orientation of the plane by marking first quadrant of Cartesian plane :

if (x>0 && y>0) Color=MaxColor-Color;


It should be in upper right position.

# Display Aspect ratio

The aspect ratio, or more precisely the Display Aspect Ratio (DAR)[7] – the aspect ratio of the image as displayed. For TV:

• for TV DAR as traditionally 4:3 (a.k.a. Fullscreen)
• now is 16:9 (a.k.a. Widescreen) now the standard for HDTV