Flora of New York/Ericales

← Cornales	Flora of New York — Ericales				→ Gentianales
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

The order Ericales ...

Order	Family	Subfamily	Tribe	Genera	Common names	#
Ericales	Balsaminaceae	—	—	Impatiens	touch-me-not, jewelweed	4
	Polemoniaceae	Polemonioideae	Polemonieae	Polemonium	Jacob's ladder, charity	2
			Phocideae	Phlox	phlox	6
			Gilieae	Collomia	trumpet	1
			Gilieae	Gilia	gilia	1
			Loeselieae	Ipomopsis	red standing cypress	1
	Ebenaceae	Ebenoideae	—	Diospyros	persimmon	1
	Primulaceae	Theophrastoideae	Samoleae	Samolus	water pimpernel, brookweed	1
		Primuloideae	—	Primula	primrose	5
				Dodecatheon	shooting star → Primula	—
				Hottonia	featherfoil	1
				Androsace	rock-jasmine, pussytoes	1
		Myrsinoideae	—	Anagallis	pimpernel	1
				Trientalis	starflower → Lysimachia	—
				Lysimachia	yellow loosestrife	14
	Symplocaceae	—	—	Symplocos	sweetleaf	2
	Styracaceae	—	—	Halesia	silverbell	2
	Styracaceae	—	—	Styrax	snowbell	2
	Diapensiaceae	—	—	Diapensia	Lapland diapensia	1
				Galax	beetleweed	1
				Pyxidanthera	flowering moss, pyxies	1
	Sarraceniaceae	—	—	Sarracenia	pitcherplant, side-saddle plant	1
	Actinidiaceae	Actinidioideae	—	Actinidia	silver vine	1
	Clethraceae	—	—	Clethra	sweet pepperbush	1
	Ericaceae	Pyroloideae	Pyroleae	Orthilia	one-sided wintergreen	1
				Pyrola	wintergreen	9
				Moneses	single-delight, wintergreen	1
				Chimaphila	prince's pine, wintergreen	1
		Monotropoideae	Monotropeae	Monotropa	Indian pipe, pinesap	2
		Monotropoideae	Pterosporeae	Pterospora	pine drops, pinedrops	1
		Arbutoideae	—	Arctostaphylos	bearberry, kinnikinnick	1
		Harrimanelloideae	—	Harrimanella	moss bell-heather	1
		Ericoideae	Phyllodoceae	Epigaea	trailing arbutus, mayflower	1
			Phyllodoceae	Kalmia	laurel, mountain laurel, sheep laurel	5
			Ericeae	Calluna	heather	1
			Rhodoreae	Rhododendron	azalea, rhododendron, pinxter	8
		Empetroideae	Empetreae	Empetrum	crowberry (black, purple, red)	2
		Empetroideae	Empetreae	Corema	broom crowberry, poverty grass	1
		Vaccinoideae	Oxydendreae	Oxydendrum	swamp-cranberry, sourwood	1
			Lyonieae	Lyonia	stagger bush, maleberry	2
			Andromedeae	Andromeda	bog rosemary	1
			Gaultherieae	Chamaedaphne	leatherleaf	1
				Gaultheria	snowberry	1
				Eubotrys	fetterbush	1
				Leucothoe	doghobble	2
			Vaccinieae	Gaylussacia	huckleberry	3
			Vaccinieae	Vaccinium	blueberry, cranberry, deerberry, bilberry	11

Family BalsaminaceaeEdit

The Balsaminaceae (balsam family) contains the two genera: Impatiens with about 1000 species and Hydrocera with a single species. Of these, four Impatiens species have been reported growing wild in New York.^[1]^[2]^[3]

↑ Balsaminaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
↑ Balsaminaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).
↑ P.F. Stevens, P. F. (2001-2015). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, University of Missouri, St Louis, and Missouri Botanical Garden, April 2015.

ImpatiensEdit

Jewelweed with bright white water droplets at the edges of the leaves.

Of the four Impatiens species found outside of cultivation in New York, all are annual herbaceous plants The two native species, spotted jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) and pale jewelweed (Impatiens pallida), are common in wet wooded areas throughout much of the state.

Two non-native Impatiens species may also be found, but are less common. Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) is considered to be moderately invasive in New York. Garden balsam (Impatiens balsamina has been reported, but whether it has truly naturalized in the state is in question.

Ericales — Balsaminaceae — Impatiens
Impatiens	Touch-me-not	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Impatiens capensis Meerb. 1775. Impatiens capensis Meerb. 1788. Impatiens biflora Walter 1818. Impatiens fulva Nutt. 1910. Impatiens nortonii Rydb. 1967. Impatiens noli-tangere ssp. biflora Hultén	Spotted jewelweed, Orange touch-me-not, Spotted touch-me-not, Spotted snapweed Impatiente du Cap, Chou sauvage, Impatiente biflore	Native, C:3, Secure FACW Annual, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
Impatiens pallida Nutt. 1818. Impatiens pallida Nutt. 1904. Impatiens pallida var. alba Clute	Pale jewel-weed, Pale snapweed, Pale touch-me-not, Yellow touch-me-not Impatiente pâle	Native, C:3, Likely secure FACW Annual, Herb-forb			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
Impatiens glandulifera Royle 1835. Impatiens glandulifera Royle 1842. Impatiens roylei Walp.	Ornamental jewelweed, Policeman's helmet, Himalayan balsam, Himalayan touch-me-not Balsamie de l'Himmalaya, Impatiente glanduleuse, Balsamine géante	Introduced from India, Nepal, Pakistan, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 67%^[1] Annual, Herb-forb			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
Impatiens balsamina L. 1753. Impatiens balsamina L. 1790. Balsamina foemina Gaertn. 1922. Impatiens giorgii De Wild. 1962. Impatiens eriocarpa Launert	Garden balsam, Garden touch-me-not, Spotted snapweed, Rose balsam	Introduced from India, Myanmar UPL Annual, Herb-forb			NYFA-X USDA-XX ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Impatiens glandulifera: Moderate (67). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.

Family PolemoniaceaeEdit

The Polemoniaceae (phlox family).^[1]

Subamily PolemonioideaeEdit

Tribe PolemonieaeEdit

PolemoniumEdit

Although the New York Flora Atlas does not include Polemonium caeruleum, Go Botany reports that it has escaped cultivation in New England.

↑ Polemoniaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
Polemoniaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

Ericales — Polemoniaceae — Polemonioideae — Polemonieae
Polemonium	Jacob's ladder	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Polemonium reptans L. var. reptans	Common Jacob's-ladder, Creeping Jacob's-ladder, Spreading Jacob's-ladder, Greek valerian, Charity Polémoine rampante, Valériane grecque	Native, C:7, Likely secure FAC-FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Subshrub			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ITIS BNA Images, wsp
Polemonium vanbruntiae Britton	Vanbrunt's Jacob's ladder, Vanbrunt's polemonium, Bog Jacob's ladder Polémoine de Van-Brunt	Native, C:7, Rare FACW Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-3 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Polemonium (unlisted taxa)	Jacob's ladder	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Polemonium caeruleum L.	Blue Jacob's-ladder, Charity, Greek-valerian Polémoine bleue, Valériane grecque	Introduced from Eurasia, Cultivated FACW Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-0 USDA- NPT Can ARS ITIS BNA Images, wsp

Tribe PhocideaeEdit

PhloxEdit

Phlox pilosa - downy phlox

Ericales — Polemoniaceae — Polemonioideae — Phocideae — Phlox
Phlox sect. Divaricatae	Phlox	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Phlox divaricata L. ssp. divaricata	Wild blue phlox	Native, C:8, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Images, wsp
Phlox pilosa L. ssp. pilosa 1753. Phlox pilosa L. 1911. Phlox argillacea Clute & Ferriss 1931. Phlox pilosa var. amplexicaulis 1931. Phlox pilosa var. virens	Downy phlox	Native, C:10, Endangered, Impersistent			NYFA-1z USDA-NN ARS ITIS NSE BNA Images, wsp
Phlox sect. Phlox	Phlox	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Phlox subulata ssp. subulata	Moss phlox	Native, C:7, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN ARS Images, wsp
Phlox maculata ssp. maculata	Spotted phlox, Wild sweet-william	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-NX ITIS NSE BNA Images, wsp
Phlox paniculata	Fall phlox	Introduced, US South native FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun			NYFA-X USDA-NX ARS NSE BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Phlox stolonifera Sims (1802)	Creeping phlox	Introduced, US South native			NYFA-X USDA- ARS NSE BNA Images, wsp

Tribe GilieaeEdit

CollomiaEdit

Ericales — Polemoniaceae — Polemonioideae — Gilieae — Collomia
Collomia	Trumpet	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Collomia linearis Nutt. 1818. Collomia linearis Nutt. 1891. Navarretia linearis (Nutt.) Kuntze	Tiny trumpet, Narrow-leaved collomia	Introduced from western N. America, N. America native, Impersistent Annual, Herb-forb			NYFA-Xm USDA-NN ARS Trop. BNA Images, wsp

GiliaEdit

Ericales — Polemoniaceae — Polemonioideae — Gilieae — Gilia
Gilia	Gilia	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Gilia achilleifolia Benth. ssp. achilleifolia 1833. Gilia achilleifolia Benth.	California gilia, Blue gilia	Introduced from California, N. America native, Impersistent Annual, Herb-forb			NYFA-Xm USDA-X0 NPT ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp

Tribe LoeselieaeEdit

IpomopsisEdit

Ericales — Polemoniaceae — Polemonioideae — Loeselieae — Ipomopsis
Ipomopsis (excluded taxa)	Ipomopsis	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ipomopsis rubra (L.) Wherry Gilia rubra (L.) Heller	Red standing-cypress	N. America native southern U.S., N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-NX Images, wsp

Family EbenaceaeEdit

The Ebenaceae (ebony family) is primarily a tropical and warmer-temperate family of trees and shrubs. Its only species reported outside of cultivation in New York is the American persimmon tree, which consists mainly of escapes from cultivation. It is believed that the only native persimmon trees in the state are on Staten Island (Richmond County) and Long Island (Nassau and Suffolk Counties).^[1]^[2]

↑ Ebenaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
↑ Ebenaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

Subfamily EbenoideaeEdit

DiospyrosEdit

American Persimmons (Diospyros virginiana) in Tampa, Florida

The only known natitve persimmon trees in New York are on Staten Island and Long Island. Most of the naturalized trees are assumed to be garden escapes. The genus name Diospyros was derived from the Greek dios (divine) and pyros (wheat or grain) in reference to the tree's "divine fruit."

Ericales — Ebenaceae — Ebenoideae — Diospyros
Diospyros	Persimmon	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Diospyros virginiana L. 1753. Diospyros virginiana L. 1921. D. mosieri Small (i) 1921. D. virginiana var. mosieri (i)	Persimmon, Common persimmon, American persimmon Plaqueminier d'Amérique	Native, C:8, Threatened, NYNHP: 2^[1] FAC Perennial, Tree, Sun - part shade			NYFA-2 USDA-N0 NPT ARS FNA Trop. NSE BNA LBJ MBG Images, wsp
↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Diospyros virginiana. Threatened, S2/G5.

Family PrimulaceaeEdit

The Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh. (primrose family).^[1] Note that this family does not include evening primroses (Oenothera), which are in the Onagraceae (evening primrose or willowherb family) in the order Myrtales.

The classification used here for Primulaceae is based primariliy on P. F. Stevens (2001-2015). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, April 2015.

↑ Primulaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
Primulaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

Subfamily TheophrastoideaeEdit

The Theophrastoideae (brookweeds &&) ...

Tribe SamoleaeEdit

The Samoleae (brookweeds) ...

SamolusEdit

Samolus valerandi flowers

The native Samolus valerandi (Water pimpernel) is the only species of the genus Samolus reported in the wild in New York.

Ericales — Primulaceae — Theophrastoideae — Samoleae — Samolus
Samolus	Brookweed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Samolus valerandi L. 1753. Samolus valerandi L. 1818-1. S. parviflorus Raf. 1818-2. S. floribundus Kunth 1825. S. americanus Spreng. 1971. S. valerandi ssp. parviflorus	Water pimpernel Brookweed Seaside brookweed	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA Images, wsp

Subfamily PrimuloideaeEdit

PrimulaEdit

Primula subg. AleuritiaEdit

Lake Mistassini primrose, photographed in Wisconsin

The only native species of Primula subg. Aleuritia is Lake Mistassini primrose or bird's eye primrose. Lake Mistassini is the largest natural lake in Quebec. Mistassini primrose is rare this far south. It is considered threatened in New York, where it is found only on cool wet cliff faces.^[1]

The only non-native member of subg. Aleuritia reported to have naturalized in New York is Japanese primrose, which has been found in Onondaga and Otsego counties.

↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Primula mistassinica. Threatened, S2/G5.

Ericales — Primulaceae — Primuloideae — Primula subg. Aleuritia
Primula subg. Aleuritia sect. Aleuritia	Primrose	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Primula mistassinica Michx. 1803. Primula mistassinica Michx. 1888. P. farinosa var. mistassinica 1894. P. sibirica var. mistassinica 1905. P. farinosa ssp. mistassinica 1928. P. intercedens Fernald 1928. P. mistassinica var. intercedens 1966. P. mistassinica var. intercedens	Lake Mistassini primrose Bird's-eye primrose Mistassini primrose Dwarf Canadian primrose Primevère du lac Mistassini Primevère de Mistassini	Native, C:10, Threatened, NYNHP: 2^[1] FACW Perennial, Herb-forb, Shade			NYFA-2 USDA-NN NPT Can ITIS FNA Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Primula subg. Aleuritia sect. Proliferae	Primrose	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Primula japonica A.Gray	Japanese primrose Primevère du Japon	Introduced from Japan, Naturalized, Rare			NYFA-X USDA-X0 ARS Images, wsp
↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Primula mistassinica. Threatened, S2/G5.

Primula subg. PrimulaEdit

Primula veris - cowslip

Ericales — Primulaceae — Primuloideae — Primula subg. Primula
Primula subg. Primula sect. Primula	Primrose	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Primula veris L. 1753. Primula veris L. 1765. Primula officinalis (L.) Hill	Cowslip, Cowslip primrose Primevère officinale	Introduced from Europe, temperate w. Asia, Naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-XW Can ARS Images, wsp
Primula subg. Primula sect. Primula (excluded taxa)	Primrose	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Primula × polyantha Mill. Primula veris × Primula vulgaris	Elatior hybrid primrose, False oxlip	Introduced, N.Y. excluded, Only cultivated			NYFA-XCLD USDA-XX Can ARS Images, wsp

Primula subg. AuriculastrumEdit

Primula meadia (L.) A.R.Mast & Reveal
sooting star

Based on molecular evidence, A. R. Mast & Reveal, in 2006, transferred the 17 species of genus Dodecatheon (the sooting stars) to a new sect. Dodecatheon in Primula subg. Auriculastrum.^[1] The transfer included the only (and impersistent) New York native, Primula meadia (Eastern shooting star). The shooting stars are still listed in genus Dodecatheon by many sources.

Dodecatheon meadia ssp. meadia (Shooting-star) was listed as STEU-X G5T5 SX U in the 2004 Rare Plant Status List - Active Inventory List.^[2]

Ericales — Primulaceae — Primuloideae — Primula subg. Auriculastrum
Primula subg. Auriculastrum sect. Dodecatheon	Shooting-star	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Primula meadia (L.) A.R.Mast & Reveal 1753. Dodecatheon meadia L. 1903. D. hugeri Small 1903. D. brachycarpum Small 2007. P. meadia A.R.Mast & Reveal	Eastern shooting star, Shooting star, Pride of Ohio, American cowslip, Mead's shootingstar Gyroselle de Virginie	Native, C:10, Impersistent FACU Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-Z USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp

HottoniaEdit

Ericales — Primulaceae — Primuloideae — Hottonia
Hottonia	Hottonia	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Hottonia inflata Elliott 1817	American featherfoil, Featherfoil, Hottonie enflée	Native, Threatened			NYFA-2 USDA-NN NPT Images, wsp

AndrosaceEdit

Ericales — Primulaceae — Primuloideae — Androsace
Androsace	Rock jasmine	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Androsace maxima L.	Androsace, Greater rock-jasmine, Pussy-toes	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-X0 Images, wsp

Subfamily MyrsinoideaeEdit

The Myrsinoideae

LysimachiaEdit

Northern starflower

The grouping used here for genus Lysimachia is based on Anderberg (2007).^[1]

↑ A. A. Anderberg, U. Manns, and M. Källersjö (2007). "Phylogeny and floral evolution of the Lysimachieae (Ericales, Myrsinaceae): evidence from ndhF sequence data." Willdenowia 37:407-421.

Lysimachia subg. TrientalisEdit

Ericales — Primulaceae — Myrsinoideae — Lysimachia subg. Trientalis
Lysimachia subg. Trientalis	Starflower	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lysimachia borealis (Raf.) U.Manns & Anderb. 1808. Trientalis borealis Raf. 2009. Lysimachia borealis (Raf.) U.Manns & Anderb.^[1]	Northern starflower	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Images, wsp
↑ U. Manns & A. A. Anderberg (2009). "New combinations and names in Lysimachia (Myrsinaceae) for species of Anagallis, Pelletiera and Trientalis." Willdenowia 39:51. [Trientalis borealis Raf. = Lysimachia borealis (Raf.) U.Manns & Anderb.].

Lysimachia subg. Lysimachia group AEdit

Lysimachia ciliata
fringed loosestrife

Ericales — Primulaceae — Myrsinoideae — Lysimachia subg. Lysimachia
Lysimachia subg. Lysimachia sect. Seleucia	Yellow-loosestrife	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lysimachia ciliata L. 1753. Lysimachia ciliata L. 1843. Steironema ciliatum (L.) Baudo 1891. Nummularia ciliata (L.) Kuntze	Fringed loosestrife, Fringed yellow loosestrife, Ciliate loosestrife Lysimaque ciliée, Lysimaque fimbriée, Stéironéma cilié	Native, C:4, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-N NPT Can ARS Trop. Images, wsp
Lysimachia hybrida Michx. (1803) Lysimachia ciliata validula Lysimachia lanceolata hybrida Steironema hybridum Steironema laevigatum Steironema lanceolatum hybridum	Lance-leaved loosestrife, Lowland yellow loosestrife, Mississippi loosestrife, Swamp candles Lysimaque hybride	Native, C:10, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-NN NPT ITIS FNA Images, wsp
Lysimachia quadriflora Lysimachia longifolia Steironema quadriflorum	Linear-leaved loosestrife, Linear-leaf loosestrife, Four-flowered loosestrife, Fourflower yellow loosestrife, Linear-leaf loosestrife	Native, C:10, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-NN ITIS Images, wsp

Lysimachia subg. Lysimachia group BEdit

Lysimachia nummularia L. - moneywort or creeping Jenny

Sect. Nummularia contains two introduced species that are moderately invasive in New York: L. nummularia (moneywort or creeping Jenny), and L. punctata (spotted loosestrife).

Ericales — Primulaceae — Myrsinoideae — Lysimachia subg. Lysimachia
Lysimachia subg. Lysimachia sect. Nummularia	Yellow-loosestrife	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lysimachia nummularia L. 1753. Lysimachia nummularia L.	Moneywort Creeping Jenny Creeping loosestrife Creeping yellow loosestrife Lysimaque nummulaire Herbe-aux-écus Monnayère	Introduced from temperate Eurasia, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 64%^[1] Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS Images, wsp
Lysimachia punctata L. 1753. Lysimachia punctata L. L. punctata var. verticillata Klatt	Spotted loosestrife, Large yellow loosestrife	Introduced from temperate Eurasia, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 57%^[2]			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT ITIS Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Lysimachia nummularia: Moderate (64). ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Lysimachia punctata: Moderate (57).

Lysimachia subg. Lysimachia group CEdit

Blue form of Lysimachia arvensis

Ericales — Primulaceae — Myrsinoideae — Lysimachia subg. Lysimachia
Lysimachia subg. Lysimachia	Pimpernel	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY /NPT
Lysimachia arvensis (L.) U.Manns & Anderb. 1753. Anagallis arvensis L. 1759. A. caerulea L. 1764. A. arvensis var. caerulea 1927. A. arvensis fo. caerulea 2009. L. arvensis (L.) U.Manns & Anderb.	Scarlet pimpernel, Poor-man's weatherglass, Shepherd's clock, Scarlet yellow-loosestrife, Common pimpernel Mouron rouge, Mouron des champs	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Potentially invasive FACU-UPL Annual, Herb-forb			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS Trop. BNA Images, wsp

Lysimachia subg. Lysimachia group EEdit

Ericales — Primulaceae — Myrsinoideae — Lysimachia subg. Lysimachia
Lysimachia subg. Lysimachia sect. Lysimachia	Yellow-loosestrife	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lysimachia terrestris (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. 1888. Lysimachia terrestris (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.	Swamp candles, Swamp loosestrife, Swamp yellow loosestrife, Bog loosestrife, Bulblet loosestrife, Earth loosestrife, Lake loosestrife Lysimaque terrestre	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS FNA Images, wsp
Lysimachia quadrifolia	Whorled loosestrife	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can Images, wsp
Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. (1753) Naumburgia thyrsiflora (L.) Duby	Tufted loosestrife, Tufted yellow loosestrife, Water loosestrife, Swamp loosestrife, Lysimaque thyrsiflore	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp
Lysimachia × commixta Fernald Lysimachia terrestris × Lysimachia thyrsiflora	Hybrid of Swamp loosestrife & Tufted loosestrife	Native, Threatened			NYFA-2? Images, wsp
Lysimachia × producta (A. Gray) Fernald (pro sp.) Lysimachia quadrifolia × Lysimachia terrestris	Hybrid of Whorled loosestrife & Swamp loosestrife	Native, Vulnerable			NYFA-3? Images, wsp
Lysimachia vulgaris L. 1753. Lysimachia vulgaris L.	Garden loosestrife, Garden yellow loosestrife Lysimaque commune	Introduced, Highly invasive, NYIS: 73%^[1], Prohibited^[2]			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT FNA Trop. Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Lysimachia vulgaris: Moderate (73). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY. ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

Lysimachia subg. Palladia + LysimachiopsisEdit

Ericales — Primulaceae — Myrsinoideae — Lysimachia subg. Palladia + Lysimachiopsis
Lysimachia subg. Palladia + Lysimachiopsis	Loosestrife	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lysimachia clethroides Duby 1844. Lysimachia clethroides Duby	Goose-neck loosestrife Gooseneck loosestrife Gooseneck yellow loosestrife Lysimaque faux-clèthre	Introduced from temperate Asia, Potentially invasive, NYIS: not assessed^[1]			NYFA-Xm USDA-XX Can Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Lysimachia clethroides: Not Assessable (NA).

Family SymplocaceaeEdit

The Symplocaceae (sweetleaf family).^[1]

SymplocosEdit

Sweetleaf

Ericales — Symplocaceae — Symplocos
Symplocos	Sweetleaf	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L'Hér. 1767. Hopea tinctoria L. 1791. Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L'Hér.	Horse-sugar	Introduced, US South native			NYFA-X USDA-N0 Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Symplocos paniculata Miq.	Sapphire berry, Asiatic sweetleaf	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-X0 BNA Images, wsp
↑ Symplocaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Family StyracaceaeEdit

The Styracaceae (snowbell family) ^[1] contains snowbells and silverbell trees.

HalesiaEdit

Ericales — Styracaceae — Halesia
Halesia	Silverbell	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Halesia carolina L. 1759. Halesia carolina L. 1761. Halesia tetraptera J.Ellis 1803. Halesia parviflora Michx. 1914. Halesia carolina var. monticola Rehder 1921. Halesia monticola (Rehder) Sarg.	Silver bells, Possomwood, Carolina silverbell	Introduced, US South native Perennial, Tree			NYFA-X USDA-N0 NPT ARS FNA NSE BNA Images, wsp
Halesia tetraptera Ellis = Halesia carolina	Mountain silverbell	Introduced, US South native			NYFA-X USDA-N0 ARS NSE BNA Images, wsp
↑ Styracaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York. Styracaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

StyraxEdit

Ericales — Styracaceae — Styrax
Styrax	Snowbell	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Styrax americanus Lam. 1783. Styrax americanus Lam. 1803. Styrax pulverulentus Michx. 1917. Styrax americanus var. pulverulentus Rehder	American snowbell, Mock orange	Introduced, US South native, Cultivated			NYFA-0 USDA-N0 ARS Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp
Styrax japonicus Sieb. & Zucc.	Japanese snowbell, Japanese storax	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-X0 ITIS FNA Images, wsp

Family DiapensiaceaeEdit

The Diapensiaceae (diapensia family).^[1]

DiapensiaEdit

Ericales — Diapensiaceae — Diapensia
Diapensia	Diapensia	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Diapensia lapponica L. ssp. lapponica	Lapland diapensia, Pincushion plant	Native, Threatened			NYFA-2 USDA- Images, wsp
↑ Diapensiaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York. Diapensiaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

GalaxEdit

Galax urceolata
beetleweed

Galax (beetleweed) is an eastern North America native, but is considered to be an introduction in the Northeast. It is cultivated as a "native" groundcover and may persist as an escapee on Long Island, but is not considered to be truly naturalized in New York State.

Ericales — Diapensiaceae — Galax
Galax	Galax	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Galax urceolata (Poir.) Brummitt auct. Galax aphylla non L.	Beetleweed	Introduced, US South native, Not naturalized, Nassau, Suffolk Counties			NYFA-X USDA-N0 NPT ITIS FNA LBJ Images, wsp

PyxidantheraEdit

Pyxidanthera barbulata
pyxie moss

Both species of Pyxidanthera (pixie moss) are rare natives of the east coast. The smaller P. brevifolia (little-leaf pixiemoss) is only found in the Carolinas, but the larger P. barbulata (flowering pixiemoss) can be found as far north as Long Island, where it is considered endangered.

Ericales — Diapensiaceae — Pyxidanthera
Pyxidanthera	Pyxie moss	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Pyxidanthera barbulata Michx.	Common pyxiemoss, Flowering moss, Flowering pixiemoss, Big pyxie, Pyxies	Native, C:6, Endangered, Suffolk County only Perennial, Herb-subshrub			NYFA-1 USDA-N0 ITIS FNA Images, wsp

Family SarraceniaceaeEdit

The Sarraceniaceae (pitcher-plant family) are carnivorous plants, consisting of three New-World genera. The largest genus, Heliamphora, is endemic to South America, and the monospecific Darlingtonia is native to the West Coast of the U.S. The third genus, Sarracenia, with about eight species, is native to eastern North America.^[1]

↑ Sarraceniaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

SarraceniaEdit

Sarracenia purpurea
purple pitcher-plant

The most widespread and only cold-tolerant species of Sarracenia is Sarracenia purpurea (the purple pitcher plant). Of its two subspecies, S. purpurea ssp. venosa is only found south of New York, but S. purpurea ssp. purpurea is fairly widespread in New York peatlands as well as farther north.

Ericales — Sarraceniaceae — Sarracenia
Sarracenia	Pitcher plant	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Sarracenia purpurea L. ssp. purpurea 1753. Sarracenia purpurea L. 1827. S. purpurea var. terrae-novae 1933. S. purpurea ssp. gibbosa 1933. S. purpurea var. stolonifera 1951. S. purpurea var. ripicola	Purple pitcher-plant, Northern pitcher-plant, Side-saddle plant, Common pitcherplant, Huntsman's-cup, Huntsman's horn, Decumbent pitcher plant, Frog's-britches Sarracénie pourpre	Native, C:9, Vulnerable OBL Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun			NYFA-3-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA BNA LBJ Images, wsp

Family ActinidiaceaeEdit

The Actinidiaceae (Chinese gooseberry family) has only two species that have been found outside of cultivation in New York. Only one of these are considered to be naturalized.^[1]

↑ Actinidiaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

ActinidiaEdit

Actinidia arguta
taravine or hardy kiwi

Ericales — Actinidiaceae — Actinidioideae — Actinidia
Actinidia	Kiwifruit	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. 1867. Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq.	Hardy kiwi Baby kiwi Tara vine Taravine	Introduced from temperate Asia, Naturalized, iMapInvasives			NYFA-Xn USDA-X0 ARS Images, wsp
Actinidia polygama (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Maxim. 1843. Trochostigma polygamum Siebold & Zucc. 1859. Actinidia polygama (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Maxim.	Silver vine, Cat powder, Matatabi	Introduced from temperate Asia, Not naturalized, iMapInvasives			NYFA-X USDA-X0 ARS Images, wsp

Family ClethraceaeEdit

The Clethraceae (clethra family)^[1] contains just two species, only one of which (Clethra) is found in New York.

↑ Clethraceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

ClethraEdit

Clethra alnifolia

Clethra contains two North American species:

Clethra acuminata, mountain pepperbush, is limited to the Appalachians from Alabama to southern Pennsylvania, and has not been known to naturalize as far north as New York State.
Clethra alnifolia, coastal sweet pepperbush, is found primarily along the East Coast, including parts of New York, particularly in wet acidic environments.

Clethra alnifolia cultivars are available and are usually either more compact than the wild form or have pink flowers.^[1]

↑ Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service, Home & Garden Information Center, Clemson, South Carolina.

Ericales — Clethraceae — Clethra
Clethra	Sweetpepperbush	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Clethra alnifolia L. 1753. Clethra alnifolia L. 1786. C. tomentosa Lam. 1789. C. paniculata Aiton 1803. C. alnifolia var. tomentosa 1803. C. alnifolia var. glabella 1900. C. alnifolia var. paniculata 1903. C. alnifolia var. michauxii	Coastal sweet-pepperbush, Coast pepperbush, Sweet Pepperbush, Summersweet, Summersweet clethra, Pink spires (cv.), Anne Bidwell (cv.) Clèthre à feuilles d'aulne	Native, C:7, Secure FAC Perennial, Shrub, Sun - shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA IPN LBJ Images, wsp

Family EricaceaeEdit

The Ericaceae (heath family).^[1]^[2]

↑ Ericaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
Ericaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).
↑ The subfamily (and tribal) organization used here is from of James L. Reveal (2012) An outline of a classification scheme for extant flowering plants. Phytoneuron 2012–37: 1–221.

Subfamily PyroloideaeEdit

The subfamily Pyroloideae Kosteltsky. Perennial herbs, rhizomatous.

Tribe PyroleaeEdit

The native New York Pyroleae consist of about nine species of "wintergreen" or "shineleaf" plants. The organization of the Pyroleae used here is based primarily on Liu (2011).^[1]

↑ Zhen-wen Liu, Ze-huan Wang, Jing Zhou, Hua Peng (2011). "Phylogeny of Pyroleae (Ericaceae): implications for character evolution." Journal of Plant Research May 2011, Volume 124, Issue 3, pp 325-337.

OrthiliaEdit

Ericales — Ericaceae — Pyroloideae — Pyroleae — Orthilia
Orthilia	Orthilia	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Orthilia secunda (L.) House 1753. Pyrola secunda L. 1858. Ramischia secunda (L.) Garcke 1914. Ramischia elatior Rydb. 1921. Orthilia secunda (L.) House	One-sided wintergreen, Sidebells wintergreen	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT FNA Images, wsp

PyrolaEdit

Pyrola (wintergreen) photos from the 1918 Wild Flowers of New York

New York Pyrola species go by the various colloquial names: wintergreen, shinleaf, or sometimes shineleaf.

Ericales — Ericaceae — Pyroloideae — Pyroleae — Pyrola
Pyrola	Wintergreen	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Pyrola americana Sweet 1830. Pyrola americana Sweet 1844. Pyrola obovata Bertol. auct. Pyrola rotundifolia p.p. non L. 1920. Pyrola rotundifolia var. americana 1966. Pyrola asarifolia ssp. americana	American wintergreen American shinleaf Wild lily-of-the-valley Round-leaved shineleaf Round-leaved wintergreen Pyrole d'Amérique Pyrole à feuilles rondes	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Pyrola chlorantha Sw. 1810. Pyrola chlorantha Sw. 1811. Pyrola virens Schweigg. 1867. Pyrola oxypetala Austin ex A. Gray 1920. Pyrola chlorantha var. convoluta 1920. Pyrola chlorantha var. paucifolia 1920. Pyrola chlorantha var. revoluta 1941. Pyrola virens var. convoluta 1941. Pyrola virens var. saximontana	Green-flowered wintergreen, Green-flowered shineleaf, Greenish-flowered wintergreen, Pale-green wintergreen	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN Images, wsp
Pyrola elliptica Nutt.	Shinleaf, Waxflower shinleaf, Large-leaved shineleaf, Elliptic shineleaf	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN ITIS Images, wsp
Pyrola asarifolia Michx. ssp. asarifolia yyyy. Pyrola californica Krísa yyyy. Pyrola elata Nutt. yyyy. Pyrola uliginosa Torr. & A. Gray ex Torr. yyyy. Pyrola uliginosa var. gracilis yyyy. Pyrola asarifolia var. asarifolia yyyy. Pyrola asarifolia var. incarnata yyyy. Pyrola asarifolia var. ovata yyyy. Pyrola asarifolia var. purpurea yyyy. Pyrola rotundifolia ssp. asarifolia	Pink shinleaf Pink wintergreen Bog wintergreen Liverleaf wintergreen Pink pyrola Pyrole à feuilles d'asaret	Native, Threatened			NYFA-2 USDA-NN Can ITIS Images, wsp
Pyrola minor L.	Snowline wintergreen, Lesser wintergreen	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1 Images, wsp

MonesesEdit

Ericales — Ericaceae — Pyroloideae — Pyroleae — Moneses
Moneses	Single-delight	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Moneses uniflora (L.) A.Gray Pyrola uniflora L.	One-flowered wintergreen	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Images, wsp

ChimaphilaEdit

Ericales — Ericaceae — Pyroloideae — Pyroleae — Chimaphila
Chimaphila	Prince's-pine	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W.P.C.Barton 1753. Pyrola umbellata L. 1817. Chimaphila umbellata W.P.C.Barton 1891. Pseva umbellata (L.) Kuntze	Common wintergreen, Pipsissewa, Noble prince's-pine	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS Trop. Images, wsp
Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh	Spotted wintergreen, Striped prince's pine	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Images, wsp

Subfamily MonotropoideaeEdit

The subfamily Monotropoideae consists exclusively of taxa which are both herbaceous and achlorophyllous. Because they are symbiotic with mycorrhizal fungi and a photosynthetic host, these taxa are known as mycoheterotrophs.^[1]

↑ Broe, Michael Brian (2014) Phylogenetics of the Monotropoideae (Ericaceae) with Special Focus on the Genus Hypopitys Hill, together with a Novel Approach to Phylogenetic Inference Using Lattice Theory.

Tribe MonotropeaeEdit

Monotropeae are mycotrophs, which are parasitic plants that obtain their nutrients trough fungi instead photosynthesis.

MonotropaEdit

Monotropa

Ericales — Ericaceae — Monotropoideae — Monotropeae — Monotropa
Monotropa	Indianpipe	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Monotropa uniflora L. 1753. Monotropa uniflora L. 1927. Monotropa brittonii Small	Indian-pipe, One-flowered Indian pipe, Ghost pipe, Convulsion root Monotrope uniflore, Monotrope à une fleur	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS FNA Images, wsp

HypopitysEdit

Hypopitys monotropa - pinesap

Hypopitys is often included in Monotropa (above).^[1]

↑ Broe, Michael Brian (2014) Phylogenetics of the Monotropoideae (Ericaceae) with Special Focus on the Genus Hypopitys Hill, together with a Novel Approach to Phylogenetic Inference Using Lattice Theory.

Ericales — Ericaceae — Monotropoideae — Monotropeae — Hypopitys
Hypopitys	Pinesap	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Hypopitys monotropa Crantz 1753. Monotropa hypopitys L. 1766. Hypopitys monotropa Crantz 1772. Hypopitys multiflora Scop. 1803. Monotropa lanuginosa Michx. 1810. Hypopitys lanuginosa (Michx.) Raf. 1843. Hypopitys americana (DC.) Small 1894. Hypopitys hypopitys (L.) Small taut. 1897. Hypopitys multiflora (Scop.) Fritsch 1901. Hypopitys fimbriata (A.Gray) Howell 1910. M. hypopitys var. lanuginosa Purah. 1956. M. hypopitys ssp. lanuginosa H.Hara	Pinesap, American pinesap, Yellow pinesap, Yellow bird's-nest, False beechdrops Monotrope du pin, Monotrope à grappe	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Hypopitys lanuginosa (Michx.) Raf. 1803. Monotropa lanuginosa Michx. 1810. Hypopitys lanuginosa (Michx.) Raf. 1818. H. lanuginosa (Michx.) Nutt. isonym 1910. Monotropa hypopitys ssp. lanuginosa 1956. Monotropa hypopitys ssp. lanuginosa	Red pinesap hairy pine-sap	Native, C:8, Unranked			NYFA-Nu NPT Images, wsp

Tribe PterosporeaeEdit

PterosporaEdit

Ericales — Ericaceae — Monotropoideae — Pterosporeae — Pterospora
Pterospora	Pinedrops	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Pterospora andromedea Nutt.	Pinedrops, Pine-drops, Woodland pinedrops, Giant pinedrops, Giant birds's-nest, Albany beechdrops	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-NN NPT Trop. Images, wsp

Subfamily ArbutoideaeEdit

ArctostaphylosEdit

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
bearberry or kinnikinnick

Bearberry is a trailing evergreen shrub, native to rocky and sandy upland parts of the Northern Hemisphere, including suitable parts of New York State.

Ericales — Ericaceae — Arbutoideae — Arctostaphylos
Arctostaphylos	Manzanita	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. 1753. Arbutus uva-ursi L. 1812. Arbutus buxifolia Stokes 1813. Mairania uva-ursi (L.) Desv. 1821. Uva-ursi buxifolia (Stokes) Gray 1825. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. 1913. Uva-ursi uva-ursi (L.) Britton taut.	Red bearberry, Kinnikinnick, Pinemat manzanita, Mealberry, Hog cranberry Raisin d’ours, Arctostaphyle raisin-d'ours, Busserole	Native, C:8, Secure UPL Perennial, Shrub-subshrub, Sun - shade		Alba Bron Clin Colu Dutc Erie Esse Fran Fult Gene Gree Hami Jeff Lewi Nass Niag Onei Onta Oran Oswe Putn Quee Rens Rich Rock Stla Steu Suff Tomp Ulst Warr Wash	NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA LBJ Images, wsp

Subfamily HarrimanelloideaeEdit

HarrimanellaEdit

Ericales — Ericaceae — Harrimanelloideae — Harrimanella
Harrimanella	Harrimanella	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Harrimanella hypnoides (L.) Coville	Moss bell-heather	Native, Likely extirpated			NYFA-Z USDA-NN ARS Images, wsp

Subfamily EricoideaeEdit

Tribe PhyllodoceaeEdit

EpigaeaEdit

Epigaea repens L.
trailing arbutus

Epigaea contains three species, only one of which, trailing arbutus (Epigaea repens), is native to the New World. It is a low shrub/subshrub found in acidic upland hemlock-hardwood forests and forest edges through much of eastern North America. It flowers in early spring and does well in disturbed sites such as logging roads. Trailing arbutus is the state plant of Massachusetts.

Ericales — Ericaceae — Ericoideae — Phyllodoceae — Epigaea
Epigaea	Trailing-arbutus	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	1 NPT
Epigaea repens L. 1753. Epigaea repens L. 1837. Epigaea repens var. rubicunda 1939. Epigaea repens var. glabrifolia	Trailing arbutus, Mayflower, Ground laurel	Native, C:7, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT FNA Trop. Images, wsp

KalmiaEdit

Sheep-laurel (Kalmia angustifolia)

Kalmia (laurel) is a North American genus with about 10 species, four of which are considered to be native to New York.

Ericales — Ericaceae — Ericoideae — Phyllodoceae — Kalmia
Kalmia	Laurel	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Kalmia angustifolia L. var. angustifolia	Sheep-laurel, Sheep-kill	Native, C:7, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Images, wsp
Kalmia latifolia L.	Mountain laurel	Native, C:7, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-N0 NPT Images, wsp
Kalmia polifolia Wang.	Pale laurel, Bog laurel	Native, C:10, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Images, wsp
Kalmia procumbens Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv.	Alpine azalea	Native, C:10, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS Images, wsp
Kalmia (excluded taxa)	Laurel	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Kalmia buxifolia (Bergius) Gift & Kron 2008 1777. Ledum buxifolium Bergius 1813. Dendrium buxifolium Desv. 1817. Leiophyllum buxifolium Elliott ^[1] 1839. Leiophyllum lyonii Sweet 1901. Leiophyllum hugeri (Small) K. Schum.	Sandmyrtle, Sand-myrtle	N. America native southern U. S., N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-N0 NPT ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp
↑ NYFA and NRCS both list Kalmia buxifolia as Leiophyllum buxifolium (Berg) Elliott. ITIS, GRIN and Flora of North America, place it in Kalmia.

Tribe EriceaeEdit

CallunaEdit

Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull
heather

Calluna is a monotypic plant genus whose sole species is Calluna vulgaris or heather, an Old-World plant.

Ericales — Ericaceae — Ericoideae — Ericeae — Calluna
Calluna	Heather	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull 1753. Erica vulgaris L. 1808. Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull 1906. Ericoides vulgaris (L.) Merino	Heather, Scotch heather, Scots heather, Common heather, Ling	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Naturalized FAC Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-X USDA-XX ARS Trop. BNA Images, wsp

Tribe RhodoreaeEdit

RhododendronEdit

Rhododendron subg. Hymenanthes sect. PentantheraEdit

Rhododendron periclymenoides
pinxter flower

Rhododendron sect. Pentanthera contains the azaleas, three of which are native to New York.

Ericales — Ericaceae — Ericoideae — Rhodoreae — Rhododendron
Rhododendron subg. Hymenanthes sect. Pentanthera	Azalea	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Rhododendron prinophyllum (Small) Millais 1914. Azalea prinophylla Small 1917. R. prinophyllum (Small) Millais 1921. R. roseum (Loisel.) Rehder superfl. 1924. R. nudiflorum var. roseum	Early azalea Roseshell azalea Woolly azalea Election-pink	Native, C:6, Secure FAC Perennial, Shrub, Shade			NYFA-5 USDA-N0 NPT Can ARS FNA Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Rhododendron periclymenoides (Michx.) Shinners 1762. Azalea nudiflora L. illeg. 1803. A. periclymenoides Michx. 1824. R. nudiflorum (L.) Torr. illeg. 1941. R. nudiflorum fo. glandiferum 1962. R. periclymenoides (Michx.) Shinners	Pinxter flower Pinxter-flower Pinkster Pink azalea Election-pink Pinxterbloom azalea	Native, C:7, Secure FAC Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-5 USDA-N0 NPT ARS BNA Images, wsp
Rhododendron viscosum (L.) Torr. 1753. Azalea serrulata Small Azalea viscosa L. 1824. R. viscosum (L.) Torr. R. serrulatum (Small) Millais	Swamp azalea Clammy azalea	Native, C:7, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-N0 NPT FNA BNA Images, wsp
Rhododendron calendulaceum (Michx.) Torrey	Flame azalea	Introduced from southeastern US, N. America native			NYFA-X USDA-N0 NPT BNA Images, wsp
Rhododendron subg. Hymenanthes sect. Pentanthera (excluded taxa)	Azalea	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Rhododendron arborescens (Pursh) Torr. 1813. Azalea arborescens Pursh 1824. R. arborescens (Pursh) Torr.	Smooth azalea Sweet Azalea	N. America native, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-N0 NPT ARS Trop. BNA Images, wsp Note: 1986^[1]
Rhododendron canescens (Michx.) Sweet 1803. Azalea canescens Michx. 1830. R. canescens (Michx.) Sweet 1900. Azalea nudiflora var. canescens 1901. Azalea candida Small 1916. R. candidum (Small) Rehder 1921. R. canescens var. candidum	Mountain azalea Hoary azalea Wild azalea Honeysuckle azalea Piedmont azalea Sweet azalea Southern pinxterflower Sweet-Florida pinxter	N. America native, N.Y. excluded			USDA-N0 NEW-0 ARS ITIS Trop. BNA IPN Images, wsp Note: 1918^[2]
↑ 1986: Mitchell, R.S. (ed.). A checklist of New York State plants. Contributions of a Flora of New York State, Checklist III. New York State Bulletin No. 458. New York State Museum, Albany. ↑ 1918: Homer D. House, New York State Botanist, Wild Flowers of New York, Vol 2, page 201, "Mountain or Hoary Azalea, Azalea canescens Michaux ... eastern and southern New York...." This appears to be a misidentification of the similar species Rhododendron periclymenoides, which is common in that range.

Rhododendron subg. Hymenanthes sect. RhodoraEdit

Rhododendron canadense
rhodora

Rhododendron sect. Rhodora contains the single species Rhododendron canadense (rhodora), which is native to northeastern North America.

Ericales — Ericaceae — Ericoideae — Rhodoreae — Rhododendron
Rhododendron subg. Hymenanthes sect. Rhodora	Rhodora	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Rhododendron canadense (L.) Torr. 1762. Rhodora canadensis L. 1841. Rhododendron canadense (L.) Torr. 1891. Azalea canadensis (L.) Kuntze	Rhodora Canada rosebay Canada rhododendron Canadian rhododendron Rhododendron du Canada Rhodora Rhodora du Canada	Native, C:9, Threatened FACW Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-2 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS Trop. BNA Images, wsp

Rhododendron subg. Hymenanthes sect. PonticaEdit

Ericales — Ericaceae — Ericoideae — Rhodoreae — Rhododendron
Rhododendron subg. Hymenanthes sect. Pontica	Rhododendron	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Rhododendron maximum L. 1753. Rhododendron maximum L. 1935. Rhododendron ashleyi Coker 1943. Hymenanthes maxima (L.) H.F.Copel.	Great rosebay Great laurel Great rhododendron Rose bay Wild rhododendron Rosebay rhododendron	Native, C:9, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT ARS Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp

Rhododendron subg. Rhododendron sect. RhododendronEdit

Rhododendron lapponicum
Lapland rosebay

Rhododendron sect. Rhododendron contains the two New York natives Labrador tea (R. groenlandicum) and Lapland rosebay (R. lapponicum).

Ericales — Ericaceae — Ericoideae — Rhodoreae — Rhododendron
Rhododendron subg. Rhododendron sect. Rhododendron subsect. Ledum	Rhododendron	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Rhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron & Judd 1771. Ledum groenlandicum Oeder Ledum palustre L. 1990. Rhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron & Judd	Labrador tea, Bog Labrador tea, Common Labrador tea	Native, C:9, Likely secure			NYFA-4-5 USDA-NN NPT Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Rhododendron subg. Rhododendron sect. Rhododendron subsect. Lapponica	Rhododendron	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Rhododendron lapponicum (L.) Wahlenb. Azalea lapponica L.	Lapland rosebay, Lapland azalea	Native, C:10, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-NN NPT BNA Images, wsp

Subfamily EmpetroideaeEdit

Empetroideae Sweet, Hort. Brit.: 491. Sep–Oct 1826.

Tribe EmpetreaeEdit

Empetreae Horan., Char. Ess. Fam.: 109. 17 Jun 1847.

EmpetrumEdit

Ericales — Ericaceae — Empetroideae — Empetreae — Empetrum
Empetrum	Crowberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Empetrum nigrum L. 1753. Empetrum nigrum L. 1913. E. eamesii ssp. hermaphroditum 1927. E. hermaphroditum Lange ex Hagerup 1933. E. nigrum var. hermaphroditum 1952. E. nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum	Black crowberry, Crakeberry, Curlew-berry Camarine noire	Native, Rare			NYFA-3 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp
Empetrum atropurpureum Fernald & Wiegand 1913. E. atropurpureum Fernald & Wiegand 1927. E. rubrum var. atropurpureum 1960. E. eamesii ssp. atropurpureum 1966. E. nigrum var. atropurpureum ^[1]	Purple crowberry, Red crowberry Camarine noire-pouprée, Camarine atropourpre, Camarine pourpre	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-NN NPT Can ITIS FNA Images, wsp
↑ USDA-NRCS-PLANTS and ITIS treat E. atropurpureum as a synonym of E. nigrum, but NYFA, FNA, and Flora Novae Angliae all treat E. atropurpureum as a separate species.

CoremaEdit

Ericales — Ericaceae — Empetroideae — Empetreae — Corema
Corema	Crowberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Corema conradii (Torr.) Torr. 1837. Empetrum conradii Torr. 1842. Corema conradii (Torr.) Torr.	Broom crowberry, Broom-crowberry, Poverty-grass Corème de Conrad, Camarine de Conrad	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp

Subfamily VaccinoideaeEdit

Tribe OxydendreaeEdit

OxydendrumEdit

Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.
sourwood tree

Oxydendrum contains a single species, the sourwood tree (O. arboreum), which is endemic to the southeastern U.S., as far north as southwestern Pennsylvania. Its flowers grow in racemes and look similar to lily-of-the-valley flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental in southern New York, where it has escaped.

Ericales — Ericaceae — Vaccinoideae — Oxydendreae — Oxydendrum
Oxydendrum	Sourwood	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. 1753. Andromeda arborea L. 1839. Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.	Sourwood, Sorreltree, Lily-of-the-valley tree, Swamp-cranberry	Introduced, US South native			NYFA-X USDA-N0 ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE IPN Images, wsp

Tribe LyonieaeEdit

LyoniaEdit

Lyonia ligustrina - maleberry

Ericales — Ericaceae — Vaccinoideae — Lyonieae — Lyonia
Lyonia	Staggerbush	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC. var. ligustrina 1753. Vaccinium ligustrinum L. 1813. Andromeda ligustrina (L.) Muhl. 1839. Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC. 1894. Xolisma ligustrina (L.) Britton 1913. Arsenococcus ligustrinus (L.) Small	Maleberry, Seedy buckberry, Privet andromeda Lyonie faux-troène, Lyonie ligustrine	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-N0 NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE Images, wsp
Lyonia mariana (L.) D.Don 1753. Andromeda mariana L. 1834. Lyonia mariana (L.) D.Don 1876. Pieris mariana (L.) Benth. & Hook.f. 1913. Neopieris mariana (L.) Britton 1924. Xolisma mariana (L.) Rehder	Stagger-bush, Piedmont staggerbush, Maryland staggerbush	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-N0 NPT ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE IPN Images, wsp

Tribe AndromedeaeEdit

AndromedaEdit

Andromeda polifolia
bog rosemary

Andromeda polifolia (bog-rosemary) is generally treated as the only member of its genus and is found in acidic bogs throughout the northern hemisphere. Two varieties are considered to be present in North America, but only the glaucous-leaved bog rosemary, A. polifolia var. latifolia (syn. A. glaucophylla) has been reported in New York.

Ericales — Ericaceae — Vaccinoideae — Andromedeae — Andromeda
Andromeda	Bog-rosemary	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Andromeda polifolia L. var. latifolia Aiton 1789. A. polifolia var. latifolia 1821. A. glaucophylla Link 1839. A. polifolia var. glaucophylla 1914. A. canescens Small 1916. A. glaucophylla var. iodandra 1924. A. glaucophylla fo. latifolia 1927. A. glaucophylla var. latifolia 1948. A. polifolia ssp. glaucophylla	Bog rosemary, Glaucous-leaved bog rosemary Andromède glauque	Native, C:10, Secure OBL Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. LBJ Images, wsp

Tribe GaultherieaeEdit

ChamaedaphneEdit

Chamaedaphne calyculata
leatherleaf

Chamaedaphne calyculata (leatherleaf) is the sole species of the genus and is native to much of the Northern Hemisphere, including New York State.

Ericales — Ericaceae — Vaccinoideae — Gaultherieae — Chamaedaphne
Chamaedaphne	Leatherleaf	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench	Leatherleaf	Native, C:8, Secure OBL Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Images, wsp

GaultheriaEdit

Gaultheria procumbens
wintergreen

Ericales — Ericaceae — Vaccinoideae — Gaultherieae — Gaultheria
Gaultheria	Snowberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Gaultheria procumbens L.	Wintergreen Teaberry Eastern teaberry Checkerberry Eastern spicy-wintergreen Creeping wintergreen Spring wintergreen Mountain-tea Thé des bois, Thé rouge, Gaulthérie couchée	Native, Secure Perennial, Shrub, subshrub			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Muhl. ex Bigel. Chiogenes hispidula	Creeping snowberry	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Images, wsp

EubotrysEdit

Ericales — Ericaceae — Vaccinoideae — Gaultherieae — Eubotrys
Eubotrys	Fetterbush	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Eubotrys racemosa (L.) Nutt. 1842. Eubotrys racemosa (L.) Nutt. 1856. Leucothoe racemosa (L.) A. Gray	Swamp fetterbush Swamp doghobble Swamp deciduous dog-laurel Deciduous swamp fetterbush Sweetbells Swamp sweetbells	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-N0 NPT FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Eubotrys recurva (Buckley) Britton	Mountain fetterbush, Deciduous mountain fetterbush, Redtwig doghobble, Red-twigged doghobble	Introduced, US South native Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-X USDA-N0 BNA Images, wsp

LeucothoeEdit

Ericales — Ericaceae — Vaccinoideae — Gaultherieae — Leucothoe
Leucothoe	Doghobble	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Leucothoe fontanesiana (Steud.) Sleumer	Highland dog-hobble	Introduced, US South native, Impersistent			NYFA-Xm USDA-N0 NPT BNA Images, wsp
Leucothoe axillaris (Lam.) D.Don 1783. Andromeda axillaris Lam. 1788. Andromeda catesbaei Walter 1809. Andromeda walteri Willd. 1834. Leucothoe axillaris D.Don 1856. Leucothoe catesbaei A.Gray	Coastal doghobble	Introduced, US South native, Cultivated, No NY reports Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-0 USDA-N0 ARS NSE BNA Images, wsp

Tribe VaccinieaeEdit

The Vaccinieae contain the morphologically similar huckleberries (Gaylussacia) and blueberries (Vaccinium).

GaylussaciaEdit

Gaylussacia bigeloviana
bog huckleberry

Ericales — Ericaceae — Vaccinoideae — Vaccinieae — Gaylussacia
Gaylussacia	Huckleberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K.Koch 1787. Andromeda baccata Wangenh. 1872. Gaylussacia baccata K.Koch 1900. G. resinosa var. glaucocarpa B.L.Rob. 1907. G. baccata var. glaucocarpa Mack. 1933. Decachaena baccata Small	Black huckleberry	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) Torr. & A.Gray 1753. Vaccinium frondosum L. 1843. Gaylussacia frondosa Torr. & A.Gray 1933. Decachaena frondosa ex Small	Blue huckleberry, Dangleberry	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-N0 NPT ARS Images, wsp
Gaylussacia bigeloviana (Fernald) Sorrie & Weakley 1911. Gaylussacia dumosa var. bigeloviana Fernald 1933. Lasiococcus dumosus var. bigelovianus Fernald 2007. Gaylussacia bigeloviana Sorrie & Weakley auct. Gaylussacia dumosa non (Andrews) A.Gray	Dwarf huckleberry, Bog huckleberry	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1-2 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp

VacciniumEdit

The genus Vaccinium comprises the blueberries, cranberries, huckleberries and similar shrubs. It is here broken down into sections as described in Flora of North America.^[1]

↑ Vaccinium. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 20+ vols. New York and Oxford.

Vaccinium sect. CyanococcusEdit

Section Cyanococcus was described by Asa Gray in Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science in 1846.^[1] This section contains all of the New York blueberry species except the alpine blueberry.

↑ Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus A. Gray. Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 13 Oct 2016

Ericales — Ericaceae — Vaccinoideae — Vaccinieae — Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus
Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus	Blueberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton 1789. Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton 1861. V. pensylvanicum var. nigrum 1894. V. nigrum (Alph.Wood) Britton 1914. V. brittonii Porter ex E. P. Bicknell 1931. Cyanococcus angustifolium (Aiton) Rydb. 1943. V. lamarckii Camp	Lowbush blueberry, Late lowbush blueberry, Low sweet blueberry, Late sweet blueberry, Sweet-hurts Bleuet à feuilles étroites, Airelle de Pennsylvanie	Native, C:4, Secure Perennial, Shrub, Sun - shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Vaccinium corymbosum L. 1753. Vaccinium corymbosum L.	Highbush blueberry, Swamp blueberry, Whortleberry, New Jersey blueberry, Southern blueberry Bleuet en corymbe	Native, C:6, Secure Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA BNA Images, wsp
Vaccinium × atlanticum E.P.Bicknell (pro sp.) Vaccinium angustifolium × Vaccinium corymbosum	Atlantic huckleberry, Hybrid of Lowbush blueberry & Highbush blueberry	Native, Unranked Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-U USDA-N0 ITIS BNA Images, wsp
Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. 1803. Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. 1823. V. canadense Kalm ex Richardson 1917. Cyanococcus canadensis (Kalm ex Richardson) Rydb. 1921. V. angustifolium var. myrtilloides	Velvet-leaved blueberry, Velvet-leaved huckleberry, Velvetleaf huckleberry, Sour-top blueberry, Sourtop, Canada blueberry Bleuet fausse-myrtille, Bleuet rameau-velouté, Bleuet du Canada, Bleuets, Airelle fausse-myrtille, Airelle faux-myrtille, Airelle du Canada	Native, C:7, Secure Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS FNA Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Vaccinium pallidum Aiton 1789. Vaccinium pallidum Aiton 1856. V. corymbosum var. pallidum 1933. Cyanococcus pallidus (Aiton) Small	Early lowbush blueberry, Late lowbush blueberry, Blue Ridge blueberry, Hillside blueberry	Native, C:7, Secure Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS FNA Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Vaccinium boreale I.V.Hall & Aalders 1848. V. pensylvanicum var. angustifolium 1861. V. pensylvanicum var. alpinum 1961. V. boreale I.V.Hall & Aalders	Northern blueberry, High-mountain blueberry, Sweet hurts Bleuet boréal	Native, C:10, Threatened, NYNHP: 2^[1] Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-2 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA Images, wsp
↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Vaccinium boreale. Threatened, S2/G4.

Vaccinium sect. VacciniumEdit

Ericales — Ericaceae — Vaccinoideae — Vaccinieae — Vaccinium sect. Vaccinium
Vaccinium sect. Vaccinium	Blueberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Vaccinium uliginosum L. (1753)	Alpine blueberry, Bog blueberry, Bog bilberry, Bog whortleberry, Northern bilberry, Airelle de marécages	Native, Rare			NYFA-3 USDA-NN ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp

Vaccinium sect. MyrtillusEdit

Ericales — Ericaceae — Vaccinoideae — Vaccinieae — Vaccinium sect. Myrtillus
Vaccinium sect. Myrtillus	Dwarf blueberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Vaccinium cespitosum Michx. 1803. V. caespitosum Michx. 1818. V. geminiflorum Kunth 1899. V. arbuscula (A.Gray) Merriam 1942. V. nivictum Camp 1942. V. paludicola Camp	Dwarf bilberry, Dwarf blueberry Airelle gazonnante	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp

Vaccinium sect. OxycoccusEdit

Cranberries (Vaccinium sect. Oxycoccus) can be found in acidic bogs throughout the state.

Ericales — Ericaceae — Vaccinoideae — Vaccinieae — Vaccinium sect. Oxycoccus
Vaccinium sect. Oxycoccus	Cranberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton 1789. Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton 1803. V. oxycoccos var. oblongifolium 1805. Oxycoccus macrocarpos (Aiton) Pers. 1805. O. palustris var. macrocarpos 1894. Schollera macrocarpos (Aiton) Britton	Cranberry, Large cranberry, American cranberry Canneberge à gros fruits, Ronce d'Amérique	Native, C:8, Secure OBL Perennial, Shrub, subshrub			NYFA-5 USDA-NN ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Vaccinium oxycoccos L. 1753. Vaccinium oxycoccos L.	Cranberry, Small cranberry, European cranberry Canneberge commune	Native, C:8, Secure, (circumboreal) OBL Perennial, Shrub, subshrub			NYFA-5 USDA-NN ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp

Vaccinium sect. PolycodiumEdit

Ericales — Ericaceae — Vaccinoideae — Vaccinieae — Vaccinium sect. Polycodium
Vaccinium sect. Polycodium	Deerberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Vaccinium stamineum L. (1753)	Deerberry, Southern-gooseberry	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp

ReferencesEdit

[1] Balsaminaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[2] Balsaminaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

[3] P.F. Stevens, P. F. (2001-2015). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, University of Missouri, St Louis, and Missouri Botanical Garden, April 2015.

[4] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Impatiens glandulifera: Moderate (67). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.

[5] Polemoniaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
Polemoniaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

[6] Ebenaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[7] Ebenaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

[nynhp-8] New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Diospyros virginiana. Threatened, S2/G5.

[9] Primulaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
Primulaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

[10] New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Primula mistassinica. Threatened, S2/G5.

[11] New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Primula mistassinica. Threatened, S2/G5.

[12] Austin R. Mast and James L. Reveal (2007). "Transfer of Dodecatheon to Primula (Primulaceae)." Brittonia, The New York Botanical Garden. 59(1):79-82. 2007.

[13] New York Natural Heritage Program 2004 Rare Plant Status List - Active Inventory List.

[14] A. A. Anderberg, U. Manns, and M. Källersjö (2007). "Phylogeny and floral evolution of the Lysimachieae (Ericales, Myrsinaceae): evidence from ndhF sequence data." Willdenowia 37:407-421.

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