Flora of New York/Caryophyllales 1

← Santalales: Santalaceae	Flora of New York — Caryophyllales 1: : Droseraceae, Plumbaginaceae, Polygonaceae				→ Caryophyllales 2: Caryophyllaceae
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

Caryophyllales introduction

The order Caryophyllales^[1]

↑ Walker, J. F., Yang, Y., Feng, T., Timoneda, A., Mikenas, J., Hutchison, V., Edwards, C., et al. 2018. From cacti to carnivores: Improved phylotranscriptomic sampling and hierarchical homology inference provide further insight into the evolution of Caryophyllales. American Journal of Botany 105( 3): 446– 462.

Family Droseraceae

The Droseraceae (sundew family) ...^[1]

↑ Droseraceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Drosera

Drosera intermedia
spatulate-leaved sundew

Caryophyllales — Droseraceae — Drosera
Genus Drosera	Sundew	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Drosera intermedia Hayne 1753. Drosera longifolia L. p.p. 1801. Drosera intermedia Hayne 1809. Drosera americana Willd. 1824. Drosera intermedia var. americana (Willd.) DC. 1915. Rorella intermedia Nieuwl.	Spoon-leaved sundew, Spoonleaf sundew, Oblong-leaf sundew, Spatulate-leaved sundew Droséra intermédiaire, Rossolis intermédiaire, Rossolis à feuille longue	Native, Likely secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies
Drosera rotundifolia L. var. rotundifolia	Round-leaved sundew, Roundleaf sundew	Native, Likely secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Drosera rotundifolia L. var. comosa	Round-leaved sundew	Native, Unranked OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: U	USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Drosera filiformis Raf.	Thread-leaved sundew	Native, Vulnerable OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 3	USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies

Aldrovanda

Aldrovanda vesiculosa

Although the waterwheel plant is listed as endangered globally it is considered potentially invasive in the Northeast, where this carnivorous aquatic plant has been introduced into private ponds by hobbyists and probably transported into the wild on the feet of birds.^[1]

↑ Marion Renault (2019). "A Waterwheel in Crisis: This Carnivorous Plant Invaded New York. That May Be Its Only Hope." The New York Times. Aug. 13, 2019, Section D, Page 1.

Caryophyllales — Droseraceae — Aldrovanda
Genus Aldrovanda	waterwheel plant	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NPT
Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. 1753. Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. 1753. Aldrovanda verticillata Roxb. 1753. Drosera aldrovanda F.Muell. 1819. Ruelingia polyphylla Haw. 1826. Anacampseros polyphylla (Haw.) Sweet 1876. Aldrovanda vesiculosa var. verticillata (Roxb.) Darwin 1902. Aldrovanda generalis E.H.L.Krause	Waterwheel plant ⓘ Waterwheel ⓘ	Introduced, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives, Invasive.org: [1], Naturalized, SNA		NYFA: Xn NYFA: Orange (2013) iNat GBIF no observations	USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies

Family Tamaricaceae

Some sources still list the Tamaricaceae (tamarisk family) as part of the Violales.^[1]

↑ Tamaricaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Tamarix

Tamarix parviflora

Several tamarisk or saltcedar (Tamarix) species are considered invasive in North America, and they can be difficult to distinguish from one another.^[1] The New York Flora Atlas lists Tamarix parviflora as naturalized in Suffolk County. iNaturalist shows a 2020 observation of Tamarix parviflora on Shelter Island, but it had only been confirmed to genus level as of 2022.^[2]

Caryophyllales — Tamaricaceae — Tamarix
Genus Tamarix	Tamarisk	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Tamarix parviflora DC. 1828. Tamarix parviflora DC. 1827. Tamarix laxa var. subspicata Ehrenb. 1852. Tamarix cretica Bunge 1907. Tamarix rubella Batt. 1928. Tamarix lucronensis Sennen & Hermano Elias	Small-flowered tamarisk ⓘ Smallflower tamarisk ⓘ Saltcedar ⓘ	Introduced from southeast Europe, western Asia, northern Africa, Naturalized		NYFA: U NYFA: Suffolk (2012) Suffolk (2020)	USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies

Family Plumbaginaceae

The Plumbaginaceae (leadwort or Plumbago family)

Subfamily Limonioideae

Tribe Limonieae

Limonium

Limonium carolinianum (Walter) Britton
sea-lavender

The genus Limonium is generally known as sea lavender or statice. But it's not related to lavender (Lavandula), which is in the Lamiaceae (mint family).

Limonium carolinianum is reported as secure in salt marshes along the New York Atlantic Coast.

According to the Flora of North America, although Limonium leptostachyum was reported from New York by R. S. Mitchell and G. C. Tucker (1997), it's doubtful that it could naturalize New York.^[1]

↑ Alan R. Smith (2005). "Limonium" in Flora of North America, Volume 5.

Caryophyllales — Plumbaginaceae — Limonioideae — Limonieae — Limonium
Genus Limonium	Sea lavender	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Limonium carolinianum (Walter) Britton	Sea-lavender ⓘ American thrift Lavender thrift Seaside thrift Canker root Ink root Marsh root	Native, CoC: 7, Secure, S5, G5 OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		Bronx, Kings, Nassau, New York, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk, Westchester NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Images Wikispecies
Limonium leptostachyum (Boiss.) Kuntze Statice leptostachya Boiss. Limonium leptostachyum in…	Statice	Introduced from central Asia, Impersistent, Not naturalized, SNA Perennial, Herb-forb		Westchester (1898) NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies

Armeria

Armeria maritima

Armeria maritima is native to coastal regions throughout the northern hemisphere but has not been known to naturalize in New York. Its North American distribution is primarily along the west coast, but there is a fairly significant population near Lehigh Gap, Palmerton, Pennsylvania, where it was used for remediation in test plots downwind from zinc smelters that severely damaged the forest on top of Blue Mountain.

Caryophyllales — Plumbaginaceae — Limonioideae — Limonieae — Armeria
Genus Armeria (excluded taxa)	Thrift	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. ssp. sibirica (Turcz.) Nyman 1844. Armeria labradorica Wallr. 1848. Armeria sibirica Turcz. ex Boiss. 1881. Armeria maritima ssp. sibirica (Turcz.) Nyman 1948. Armeria maritima ssp. labradorica (Wallr.) Hultén 1993. Armeria labradorica ssp. sibirica (Turcz. ex Boiss.) Kamelin	Siberian sea thrift	N. America native, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-NN Images Wikispecies

Subfamily Staticoideae

Tribe Staticeae

Psylliostachys

Limonium suworowii

Caryophyllales — Plumbaginaceae — Staticoideae — Staticeae — Psylliostachys
Genus Psylliostachys	Statice	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Psylliostachys suworowii (Regel) Roshkova 1880. Statice suworowii Regel 1891. Limonium suworowii (Regel) Kuntze 1916. Limonium superbum (Regel) F.T.Hubb. in… 1952. Psylliostachys suworowii (Regel) Roshkova	Russian-statice ⓘ Rat tail statice ⓘ	Introduced from Eurasia, Not naturalized		NYFA: Xm NYFA: Tompkins (1926) iNat no counties	POWO Images Wikispecies

Family Polygonaceae

The Polygonaceae (buckwheat family)

Subfamily Polygonoideae

The order in which Polygonoideae tribes are shown here has been modified somewhat from Reveal's system, based on phylogenic data shown in Schuster et al. (2013) "Age Estimates for the Buckwheat Family Polygonaceae Based on Sequence Data Calibrated by Fossils and with a Focus on the Amphi-Pacific Muehlenbeckia.

Tribe Persicarieae

Persicaria

Persicaria (smartweed).^[1]

↑ Kim & Donoghue (2008). Molecular phylogeny of Persicaria (Persicarieae, Polygonaceae). Systematic Botany 33(1): pp. 77–86

Persicaria sect. Persicaria

Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Persicarieae — Persicaria sect. Persicaria
Genus Persicaria sect. Persicaria	Smartweed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre 1753. Polygonum lapathifolium L. 1794. Polygonum scabrum Moench 1800. Persicaria lapathifolia in… 1966. Persicaria scabra in…	Dock-leaved smartweed Pale smartweed Willow-leaved smartweed Curlytop knotweed Curlytop smartweed Pink knotweed Willow-weed Renouée à feuilles de patience	Native, CoC: 1, Unranked, Circumboreal FACW Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: U	USDA-NX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) M.Gómez 1753. Polygonum pensylvanicum L. in in Sp. Pl.:362 1837. Dioctis pensylvanica (L.) Raf. in Fl. Tellur. 3:15 1896. Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) M.Gómez in Anales Inst. Segunda Enseñ. 1917. Polygonum pensylvanicum var. laevigatum Fernald in Rhodora 19:73 1917. Polygonum pensylvanicum var. nesophilum Fernald in Rhodora 19:73 1925. Polygonum pensylvanicum var. durum Stanford in Rhodora 27:178 1942. Polygonum pensylvanicum var. eglandulosum Myers in Castanea 7:74	Pennsylvania smartweed Renouée de Pennsylvanie	Native, CoC: 2, Secure OBL-FACW Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small 1817. Polygonum punctatum Elliott in Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 1:455 1817. Polygonum acre Kunth in F.W.H.von Humboldt, A.J.A.Bonpland & C.S.Kunth, nom. illeg. 1903. Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small in Fl. S.E. U.S.:379 1959. Persicaria punctata var. confertiflora (Meisn.) D.Löve & J.-P.Bernard	Dotted smartweed Renouée ponctuée	Native, CoC: 4, Secure OBL Annual, perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Persicaria robustior (Small) E.P.Bicknell 1856. Polygonum acre var. majus Meisn. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 14: 108 1894. Polygonum punctatum var. robustius Small in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 21: 477 1903. Persicaria punctata var. robustior (Small) Small in Fl. S.E. U.S.:379 1909. Persicaria robustior (Small) E.P.Bicknell in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36:455 1919. Polygonum acre var. robustius (Small) Farw. in in Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 20:174 1921. Polygonum robustius (Small) Fernald in Rhodora 23:147 1949. Polygonum punctatum var. majus (Meisn.) Fassett in Brittonia 6:373	Stout smartweed	Native, Unranked		NYFA: N iNat: ~5 counties	Images Wikispecies
Persicaria coccinea (Muhl. ex Willd.) Greene 1803. Polygonum amphibiumvar. emersum 1808. Polygonum inundatum Raf. 1809. Polygonum coccineum Muhl. ex Willd. 1879. Polygonum muehlenbergii S.Watson 1904. Polygonum amphibiumvar. coccineum 1904. Persicaria coccinea (Muhl. ex Willd.) Greene 1906. Persicaria muhlenbergii (S.Watson) Small 1984. Persicaria amphibiavar. emersa	Scarlet smartweed, Longroot smartweed	Native, CoC: 5, Unranked OBL Perennial, Forb-herb		NYFA: N	USDA- Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies
Persicaria amphibia (L.) Delarbre ssp. laevimarginata (Hult.) Soják 1803. Polygonum amphibium var. natans Michx. (i) 1822. Polygonum natans (Michx.) Eaton 1874. Polygonum amphibium var. N.Coleman {{{5}}} 1944. Polygonum amphibium ssp. Hultén {{{5}}} 1952. Persicaria amphibia var. (Coleman) Hara {{{5}}} 1974. Persicaria amphibia ssp. (Hultén) Soják {{{5}}}	American water smartweed ⓘ Renouée amphibie	Native, CoC: 6, Secure OBL Perennial, Forb-herb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small 1803. Po. hydropiperoides Michx. 1892. Po. opelousanum Riddell ex Small 1903. Pe. hydropiperoides Small 1903. Pe. opelousana Small	Swamp smartweed, False water-pepper, Mild water-pepper Renouée faux-poivre-d'eau	Native, CoC: 6, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA- Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Persicaria careyi (Olney) Greene 1847. Po. careyi Olney 1904. Pe. careyi (Olney) Greene	Carey's smartweed Renouée de Carey	Native, CoC: 5, Endangered FACW Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: 1-2	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Persicaria setacea (Baldwin) Small 1817. Po. setaceum Baldwin 1903. Pe. setacea (Baldwin) Small	Bog smartweed, Swamp smartweed, Bristly smartweed	Native, CoC: 10, Endangered OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 1-2	USDA-N0 Go Botany ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre 1753. Polygonum hydropiper L. 1800. Pe. hydropiper Delarbre 1927. Po. hydropipervar. projectum 1943. Pe. hydropipervar. projecta	Marshpepper smartweed, Water-pepper smartweed, Redleaf Renouée poivre-d'eau	Introduced from Europe		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach 1753. Polygonum orientale L. 1841. Persicaria orientalis Spach 1899. Polygonum spaethii Dammer	Kiss-me-over- the-garden-gate, Prince's-feather, Princess-feather Renouée orientale	Introduced from Asia, Australia		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Persicaria maculosa Gray 1753. Po. persicaria L. 1821. Pe. maculosa Gray 1903. Pe. persicaria Small taut.	Spotted lady's-thumb, Redshank, Heart's-ease, Smartweed, Jesusplant Renouée persicaire, Pied rouge	Introduced, from Eurasia		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Persicaria extremiorientalis (Vorosch.) Tzvelev 1984. Po. extremiorientale Vorosch. 1987. Pe. extremiorientalis (Vorosch.) Tzvelev	Far eastern smartweed	Introduced, Potentially invasive, ^[1]		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitag. 1854. Polygonum longisetum Bruijn 1930. Po. cespitosumvar. longisetum 1937. Pe. longiseta Kitag. 1941. Pe. longiseta Moldenke (i) 1987. Pe. caespitosavar. longiseta	Bristly lady's-thumb, Creeping smartweed	Introduced, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 60%^[2]		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz Polygonum minus Huds. Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz	Small water pepper ⓘ Pygmy smartweed ⓘ	Introduced from Eurasia OBL		NYFA: Xn	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies
Genus Persicaria sect. Persicaria (excluded taxa)	Smartweed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Persicaria chinensis	Chinese knotweed ⓘ Chinese smartweed	Introduced, Potentially invasive, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-00 CABI Images Wikispecies
Persicaria posumbu (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross 1825. Polygonum posumbu Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don 1825. Po. cespitosum Blume 1913. Persicaria posumbu (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross 1934. Pe. cespitosa (Blume) Nakai	Tufted knotweed	Introduced, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	Images Wikispecies
Persicaria amphibia ssp. amphibia Persicaria amphibia		Introduced from Eurasia, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	Go Botany BONAP Images Wikispecies
Persicaria amphibia ssp. laevimarginata × coccinea Persicaria amphibia ssp. laevimarginata × Persicaria coccinea	Hybrid of water smartweed & scarlet smartweed	Native, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	Images Wikispecies
↑ Daniel E. Atha, et. al. (2010) "Persicaria extremiorientalis (Polygonaceae) is established in the flora of the eastern United States of America." The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 137(4):333-338. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Persicaria longiseta: Moderate (60). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.

Persicaria sect. Tovara

Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaert.
jumpseed

Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Persicarieae — Persicaria sect. Tovara
Genus Persicaria sect. Tovara	Smartweed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaert. 1753. Polygonum virginianum L. 1790. Persicaria virginiana Gaertn. 1836. Tovara virginiana Raf. 1964. Antenoron virginianum Roberty & Vautier	Jumpseed, Virginia knotweed Renouée de Virginie	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Persicaria sect. Echinocaulon

Persicaria perfoliata, mile-a-minute weed

Persicaria sect. Echinocaulon contains armed climbers known as tearthumbs. Two of these are New York natives, and one P. perfoliata (mile-a-minute weed) is a fairly recent introduction from Asia that is considered to be very highly-invasive in New York.

Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Persicarieae — Persicaria sect. Echinocaulon
Genus Persicaria sect. Echinocaulon	Tearthumbs	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Persicaria sagittata (L.) H.Gross 1753. Polygonum sagittatum L. 1903. Tracaulon sagittatum Small 1919. Persicaria sagittata H.Gross 1974. Truellum sagittatum Soják	Arrowleaf tearthumb, Arrow-leaved tearthumb, American tearthumb, Arrow-vine, Scratch-grass Renouée sagittée	Native, CoC: 4, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Persicaria arifolia (L.) Haraldson 1753. Polygonum arifolium L. 1836. Tracaulon arifolium Raf. 1978. Persicaria arifolia Haraldson	Halberdleaf tearthumb, Halberd-leaved tearthumb Renouée à feuilles d'arum	Native, CoC: 6, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross 1759. Polygonum perfoliatum L. 1913. Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross	Mile-a-minute weed, Asiatic tearthumb, Climbing tearthumb, Devil's-tail climbing tearthumb, Giant climbing tearthumb	Introduced from Asia, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 91%^[1], Prohibited^[2], CP-2^[3] NE-1^[4]		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Persicaria perfoliata: Very high (91). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY. ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species ↑ Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ↑ Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

Persicaria sect. Cephalophilon

Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Persicarieae — Persicaria sect. Cephalophilon
Genus Persicaria sect. Cephalophilon	Smartweed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Persicaria nepalensis 1825. Polygonum alatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don 1826. Polygonum nepalense Meisn. 1886. Polygonum alatumvar. nepalense 1913. Persicaria nepalensis H.Gross	Nepal smartweed, Nepal knotweed Renouée du Népal	Introduced from Asia, Potentially invasive, NYIS: 47%^[1]		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Persicaria longiseta: Unknown (47). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.

Persicaria sect. Rubrivena

Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Persicarieae — Persicaria sect. Rubrivena
Genus Persicaria sect. Rubrivena (excluded taxa)	Smartweed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Persicaria wallichii Greuter & Burdet 1832. Polygonum polystachyum Wall. ex Meisn. 1941. Reynoutria polystachya Moldenke 1969. Aconogonon polystachyum M.Král 1985. Rubrivena polystachya M.Král 1989. P. wallichii Greuter & Burdet	Himalayan knotweed ⓘ Giant smart-weed Kashmir plume ⓘ Garden smartweed ⓘ Cultivated knotweed ⓘ	Introduced from Asia, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Tribe Fagopyreae

Fagopyrum

Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Fagopyreae — Fagopyrum
Genus Fagopyrum	Buckwheat	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench 1753. Polygonum fagopyrum L. 1794. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench F. sagittatum Gilib. F. vulgare Hill F. fagopyrum (L.) H.Karst.	Buckwheat, Common buckwheat Sarrasin commun	Introduced, Not naturalized		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. 1753. Polygonum tataricum L. 1790. Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.	Tartarian buckwheat, Tartary buckwheat, Green buckwheat, Japanese buckwheat, India-wheat	Introduced, Impersistent, Not naturalized		NYFA: X	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies

Tribe Rumiceae

Rumex

Rumex subg. Axillares

Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Rumiceae — Rumex subg. Axillares
Genus Rumex subg. Axillares	Dock	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Rumex triangulivalvis Rech.f. 1926. R. salicifoliusssp. triangulivalvis 1936. R. triangulivalvis Rech.f. 1964. R. salicifoliusvar. triangulivalvis 1964. R. triangulivalvisvar. oreolapathum	White dock, White willow dock, Triangular-valved dock	Native, CoC: 4, Secure, 2n = 20		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Rumex verticillatus L. 1753. Rumex verticillatus L. 1856. R. floridanus Meisn. 1895. R. fascicularis Small	Swamp dock, Water dock	Native, CoC: 6, Secure, 2n = 60		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Rumex britannica L. 1753. Rumex britannica L. 1856. R. hydrolapathumvar. americanum 1867. R. orbiculatus A.Gray 1937. R. britannicavar. borealis	Water dock, Greater water dock, British dock	Native, CoC: 7, Secure, 2n = 20		NYFA: 5	USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Rumex altissimus Alph.Wood 1847. Rumex altissimus Alph.Wood 1856. R. britannicus Meisn. non L. 1856. R. britannica Meisn. non L.	Pale dock ⓘ Tall dock ⓘ Smooth dock Patience élevée ⓘ	Native, CoC: 10, Secure, 2n = 20		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Rumex pallidus Bigelow 1840. Rumex pallidus Bigelow	Sea-beach dock ⓘ Seaside dock ⓘ Pale willow dock ⓘ White dock ⓘ	Native, CoC: 10, Unranked, 2n = 20		NYFA: U	USDA-NN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Genus Rumex subg. Axillares (excluded taxa)	Dock	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Rumex salicifolius Weinm. 1821. Rumex salicifolius Weinm.	Willow dock ⓘ Willow-leaf dock ⓘ	N. America native s.w. N. America, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-NM ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Rumex mexicanus Meisn. 1856. Rumex mexicanus Meisn. 1964. R. salicifolius var. mexicanus (Meisn.) C.L.Hitchc.	Mexican dock ⓘ Mexican-willow ⓘ White dock ⓘ	N. America native, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-NN ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies
Rumex pallidus × triangulivalvis Rumex pallidus × Rumex triangulivalvis	Hybrid of sea-beach dock & white dock	N. America native, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	Images Wikispecies
Rumex pallidus × mexicanus Rumex pallidus × Rumex mexicanus	Hybrid of sea-beach dock & Mexican dock	N. America native, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	Images Wikispecies

Rumex subg. Rumex

Rumex fueginus

Plants of subg. Rumex are generally synoecious (have male and female organs in the same flower), but polygamodioecious or dioecious individuals occasionally occur in some species.

Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Rumiceae — Rumex subg. Rumex
Genus Rumex subg. Rumex	Dock	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Rumex fueginus Phil. 1895. Rumex fueginus Phil. 1900. Rumex maritimus var. fueginus Dusén 1915. Rumex maritimus var. athrix H.St.John 1937. Rumex fueginus var. athrix (H.St.John) Rech.f. 1937. Rumex fueginus var. typicus Rech.f. 1968. Rumex maritimus ssp. fueginus Hultén 2010. Rumex persicarioides var. fueginus (Phil.) A.Haines^[1]	American golden dock ⓘ Tierra del Fuego dock ⓘ Sea-side dock Golden dock	Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, 2n = 40		NYFA: 1 NYFA: 11 counties iNat GBIF 2 NRG observations	USDA-NN COL POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Rumex persicarioides L. 1753. Rumex persicarioides L. 1794. Lapathum persicarioides (L.) Moench 1978. Rumex maritimus var. persicarioides (L.) R.S.Mitch.	Coastal dock ⓘ Peach-leaved dock ⓘ American golden dock Golden dock Seaside dock Seashore dock Rumex fausse-persicaire ⓘ Patience fausse-persicaire ⓘ Patience faux-persicaire ⓘ	Native, CoC: 10, No recent reports, 2n = 40		NYFA: H NYFA: Suffolk (1879-1926) iNat GBIF No observations	USDA-NN COL WFO POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Rumex crispus L. ssp. crispus Rumex crispus L.	Curly dock, Sour dock, Yellow dock	Introduced, Potentially invasive, Invasive.org: [2], USGS: L48 invasive, Naturalized, SNA, GNR FAC Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 60		NYFA: Xn NYFA: 45 counties iNat GBIF 54 counties	USDA-XX Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies
Rumex obtusifolius L. ssp. obtusifolius	Bitter dock, Broad-leaved dock	Introduced, Potentially invasive, Invasive.org: [3], USGS: L48 invasive, Naturalized, SNA FAC-FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 40		NYFA: Xn NYFA: 48 counties iNat ? counties	USDA-XX Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies
Rumex × pratensis Mert. & W.D.J.Koch Rumex crispus × Rumex obtusifolius 1753. Rumex × acutus L. (pro sp. 1826. Rumex × pratensis Mert. & W.D.J.Koch 1855. Rumex × crispobtusifolius Meisn.	Field dock ⓘ Meadow dock	Introduced		NYFA: X NYFA: ? counties iNat ? counties	USDA-XN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Rumex longifolius	Dooryard dock, Long-leaved dock, Northern dock	Introduced, Naturalized, 2n = 60		NYFA: Xn NYFA: 20 counties iNat ? counties	USDA-XX Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies
Rumex patientia L.	Patience dock	Introduced, Naturalized, 2n = 60		NYFA: Xn NYFA: ? counties iNat ? counties	USDA-XX Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies
Rumex × confusus Simonkai Rumex crispus × Rumex patientia	Large curly dock, Confused dock	Introduced		NYFA: X NYFA: ? counties iNat ? counties	USDA-X0 ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Genus Rumex subg. Rumex (excluded taxa)	Dock	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Rumex sanguineus L.	Redvein dock ⓘ	Introduced from Eurasia, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded NYFA: ? counties iNat ? counties	USDA-XW ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
↑ Rumex persicarioides L. var. fueginus (Phil.) A.Haines (2010). "New combinations for the New England tracheophyte flora." Stantec Botanical Notes No. 13.

Rumex subg. Acetosa

Rumex acetosa

Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Rumiceae — Acetosa
Genus Rumex subg. Acetosa	Sorrel	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Rumex hastatulus Baldwin 1817. Rumex hastatulus Baldwin 1856. Rumex engelmannii Meisn. 1948. Acetosa hastatula Á.Löve	Heartwing sorrel, Heart-winged sorrel, Wild sorrel, Heartwing dock, Wild dock	Native, Endangered		NYFA: 1 NYFA: Suffolk (1872-1987) Suffolk (2020?)	USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Rumex acetosa L. 1753. Rumex acetosa L. 1768. Acetosa pratensis Mill. 1903. R. acetosassp. pratensis	Garden sorrel, Green sorrel, Common sorrel, Common dock, Sourdock Oseille de prés, Grande oseille	Introduced, Potentially invasive, Invasive.org: [4], USGS: L48 invasive, Naturalized, SNA, G5 UPL-FACU Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: X NYFA: 20 counties iNat GBIF No RG observations	USDA-XM Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies

Rumex subg. Acetosella

Rumex acetosella

Rumex acetosella (sheep sorrel) is the only Rumex species currently listed in the New York State Invasive Species Tiers Table. It is listed with an Ecological Invasiveness of Moderate but shown as untiered in all PRISMS except Finger Lakes, where it has been assigned Tier 4 (Local Control). ^[1]

↑ New York State Invasive Species Tiers Table, Updated March 16, 2022, New York Natural Heritage Program

Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Rumiceae — Acetosella
Genus Rumex subg. Acetosella	Sorrel	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Rumex acetosella L. ssp. pyrenaicus (Pourr. ex Lapeyr.) Akeroyd 1991. Rumex acetosella ssp. pyrenaicus (Pourr. ex Lapeyr.) Akeroyd 1818. Rumex pyrenaicus Pourr. ex Lapeyr. auct. Rumex acetosella ssp. angiocarpus (Murb.) Murb. misapplied	Sheep sorrel, Red sorrel, Field sorrel Oseille, Petite oseille, Sûrette	Introduced, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 66%^[1], NYIS Tier: Untiered (FL-4), Invasive.org: [5], USGS: L48 invasive, Naturalized, CP-4^[2]		NYFA: X NYFA: 48 counties 30 counties	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA IPN Images Wikispecies
Rumex acetosella L. ssp. acetosella 1753. Rumex acetosella L. 1869. Acetosella vulgaris Fourr.	Sheep sorrel	Introduced from Europe, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded NYFA: ? counties ? counties	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies
Rumex acetosella L. ssp. multifidus (L.) Arcang. 1762. Rumex multifidus L. 1834. Rumex acetosellassp. multifidus	Sheep sorrel, Red sorrel, Field sorrel Oseille, Petite oseille, Sûrette	Introduced from Europe, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded NYFA: ? counties ? counties	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Rumex acetosella: Moderate (66). ↑ Appendix 4. Plant species that are considered moderately invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

Rheum

Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Rumiceae — Rheum
Genus Rheum L.	Rhubarb	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Rheum rhabarbarum L. 1753. Rheum rhabarbarum L. 1762. R. undulatum L. 1879. R. franzenbachii Münter	Garden rhubarb, Pie-plant, Rhubarb, Wine-plant Rhubarbe ⓘ	Introduced from Eurasia, Not naturalized Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 44		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Genus Rheum L. (excluded taxa)	Rhubarb	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Rheum rhaponticum L. 1753. Rheum rhaponticum L.	European rhubarb ⓘ False rhubarb ⓘ	Introduced, N.Y. excluded, 2n = 22		NYFA-Excluded	ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Tribe Polygoneae

Polygonum

The Flora of North America recognizes the two sections Duravia and Polygonum used here.^[1]

↑ 30. Polygonum Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 19+ vols. New York and Oxford.

Polygonum sect. Duravia

Schuster, Reveal & Kron (2011)^[1] transferred Polygonella articulata back to Polygonum articulatum.

↑ Tanja M. Schuster, James L. Reveal & Kathleen A. Kron (2011) "Phylogeny of Polygoneae (Polygonaceae: Polygonoideae)." Taxon, 60(6), Dec. 2011, pp. 1653-1666.

Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Polygoneae — Polygonum sect. Duravia
Genus Polygonum sect. Duravia subsect. Polygonella	Jointweed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Polygonum articulatum L. 1753. Polygonum articulatum L. 1841. Polygonella articulata (L.) Meisn. 1932. Delopyrum articulatum (L.) Small	Coastal jointweed, Northern jointweed, Coast jointweed Polygonelle articulée	Native, Likely secure		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies
Genus Polygonum sect. Duravia subsect. Duravia	Knotweed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Polygonum tenue Michx. (1803) P. tenue var. protrusum	Pleatleaf knotweed, Pleat-leaved knotweed, Slender knotweed	Native, Rare		NYFA: 3	USDA-NN FNA Images Wikispecies
Polygonum douglasii Greene	Douglas knotweed	Native, Threatened		NYFA: 2	USDA-NN Images Wikispecies

Polygonum sect. Polygonum

Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Polygoneae — Polygonum
Genus Polygonum sect. Polygonum	Knotweed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Polygonum achoreum S.F.Blake 1917. Polygonum achoreum S.F.Blake 1982. Polygonum erectum ssp. achoreum Á & D.Löve	Leathery knotweed, Blake's knotweed, Striate knotweed Renouée coriace	Native, CoC: 0, Likely secure		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. ssp. prolificum (Small) Costea & Tardif 1894. Polygonum ramosissimum var. prolificum Small 1902. Polygonum prolificum (Small) B.L. Rob. 1948. Polygonum prolificum var. autumnale (Brenckle) Brenckle 1948. Polygonum prolificum var. profusum Brenckle 2003. Polygonum ramosissimum ssp. prolificum (Small) Costea & Tardif	Proliferous knotweed ⓘ Bushy knotweed Saltmarsh knotweed Renouée prolifique	Native, CoC: 1, Introduced		NYFA: NX	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. ssp. ramosissimum 1803. Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. 1894. Polygonum exsertum Small 1894. Polygonum interior Small 1904. Polygonum leptocarpum B.L.Rob. 1909. Polygonum atlanticum (B.L.Rob.) E.P.Bicknell 1913. Polygonum triangulum E.P.Bicknell ex Small 1932. Polygonum latum Small ex Rydb. 1941. Polygonum stevensii Brenckle	Bushy knotweed, Slender knotgrass, Renouée à fleurs jaunes	Native, CoC: 1, Introduced		NYFA: NX	USDA-NN Go Botany ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Polygonum glaucum Nutt. Polygonum avicularevar. glaucum	Seabeach knotweed, Seaside knotweed	Native, CoC: 8, Rare		NYFA: 3	USDA-N0 Go Botany ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Polygonum erectum L. 1753. Polygonum erectum L.	Erect knotweed ⓘ Upright knotweed ⓘ Devil's shoestring ⓘ Leathery knotweed ⓘ Striate knotweed ⓘ Wireweed ⓘ Renouée dressée ⓘ	Native, CoC: 10, No recent reports, Impersistent		NYFA: Zm	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies
Polygonum buxiforme Small 1906. Polygonum buxiforme Small 1831. Polygonum aviculare var. littorale (Link) Mert. & W.D.J. Koch (i) 2003. Polygonum aviculare ssp. buxiforme (Small) Costea & Tardif	Box knotweed, Small's knotweed, American knotweed Renouée faux-buis	Native, CoC: 0, Endangered		NYFA: 1	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Polygonum aviculare L. ssp. aviculare 1753. Polygonum aviculare L. 1912. Polygonum heterophyllum Lindm.	Common knotweed, Dooryard knotweed, Doorweed, Prostrate knotweed	Introduced, N. America native		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies
Polygonum aviculare L. ssp. depressum (Meisn.) Arcang. 1856. Polygonum avicularevar. depressum 1857. Polygonum arenastrum Boreau 1882. Polygonum avicularessp. depressum 1912. Polygonum aequale Lindm. 1942. Polygonum montereyense Brenckle	Common knotweed, Oval-leaved knotweed, Equal-leaved knotgrass Renouée à petits fruits	Introduced		NYFA: X	Go Botany ITIS FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies
Polygonum aviculare L. ssp. neglectum (Besser) Arcang. 1785. Polygonum bellardii All. 1822. Polygonum neglectum Besser 1882. Polygonum avicularessp. neglectum	Narrowleaf knotweed, Narrow-leaved knotweed	Introduced from Eurasia		NYFA: X	USDA-XN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Polygonum polycnemoides Jaubert & Spach 1844. Polygonum polycnemoides Jaub. & Spach	Himalayan knotweed ⓘ Manyleg knotweed ⓘ	Introduced, Impersistent, Not naturalized		NYFA: Xm	USDA-X0 ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Genus Polygonum sect. Polygonum (excluded taxa)	Knotweed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Polygonum bellardii All. 1792. Polygonum procumbens Gilib. 1822. Polygonum neglectum Besser 1841. Polygonum nervosum Wallr. 1857. Polygonum agrestinum Jord. ex Boreau 1882. Polygonum bellardii All. 1959. Polygonum rectum (Chrtek) Scholz	Bellard's knotweed, Narrow-leaved knotweed	Introduced from Europe, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-XN Go Botany Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Polygonum aviculare L. ssp. rurivagum	Narrow-leaved knotweed	Introduced, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Polygonum oxyspermum C.A.Mey. & Bunge ex Ledeb. ssp. raii (Bab.) D.A.Webb & Chater 1836. Polygonum raii Bab. 1963. Polygonum oxyspermum ssp. rali (Bab.) D.A.Webb & Chater	Ray's knotweed ⓘ Renouée de Ray ⓘ	N. America native eastern Canada Maine, N.Y. excluded Annual-perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-NN VASCAN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Polygonum maritimum L. 1753. Polygonum maritimum L. 1849. Polygonum chilense K.Koch 1913. Polygonum maritimum var. chilense (K. Koch) Skottsb.		Introduced, N.Y. excluded, Missaplied to P. glaucum		NYFA-Excluded	Images Wikispecies

Fallopia

Fallopia sect. Fallopia

Fallopia scandens from Wild Flowers of New York (1918)

False-buckwheat (Fallopia) contains vines similar to those of Convolvulaceae (in order Solanales), many of which are also known as bindweeds.

Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Polygoneae — Fallopia sect. Fallopia
Genus Fallopia Adanson sect. Fallopia	False-buckwheat	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Fallopia cilinodis (Michx.) Holub 1803. Polygonum cilinode Michx. 1903. Tiniaria cilinodis Small 1904. Bilderdykia cilinodis Greene 1967. Reynoutria cilinodis Shinners 1971. Fallopia cilinodis Holub	Fringed black bindweed, Fringed bindweed, Blackfringe knotweed Renouée à noeuds ciliés	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Fallopia scandens (L.) Holub var. scandens 1753. Polygonum scandens L. 1867. Polygonum dumetorumvar. scandens A.Gray 1913. Bilderdykia scandens Greene 1913. Fagopyrum scandens H.Gross 1967. Reynoutria scandens Shinners 1971. Fallopia scandens Holub	Climbing false-buckwheat Renouée grimpante	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Fallopia scandens (L.) Holub var. cristatum (Engelm. & A.Gray) H.R.Hinds 1845. Polygonum cristatum Engelm. & A.Gray 1904. Bilderdykia cristata Greene 1952. P. scandensvar. cristatum Gleason 1971. Fallopia cristata Holub 2005. F. scandensvar. cristatum H.R.Hinds	Climbing false-buckwheat, Crested bindweed	Native, Likely secure		NYFA: 4	USDA-N0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve 1753. Polygonum convolvulus L. 1970. Fallopia convolvulus Á. Löve	Black bindweed, Wild buckwheat, Eurasian black bindweed Renouée liseron, Renouée faux-liseron, Chevrier	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Potentially invasive, Invasive.org: [6], USGS: L48 invasive, Naturalized		NYFA: X NYFA: 53 counties ? counties	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub 1762. Polygonum dumetorum L. 1952. P. scandensvar. dumetorum Gleason 1971. Fallopia dumetorum Holub	Climbing false buckwheat, Thicket bindweed, Copse-bindweed, Desert knotgrass Renouée des haies	Introduced, from Eurasia		NYFA: X	USDA-XN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Fallopia baldschuanica (Regel) Holub 1885. Polygonum baldschuanicum Regel 1907. Polygonum aubertii L.Henry 1941. Reynoutria baldschuanica Moldenke 1971. Fallopia baldschuanica Holub 1971. Fallopia aubertii Holub	Bukhara fleeceflower, China fleece vine, Silver lace-vine, Mile-a-minute-vine, Russianvine	Introduced, Invasive, NYIS: 51%^[1]		Kings (1992), Monroe, Orange(1990,96) NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Fallopia baldschuanica: Moderate (51%).

Reynoutria

Reynoutria japonica

Knotweed (Reynoutria — syns. Polygonum and Fallopia) includes the very common Japanese knotweed (R. japonica var. japonica) and the less common giant knotweed (R. sachalinensis). The hybrid of the two (R. × bohemica or Bohemian knotweed), often occurs mixed in with Japanese knotweed. All three are considered to be very highly invasive in New York State.

Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Polygoneae — Reynoutria
Genus Reynoutria	Knotweed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Reynoutria japonica Houtt. var. japonica 1777. Reynoutria japonica Houtt. 1846. Polygonum cuspidatum in… 1901. Polygonum reynoutria Makino illeg. 1919. Pleuropterus cuspidatus in… 1926. Reynoutria henryi Nakai 1946. Tiniaria japonica (Houtt.) Hedberg 1988. Fallopia japonica Ronse Decr. 2008. Polygonum japonicum in…	Japanese knotweed ⓘ Mexican bamboo ⓘ Japanese bamboo Fleeceflower Japanese winged-knotweed ⓘ Renouée du Japon	Introduced from temperate Asia, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 98%^[1], Prohibited^[2], CP-2^[3] NE-1^[4]		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Reynoutria sachalinensis (F.Schmidt) Nakai 1859. Polygonum sachalinense F.Schmidt 1919. Reynoutria sachalinensis in… 1950. Tiniaria sachalinensis Janchen 1988. Fallopia sachalinensis Ronse Decr.	Giant knotweed ⓘ Sakhalin knotweed Sachaline knotweed Elephant-ear Giant winged-knotweed ⓘ Renouée de Sakhaline	Introduced from temperate Asia, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 98%^[1], Prohibited^[2], CP-3^[5]		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Reynoutria × bohemica Chrtek & Chrtková Reynoutria japonica × Reynoutria sachalinensis 1983. Reynoutria × bohemica Chrtek & Chrtková 1989. Fallopia × bohemica J.P.Bailey 2003. Polygonum × bohemicum Zika & Jacobson	Bohemian knotweed, Hybrid Japanese & giant knotweed Renouée de Bohème	Introduced, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 98%^[1], Prohibited^[2], CP-2^[3]		Tompkins (2004) NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
↑ ^a ^b ^c New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Fallopia spp.: Very highly invasive (98%). ↑ ^a ^b ^c New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species ↑ ^a ^b Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ↑ Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

[1] Walker, J. F., Yang, Y., Feng, T., Timoneda, A., Mikenas, J., Hutchison, V., Edwards, C., et al. 2018. From cacti to carnivores: Improved phylotranscriptomic sampling and hierarchical homology inference provide further insight into the evolution of Caryophyllales. American Journal of Botany 105( 3): 446– 462.

[2] Droseraceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[3] Marion Renault (2019). "A Waterwheel in Crisis: This Carnivorous Plant Invaded New York. That May Be Its Only Hope." The New York Times. Aug. 13, 2019, Section D, Page 1.

[4] Tamaricaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[5] Smallflower tamarisk (Tamarix parviflora). Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States.

[6] Naturalist May 28, 2020 observation of Tamarix parviflora on Shelter Island, Suffolk County, NY

[7] Alan R. Smith (2005). "Limonium" in Flora of North America, Volume 5.

[8] Kim & Donoghue (2008). Molecular phylogeny of Persicaria (Persicarieae, Polygonaceae). Systematic Botany 33(1): pp. 77–86

[9] Daniel E. Atha, et. al. (2010) "Persicaria extremiorientalis (Polygonaceae) is established in the flora of the eastern United States of America." The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 137(4):333-338.

[10] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Persicaria longiseta: Moderate (60). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.

[11] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Persicaria perfoliata: Very high (91). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.

[prohibit-12] New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

[CP2-13] Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

[NE1-14] Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[15] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Persicaria longiseta: Unknown (47). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.

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