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Flora of New York/Rhamnaceae … Urticaceae

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The first pair of Rosales families on this page (Rhamnaceae and Elaeagnaceae) contain several small trees and shrubs that are particularly invasive in many parts of New York. These include the autumn olive, Russian olive, common buckthorn, and glossy buckthorn.

Family Rhamnaceae

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The Rhamnaceae (buckthorn family) in New York contains three species of native shrubs (two New Jersey tea and one buckthorn species). It also contains two highly invasive non-native buckthorns, both of which are prohibited in New York.[1][2]
  1. ↑ Rhamnaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
  2. ↑ Rhamnaceae P. F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 12, July 2012.

Subfamily Rhamnoideae

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Tribe Rhamneae

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Besides the two highly invasive exotic buckthorn species, the Rhamneae tribe contains the native alder-leaved buckthorn.
Rhamnus
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Native alder-leaved buckthorn (Rhamnus alnifolia).

The native alder-leaved buckthorn (Rhamnus alnifolia or Endotropis alnifolia)[1][2] should not be confused with the invasive exotic "glossy buckthorn" (Frangula alnus), which also goes by the similar common name "alder buckthorn."

The two non-native buckthorns Rhamnus davurica and Rhamnus utilis have not been reported as naturalized in New York, but they have been reported outside of cultivation in neighboring states.

  1. ↑ Hauenschild et al. (2016). "Analysis of the cosmopolitan buckthorn genera Frangula and Rhamnus s.l. supports the description of a new genus, Ventia." Taxon, 65(1):65-78(14), International Association for Plant Taxonomy, March 2016.
  2. ↑ Corrigendum to Hauenschild et al. (2016). "Analysis of the cosmopolitan buckthorn genera Frangula and Rhamnus s.l. supports the description of a new genus, Ventia." Taxon, 65(4):926-927(2).
Rosales — Rhamnaceae — Rhamnoideae — Rhamneae — Rhamnus
Genus Rhamnus Buckthorn N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L’Hér.
1789. Rhamnus alnifolius L’Hér.
1915. Apetlorhamnus alnifolia Nieuwl.
2016. Ventia alnifolia
(L'Hér.) Hauenschild (superfl.)
2016. Endotropis alnifolia
(L’Hér.) Hauenschild
 Alder-leaved buckthorn,
American alder buckthorn,
Dwarf alder,
Swamp buckthorn
Nerprun à feuilles d'aulne,
Nerprun des marécages 		Native, CoC: 9,
Likely secure
OBL
Perennial,
Shrub,
Part shade - shade 		 
NYFA: 4
USDA-NN
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Note: source
 L.
1753. Rhamnus catharticus L.
 European buckthorn,
Common buckthorn,
Purging buckthorn,
European waythorn
Nerprun cathartique,
Nerprun purgatif,
Épine noire 		Introduced from
 Eurasia, n. Africa,
Very highly invasive,
 NYIS: 80%[1],
 Invasive.org: [1],
CP-2[2] NE-1[3],
Prohibited[4],
WW 		 
NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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Genus Rhamnus (excluded taxa) Buckthorn N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Pall.
1776. Rhamnus dauuricus Pall.
1866. R. catharticavar. dahurica Maxim.
 Dahurian buckthorn
Nerprun de Daourie 		Introduced from
 Siberia, China, Japan,
No specimens,
CT, MA, PA, VT, PE 		 
NYFA: 0
USDA-XX
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 Decne.
1857. Rhamnus utilis Decne.
 Chinese buckthorn
Vert de Chine 		Introduced from
 Asia,
No specimens,
 Invasive.org: [2],
CT, MI, OH, IN, IL 		 
NYFA: 0
USDA-X0
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  1. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Rhamnus cathartica: Very High (80).
  2. ↑ Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)
  3. ↑ Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service
  4. ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species
Frangula
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Invasive Frangula alnus
Glossy buckthorn
The only Frangula species reported in the wild in New York is glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus), which is an Old World species that is considered highly invasive and is prohibited in New York. Frangula alnus is sometimes known as "alder buckthorn" and as noted above, should not be confused with the native Rhamnus alnifolia.

The seven or so North American Frangula species have not been reported in New York, but Carolina buckthorn and perhaps others may be able to survive cultivation in parts of the state.

Rosales — Rhamnaceae — Rhamnoideae — Rhamneae — Frangula
Genus Frangula Glossy buckthorn N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Mill.
1753. Rhamnus frangula L.
1768. Frangula alnus Mill.
 Glossy buckthorn,
Glossy false buckthorn,
Smooth buckthorn,
Alder buckthorn 		Introduced from
 Eurasia, n. Africa,
Highly invasive,
 NYIS: 73%[1],
 iMapInvasives,
 Invasive.org: [3],
CP-2[2] NE-1[3],
Prohibited[4],
WW 		 
NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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    Rhamnus caroliniana Walter
    Rhamnus caroliniana  var. mollis  Fernald
    
Carolina buckthorn ⓘ
N. America native
 southern US,
Not listed
FAC
Perennial,
Tree-shrub 		  iNat: Suffolk (2021)
NYFA:
iNat
USDA-N0
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  1. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Frangula alnus: High (73).
  2. ↑ Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)
  3. ↑ Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service
  4. ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

Subfamily Ziziphoideae

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Tribe Pomaderreae

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Ceanothus
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Ceanothus americanus
New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus) is a low shrub of forest edges.
Rosales — Rhamnaceae — Ziziphoideae — Pomaderreae — Ceanothus
Genus Ceanothus New Jersey tea N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
    Ceanothus intermedius
 New Jersey tea,
Indian tea,
Wild snowball,
Redroot,
Snowbrush,
Soapbloom,
Mountainsweet 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure,
S5-G5
Perennial,
Shrub,
Part shade — shade 		 
NYFA: 5
USDA-NNFS CS
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Jersey tea,
Inland New Jersey tea,
Prairie redroot,
Grub root 		Native,
Endangered
Perennial,
Shrub 		 
NYFA: 1
USDA-NN CS
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Family Elaeagnaceae

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The Elaeagnaceae (oleaster family)...[1]
  1. ↑ Elaeagnaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Shepherdia

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Shepherdia canadensis
Buffalo berry (genus Shepherdia) contains the New York native Canada buffalo-berry (Shepherdia canadensis) and the occasionally-present silver buffalo-berry (Shepherdia argentea), introduced from western North America.
Rosales — Elaeagnaceae — Shepherdia
Genus Shepherdia Buffalo berry N.Y. Status Images Distribution  NPT
1753. Hippophae canadensis L.
1818. Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.
1890. Lepargyrea canadensis (L.) Greene
1935. Elaeagnus canadensis (L.) A. Nelson
Canada buffalo-berry
Canada buffalo berry ⓘ
Russet buffaloberry ⓘ
Soapberry ⓘ
Native, CoC: 8,
Likely secure,
S4
UPL
Perennial,
Shrub 		 
NYFA: 4
iNat
USDA-NN
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 (Pursh) Nutt.
1813. Hippophae argentea Pursh
1818. Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.
1890. Lepargyrea argentea (Pursh) Greene
 Silver buffalo-berry,
Silver buffaloberry 		Introduced from
 w. N. America 		 
NYFA: X
USDA-NN
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Elaeagnus

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Elaeagnus umbellata
Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) commonly naturalizes and becomes invasive through much of New York State, while Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) does so on a much more limited basis.

Autumn olive has been shown to affect soil microbial communities even when it is present in relatively low densities.[1]

  1. ↑ Elizabeth Malinich, Nicole Lynn‐Bell, Peter S. Kourtev (2017). "The effect of the invasive Elaeagnus umbellata on soil microbial communities depends on proximity of soils to plants." Ecosphere 8(5):e01827. 10.1002/ecs2.1827
Rosales — Elaeagnaceae — Elaeagnus
Genus Elaeagnus Hill Silver-berry N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Thunb.
1784. Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.
1784. E. crispa Thunb.
1836. E. parvifolia Wall. ex Royle
1909. E. umbellata  var. parvifolia  C.K.Schneid.
 Autumn olive,
Autumn elaeagnus,
Spreading oleaster
Oléastre à ombelles,
Chalef en ombelles 		Introduced from
 Asia,
Very highly invasive,
 NYIS: 94%[1],
 Invasive.org: [4],
CP-2[2] NE-1[3] 		 
NYFA: X
iNat
USDA-XX
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 L.
1753. Elaeagnus angustifolia L.
1767. E. orientalis L.
1808. E. hortensis M.Bieb.
1857. E. moorcroftii Wall. ex Schltdl.
1887. E. angustifolia  var. orientalis  Kuntze
 Russian olive,
Russian elaeagnus,
Silver-berry,
Oleaster,
Trebizond-date
Olivier de Bohême 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
Moderately invasive,
 NYIS: 68%[4],
 Invasive.org: [5],
CP-5[5] NE-1[3] 		 
NYFA: X
iNat
USDA-XX
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 Thunb.
1784. Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb.
1859. Elaeagnus longipes A.Gray
 Cherry silverberry,
Cherry elaeagnus,
Cherry oleaster
Goumi 		Introduced from
 temperate Asia,
 Invasive.org: [6] 		  NYFA: Livingston (1969)
iNat: none (2021)
NYFA: X
iNat
USDA-X0
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 Thunb.
1784. Elaeagnus pungens Thunb.
1869. Elaeagnus simonii Carrière
1949. E. pungensvar. simonii Rehder
 Thorny-olive,
Thorny elaeagnus,
Spiny oleaster 		Introduced from
 China & Japan,
No NY reports,
 Invasive.org: [7] 		  iNat: Suffolk (2020)
NYFA: 0
iNat
USDA-X0
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 Bernh. ex Rydb.
1814. Elaeagnus argentea Pursh (nom. illeg.)
1917. E. commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.
1955. E. veteris-castelli Lepage
 Silverberry,
American silverberry,
Wolf-willow
Chalef argenté,
Chalef changeant 		Introduced from
 western US,
 n. central US,
 Canada,
N. America native,
No NY reports 		  iNat: Monroe (2020)
NYFA: 0
iNat
USDA-NN
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
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  1. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Elaeagnus umbellata: Very high (94). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.
  2. ↑ Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)
  3. ↑ a b Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service
  4. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Elaeagnus angustifolia: Moderate (68).
  5. ↑ Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

Family Ulmaceae

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The Ulmaceae (elm family)...[1]

Ulmus

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Rosales — Ulmaceae — Ulmus
Genus Ulmus Elm N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Ulmus americana L.
1860. U. americana  var. aspera  Chapm.
1860. U. floridana Chapm.
1953. U. americana  var. floridana  Little
 American elm,
White elm
Orme d'Amérique,
Orme blanc 		Native,
Secure 		 
NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
SNA
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 Muhl.
1785. U. americana Marshall (i)
1788. U. pubescens Walter
1789. U. americana  var. rubra  (Muhl.) Aiton
1793. U. rubra Muhl.
1796. U. pendula Willd.
1803. U. fulva Michx.
1809. U. crispa Willd.
 Slippery elm,
Red elm
Orme rouge,
Orme gras 		Native,
Secure 		 
NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
SNA
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 Sarg.
1831. U. racemosa D.Thomas non Borkh. (1800)
1902. U. thomasi(i) Sarg.
 Rock elm,
Cork elm,
Hickory elm
Orme liège,
Orme de Thomas 		Native,
Threatened 		 
NYFA: 2-3
USDA-NN
SNA
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Siberian elm Introduced from
 temperate Asia,
Moderately invasive,
 NYIS: 53%[2],
CP-5[3] 		 
NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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 Huds.
 Wych elm,
Scotch elm,
Broadleaf elm,
Broad-leaved elm,
European mountain elm
Orme de montagne,
Orme montagnard,
Orme glabre,
Orme blanc,
Orme rude 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
Unk. naturalization 		 
NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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 Salisb.
1753. Ulmus campestris L. p.p. (i)
1796. Ulmus procera Salisb.
 auct. Ulmus minor non Mill.[4]
 auct. Ulmus carpinifolia non Ruppius ex G.Suckow
 English elm,
English cork elm
Grand orme,
Orme rouge,
Orme champêtre 		Introduced from
 Europe,
 northern Africa,
Not naturalized 		 
NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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Genus Ulmus (excluded taxa) Elm N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Mill.
1768. Ulmus minor Mill.
 European field elm Introduced from
 Eurasia,
 northern Africa,
N.Y. excluded 		 
NYFA-Excluded
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 Jacq.
1798. Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.
1914. Ulmus sieboldii Daveau
 Lacebark elm,
Chinese elm 		Introduced from
 Asia,
Potentially invasive,
Excluded 		 
NYFA-Excluded
USDA-XX
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  Ulmus glabra ×
  Ulmus procera
    
 Hybrid of
 wych elm &
 English elm 		Introduced from
 Eurasian parents,
N.Y. excluded 		 
NYFA-Excluded
Images
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  1. ↑ Ulmaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
  2. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ulmus pumila: Moderate (53).
  3. ↑ Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)
  4. ↑ Some authors have combined U. minor Mill. (s.s.) and U. procera under U. minor Mill. (s.l.).

Family Cannabaceae

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The Cannabaceae (hemp family)...[1]
  1. ↑ Cannabaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Celtis

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Celtis (hackberry) was formerly included under Ulmaceae (above), but is now more likely to be included under Cannabaceae or in its own family.
Rosales — Cannabaceae — Celtis
Genus Celtis Hackberry N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Celtis occidentalis L.
1797. Celtis crassifolia Lam.
1856. C. occidentalis  var. crassifolia  (Lam.) A. Gray
1919. C. occidentalis  var. canina  (Raf.) Sarg.
 Northern hackberry,
American hackberry,
Common hackberry,
Beaverwood,
Nettletree
Micocoulier occidental,
Bois inconnu 		Native, CoC: 7,
Likely secure
FACU
Perennial,
Tree 		 
NYFA: 4
USDA-NN
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 Nutt.
1814. Celtis pumila Pursh
1818. C. tenuifolia Nutt.
1856. C. occidentalis  var. pumila  (Pursh) A.Gray
1897. C. georgiana Small
1902. C. pumila  var. georgiana  Sarg.
1902. C. mississippiensis  var. pumila  (Pursh) Mack. & Bush
1919. C. pumila  var. georgiana  Sarg.
1964. C. occidentalis  var. georgiana  H.E.Ahles
1967. C. tenuifolia  var. soperi  B.Boivin
1969. C. occidentalis  f. pumila  (Pursh) F.Seym.
1982. C. occidentalis  ssp. georgiana  A.E.Murray
 Dwarf hackberry,
Upland hackberry,
Georgia hackberry
Micocoulier rabougri,
Micocoulier de Soper,
Micocoulier de Géorgie 		Native, CoC: 9,
No specimens 		 
NYFA: NU
USDA-NN
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Humulus

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Humulus lupulus var. lupuloides
Northeastern hops
At least two species of wild hops are present in New York, depending on how they are recognized taxonomically. Of the three varieties of common hops (Humulus lupulus) found in New York, two (var. lupuloides and var pubescens) are considered native and one (var. lupulus) is European. A fourth variety (var. neomexicanus) is also native to North America but has not been reported in the wild in New York. Although similar in appearance, based on molecular and morphological studies, these four varieties can also be treated as separate species (H. lupuloides, H. pubescens, H. neomexicana, and H. lupulus s.s.).[1][2]
  1. ↑ Luke R. Tembrock and Jenna M. McAleer (2016). "A Revision of Native North American Humulus (Cannabaceae)." Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 10(1):11-30, Jan. 2016.
  2. ↑ Humulus lupulus (Common Hops) on Minnesota Wildflowers website. 2006-2017.
Rosales — Cannabaceae — Humulus
Genus Humulus Hops N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
var. lupuloides E.Small
1847. Humulus americanus Nutt.
1978. H. lupulus  var. lupuloides  E.Small
1982. H. lupulus  ssp. americanus  (Nutt.) Á.&D.Löve
2016. H. lupuloides (E.Small) Tembrock
Northeastern hops ⓘ
American hop
Common hop ⓘ
Houblon lupuloïde 		Native, CoC: 5,
Likely secure
Perennial,
Herb-vine 		 
NYFA: U
USDA-NN
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 L.
var. pubescens E.Small
1978. H. lupulus  var. pubescens  E.Small
2016. H. pubescens (E.Small) Tembrock
 Midwestern hops,
Pubescent hop,
Common hop 		Native, CoC: 10,
Rare
Perennial,
Herb-vine 		 
NYFA: U
USDA-N0
ARS-GRIN
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FNA
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 L.
var. lupulus
1753. Humulus lupulus L.
 European hop,
Common hop
Houblon commun,
Houblon grimpant 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
 Morocco,
Naturalized,
NE5[1]
Perennial,
Herb-vine 		 
NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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 Siebold & Zucc.
1790. Antidesma scandens Lour.
1846. Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc.
1935. Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr.
1988. Humulopsis scandens (Lour.) Grudz.
 Japanese hops,
Japanese hop
Houblon japonais 		Introduced from
 eastern Asia,
Highly invasive,
 NYIS: 74%[2],
NE4[3] 		 
NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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  1. ↑ Category 5 Plants - native invasives - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service
  2. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Humulus japonicus: High (74).
  3. ↑ Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

Cannabis

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Rosales — Cannabaceae — Cannabis
Genus Cannabis Hemp N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Cannabis sativa L.
1785. Cannabis indica Lam.
1924. Cannabis ruderalis Janisch.
1976. C. sativassp. indica E.Small & Cronquist
 Hemp,
Marijuana,
Pot 		Introduced from
 central Asia 		 
NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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Family Moraceae

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The Moraceae (mulberry or fig family)...[1]

Tribe Moreae

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Morus

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Morus rubra
red mulberry fruit
Of the dozen-or-so species of mulberry trees found worldwide, two have been found in the wild in New York. The red mulberry (Morus rubra) is native to eastern North America, including New York, and the white mulberry (Morus alba, the primary host for silkmoth caterpillars) was introduced from eastern Asia and is known to escape cultivation. M. alba is considered to be invasive in Mid-Atlantic states.[2]
  1. ↑ Moraceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
  2. ↑ Plant Species Reported to be Invasive in Natural Areas List. Source: Mid-Atlantic Exotic Pest Plant Council, 2005. Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States (2017).
Rosales — Moraceae — Moreae — Morus
Genus Morus Mulberry N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Morus rubra L.
1873. Morus rubravar. tomentosa
1873. Morus rubravar. rubra
 Red mulberry,
American mulberry
Mûrier rouge 		Native, CoC: 8,
Secure
FACU
Perennial,
Tree 		 
NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
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 L.
1753. Morus alba L.
1753. Morus tatarica L.
1855. Morus albavar. tatarica
 White mulberry,
Russian mulberry,
Silkworm mulberry
Mûrier blanc 		Introduced from
 China,
Moderately invasive,
 NYIS: 69%[1] 		 
NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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Genus Morus (excluded taxa) Mulberry N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Morus nigra L.
 Black Mulberry Introduced from
 Asia,
N.Y. excluded 		 
NYFA-Excluded
USDA-X0
ARS-GRIN
FoC
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  1. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Morus alba: Moderate (69).

Broussonetia

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Rosales — Moraceae — Moreae — Broussonetia
Genus Broussonetia Paper mulberry N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent.
1753. Morus papyrifera L.
1799. B. papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent.
1891. Papyrius papyriferus (L.) Kuntze
 Paper mulberry,
Tapa-cloth-tree
Mûrier à papier 		Introduced from
 Asia (temp & trop),
Highly invasive,
 NYIS Tier: 3,
 Invasive.org: [8],
Naturalized
Perennial,
Tree 		 
NYFA: X
USDA-XX
ARS-GRIN
Tropicos
BONAP
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Fatoua

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Rosales — Moraceae — Moreae — Fatoua
Genus Fatoua Crabweed N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (Thunb.) Nakai
1784. Urtica japonica Thunb. non L.f. 1782
1784. Urtica villosa Thunb.
1856. Fatoua japonica (Thunb.) Blume nom. illeg.
1927. Fatoua villosa (Thunb.) Nakai
 Mulberry-weed,
Hairy crabweed 		Introduced from
 Japan & Taiwan,
Potentially invasive,
 Invasive.org: [9],
Naturalized
FAC
Annual,
Herb-forb 		 
NYFA: Xn
USDA-XX
ARS-GRIN
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Tribe Maclureae

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Maclura

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Maclura pomifera
Maclura pomifera (osage-orange) is a shrub or small tree that has been widely cultivated throughout the continental U.S., but it is considered to be native only to southwestern Arkansas, southeastern Oklahoma, and Texas. It has been cultivated in New York, but only occasionally naturalizes.
Rosales — Moraceae — Maclureae — Maclura
Genus Maclura Maclura N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (Raf.) C.K.Schneid.
1817. Ioxylon pomiferum Raf.
1817. Toxylon pomiferum Raf.
1828. Toxylon aurantiacum (Nutt.) Raf.
1906. Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K.Schneid.
 Osage-orange,
Hedge-apple,
Bow-wood,
Bodoark
Bois d'arc 		Introduced from
 TX, OK, AR,
N. America native,
Naturalized
Perennial,
Shrub, tree 		 
NYFA: X
USDA-NX
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ITIS
FNA
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Tribe Ficeae

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Ficus

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Rosales — Moraceae — Ficeae — Ficus
Genus Ficus Fig N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Ficus carica L.
 Common fig,
Edible fig 		Introduced,
Impersistent 		 
NYFA: Xm
USDA-XX
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Family Urticaceae

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The Urticaceae (nettle family)...[1]

Subfamily Urticoideae

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Tribe Urticeae

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Laportea
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Rosales — Urticaceae — Urticoideae — Urticeae — Laportea
Genus Laportea Wood nettle N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) Wedd.
1753. Urtica canadensis L.
1826. Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaudich.
1849. Fleurya canadensis (L.) Benth.
1854. Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell
1891. Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Kuntze
 Canada wood nettle,
Canada nettle,
Wood-nettle,
Canadian woodnettle
Laportéa du Canada,
Ortie des bois,
Ortie du Canada 		Native,
Secure 		 
NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
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  1. ↑ Urticaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
Urtica
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Urtica gracilis ssp. gracilis
Many sources treat Urtica gracilis, the American stinging nettle, as a subspecies of Urtica dioica, which contains the European stinging nettle. Henning et al. (2014) proposed the transfer of the North American U. dioica subtaxa to U. gracilis, the holotype of which was collected on the Hudson Bay.[1]

U. gracilis differs from U. dioica in that the native plant is monoecious and has a less dense population of stinging hairs than the European species.

  1. ↑ Tilo Henning, Dietmar Quandt, Bernadette Grosse-Veldmann, Alexander Monro, & Maximilian Weigend (2014) "Weeding the Nettles II: A delimitation of Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) based on morphological and molecular data, including a rehabilitation of Urtica gracilis Ait." Phytotaxa, 162(2): 61–83. Accessed: 13 Oct. 2018
Rosales — Urticaceae — Urticoideae — Urticeae — Urtica
Genus Urtica Nettle N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Aiton
ssp. gracilis
1789. Urtica gracilis Aiton
1805. Urtica procera Muhl. ex Willd.
1856. Urtica dioica  var. procera  (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wedd.
1875. Urtica lyallii S.Watson
1889. Urtica californica Greene
1912. Urtica viridis Rydb.
1947. Urtica dioica  ssp. gracilis  (Aiton) Selander
 American stinging nettle,
California nettle,
California stinging nettle,
California nettle,
Slender stalked nettle 		Native, CoC: 2,
Secure 		 
NYFA: 5
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 L.
ssp. dioica
1753. Urtica dioica L.
1869. Urtica dioicavar. vulgaris
    
 European stinging nettle
Ortie dioïque,
Grande ortie 		Introduced,
Highly invasive,
NYS Tier 5[1],
Naturalized,
SNA, G5-T5?
FAC-FACU
Perennial,
Herb-forb 		 
NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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 L.
 Burning nettle,
Dog nettle 		Introduced  
NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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 Pursh
 Weak nettle,
Red nettle,
Heart-leaved nettle 		Introduced,
US South native 		 
NYFA: X
USDA-N0
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  1. ↑ Urtica dioica Ecological Invasiveness Rank: High, State Tier 5. New York State Invasive Species Tiers. 2021 New York Natural Heritage Program.

Tribe Lecantheae

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Pilea
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Rosales — Urticaceae — Urticoideae — Lecantheae — Pilea
Genus Pilea Clearweed N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) A. Gray
var. pumila
1753. Urtica pumila L.
1848. Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray
 Green-fruited clearweed,
Canadian clearweed,
Coolwort,
Richweed
Piléa nain,
Pilée naine,
Ortie naine,
Petite ortie 		Native, CoC: 2,
Secure 		 
NYFA: 5
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 (Lunell) Rydb.
1843. Adicea pumila Raf.
1913. Adicea fontana Lunell
1913. Adicea opaca Lunell
1931. Pilea fontana (Lunell) Rydb.
1931. Pilea opaca (Lunell) Rydb.
 Black-fruited clearweed,
Lesser clearweed,
Spring clearweed,
Springs clearweed
Piléa des fontaines 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure 		 
NYFA: 5
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Pilea fontana × pumila
  Pilea fontana ×
  Pilea pumila
 Hybrid clearweed Native,
N.Y. excluded 		 
NYFA-Excluded
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Tribe Boehmerieae

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Boehmeria
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Boehmeria cylindrica
false nettle
Native false nettle is common in wet shady locations
Rosales — Urticaceae — Urticoideae — Boehmerieae — Boehmeria
Genus Boehmeria False nettle N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) Sw.
1753. Urtica cylindrica L.
1788. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw.
1805. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Willd.
False nettle
Smallspike false nettle
Bog hemp
Boehméria cylindrique,
Fausse ortie cylindrique,
Ortie de savanne 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure
FACW-OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb 		 
NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
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Tribe Parietarieae

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Parietaria
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Rosales — Urticaceae — Urticoideae — Parietarieae
Genus Parietaria Pellitory N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
1806. P. pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd.
1857. P. debilisvar. pensylvanica
1903. P. obtusa Rydb. ex Small
1912. P. occidentalis Rydb.
1941. Freirea pensylvanica (Muhl. ex Willd.) Jarm.
1950. P. pensylvanicavar. obtusa
 Pennsylvania pellitory,
Pennsylvania cucumber plant 		Native, CoC: 2,
Secure 		 
NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
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 L.
    Parietaria judaica L.
    Parietaria diffusa
    
 Spreading pellitory Introduced from
 s. Europe,
 n. Africa,
Impersistent 		 
NYFA: X
USDA-X0
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