Bridge
Table of content
Bridge pattern is useful when a code often changes for an implementation as well as for a use of code. In your application, you should have provider classes and client classes:
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Each client class can interact with each provider class. However, if the implementation changes, the method signatures of the Provider interface may change and all the client classes have to change. In the same way, if the client classes need a new interface, we need to rewrite all the providers. The solution is to add a bridge, that is to say a class that will be called by the clients, that contains a reference to the providers and forward the client call to the providers.
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In the future, the two interfaces (client/bridge and bridge/provider) may change independently and the bridge may trans-code the call order.
Examples
It's hard to find an example in a library as this pattern is designed for versatile specifications and a library does not change constantly between two versions.
Cost
The cost of this pattern is the same as the adapter. It can be planned at design time but the best way to decide to add it is the experience feedback. Implement it when you have frequently changed an interface in a short time.
Creation
Its implementation is easy but can be expensive. It depends on the complexity of the interface. The more methods you have, the more expensive it will be.
Maintenance
If you always update the client/bridge interface and the bridge/provider interface the same way, it would be more expensive than if you do not implement the design pattern.
Removal
This pattern can be easily removed as automatic refactoring operations can easily remove its existence.
Advices
- Put the bridge term in the name of the bridge class to indicate the use of the pattern to the other developers.
Implementation
Implementation in Kotlin
/** "Implementor" */
fun interface MusicPlayer {
fun play(song: String): String
}
/** "ConcreteImplementor" 1/4 */
val defaultPlayer = MusicPlayer{
"Reproducing $it in ${MusicFormat.NONE}"
}
/** "ConcreteImplementor" 2/4 */
val mp3Player = MusicPlayer{
"Reproducing $it in ${MusicFormat.MP3}"
}
/** "ConcreteImplementor" 3/4 */
val mp4Player = MusicPlayer{
"Reproducing $it in ${MusicFormat.MP4}"
}
/** "ConcreteImplementor" 4/4 */
val vlcPlayer = MusicPlayer{
"Reproducing \"$it\" in ${MusicFormat.VLC}"
}
/** "Abstraction" */
abstract class MusicPlayerUI {
var musicPlayer : MusicPlayer = defaultPlayer
abstract fun playMusic(song: String, musicFormat: MusicFormat)
}
/** "Refined Abstraction" */
class MyMusicPlayerUI : MusicPlayerUI() {
override fun playMusic(song: String, musicFormat: MusicFormat) {
musicPlayer = when(musicFormat) {
MusicFormat.NONE -> defaultPlayer
MusicFormat.MP3 -> mp3Player
MusicFormat.MP4 -> mp4Player
MusicFormat.VLC -> vlcPlayer
}
println(musicPlayer.play(song))
}
}
enum class MusicFormat{
NONE,MP3,MP4,VLC
}
/** "Client" */
object BridgePattern {
@JvmStatic
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val musicPlayer = MyMusicPlayerUI()
musicPlayer.playMusic("The best song", MusicFormat.MP4)
}
}
Implementation in Java
The following Java (SE 6) program illustrates the bridge pattern.
/**
* Implementor
*/
interface DrawingAPI {
public void drawCircle(double x, double y, double radius);
}
/**
* ConcreteImplementor 1/2
*/
class DrawingAPI1 implements DrawingAPI {
public void drawCircle(double x, double y, double radius) {
System.out.printf("API1.circle at %f:%f radius %f\n", x, y, radius);
}
}
/**
* ConcreteImplementor 2/2
*/
class DrawingAPI2 implements DrawingAPI {
public void drawCircle(double x, double y, double radius) {
System.out.printf("API2.circle at %f:%f radius %f\n", x, y, radius);
}
}
/**
* Abstraction
*/
abstract class Shape {
protected DrawingAPI drawingAPI;
protected Shape(DrawingAPI drawingAPI) {
this.drawingAPI = drawingAPI;
}
public abstract void draw(); // low-level
public abstract void resizeByPercentage(double pct); // high-level
}
/**
* Refined Abstraction
*/
class CircleShape extends Shape {
private double x, y, radius;
public CircleShape(double x, double y, double radius, DrawingAPI drawingAPI) {
super(drawingAPI);
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
this.radius = radius;
}
// low-level i.e. Implementation specific
public void draw() {
drawingAPI.drawCircle(x, y, radius);
}
// high-level i.e. Abstraction specific
public void resizeByPercentage(double pct) {
radius *= pct;
}
}
/**
* Client
*/
class BridgePattern {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Shape[] shapes = new Shape[] {
new CircleShape(1, 2, 3, new DrawingAPI1()),
new CircleShape(5, 7, 11, new DrawingAPI2()),
};
for (Shape shape : shapes) {
shape.resizeByPercentage(2.5);
shape.draw();
}
}
}
It will output:
API1.circle at 1.000000:2.000000 radius 7.5000000 API2.circle at 5.000000:7.000000 radius 27.500000
Implementation in PHP
interface DrawingAPI {
function drawCircle($dX, $dY, $dRadius);
}
class DrawingAPI1 implements DrawingAPI {
public function drawCircle($dX, $dY, $dRadius) {
echo "API1.circle at ".$dX.":".$dY." radius ".$dRadius."<br/>";
}
}
class DrawingAPI2 implements DrawingAPI {
public function drawCircle($dX, $dY, $dRadius) {
echo "API2.circle at ".$dX.":".$dY." radius ".$dRadius."<br/>";
}
}
abstract class Shape {
protected $oDrawingAPI;
public abstract function draw();
public abstract function resizeByPercentage($dPct);
protected function __construct(DrawingAPI $oDrawingAPI) {
$this->oDrawingAPI = $oDrawingAPI;
}
}
class CircleShape extends Shape {
private $dX;
private $dY;
private $dRadius;
public function __construct(
$dX, $dY,
$dRadius,
DrawingAPI $oDrawingAPI
) {
parent::__construct($oDrawingAPI);
$this->dX = $dX;
$this->dY = $dY;
$this->dRadius = $dRadius;
}
public function draw() {
$this->oDrawingAPI->drawCircle(
$this->dX,
$this->dY,
$this->dRadius
);
}
public function resizeByPercentage($dPct) {
$this->dRadius *= $dPct;
}
}
class Tester {
public static function main() {
$aShapes = array(
new CircleShape(1, 3, 7, new DrawingAPI1()),
new CircleShape(5, 7, 11, new DrawingAPI2()),
);
foreach ($aShapes as $shapes) {
$shapes->resizeByPercentage(2.5);
$shapes->draw();
}
}
}
Tester::main();
Output:
API1.circle at 1:3 radius 17.5 API2.circle at 5:7 radius 27.5
Implementation in C#
C#
The following C# program illustrates the "shape" example given above and will output:
API1.circle at 1:2 radius 7.5 API2.circle at 5:7 radius 27.5
using System;
/** "Implementor" */
interface IDrawingAPI {
void DrawCircle(double x, double y, double radius);
}
/** "ConcreteImplementor" 1/2 */
class DrawingAPI1 : IDrawingAPI {
public void DrawCircle(double x, double y, double radius)
{
System.Console.WriteLine("API1.circle at {0}:{1} radius {2}", x, y, radius);
}
}
/** "ConcreteImplementor" 2/2 */
class DrawingAPI2 : IDrawingAPI
{
public void DrawCircle(double x, double y, double radius)
{
System.Console.WriteLine("API2.circle at {0}:{1} radius {2}", x, y, radius);
}
}
/** "Abstraction" */
interface IShape {
void Draw(); // low-level (i.e. Implementation-specific)
void ResizeByPercentage(double pct); // high-level (i.e. Abstraction-specific)
}
/** "Refined Abstraction" */
class CircleShape : IShape {
private double x, y, radius;
private IDrawingAPI drawingAPI;
public CircleShape(double x, double y, double radius, IDrawingAPI drawingAPI)
{
this.x = x; this.y = y; this.radius = radius;
this.drawingAPI = drawingAPI;
}
// low-level (i.e. Implementation-specific)
public void Draw() { drawingAPI.DrawCircle(x, y, radius); }
// high-level (i.e. Abstraction-specific)
public void ResizeByPercentage(double pct) { radius *= pct; }
}
/** "Client" */
class BridgePattern {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IShape[] shapes = new IShape[2];
shapes[0] = new CircleShape(1, 2, 3, new DrawingAPI1());
shapes[1] = new CircleShape(5, 7, 11, new DrawingAPI2());
foreach (IShape shape in shapes) {
shape.ResizeByPercentage(2.5);
shape.Draw();
}
}
}
C# using generics
The following C# program illustrates the "shape" example given above and will output:
API1.circle at 1:2 radius 7.5 API2.circle at 5:7 radius 27.5
using System;
/** "Implementor" */
interface IDrawingAPI {
void DrawCircle(double x, double y, double radius);
}
/** "ConcreteImplementor" 1/2 */
struct DrawingAPI1 : IDrawingAPI {
public void DrawCircle(double x, double y, double radius)
{
System.Console.WriteLine("API1.circle at {0}:{1} radius {2}", x, y, radius);
}
}
/** "ConcreteImplementor" 2/2 */
struct DrawingAPI2 : IDrawingAPI
{
public void DrawCircle(double x, double y, double radius)
{
System.Console.WriteLine("API2.circle at {0}:{1} radius {2}", x, y, radius);
}
}
/** "Abstraction" */
interface IShape {
void Draw(); // low-level (i.e. Implementation-specific)
void ResizeByPercentage(double pct); // high-level (i.e. Abstraction-specific)
}
/** "Refined Abstraction" */
class CircleShape<T> : IShape
where T : struct, IDrawingAPI
{
private double x, y, radius;
private IDrawingAPI drawingAPI = new T();
public CircleShape(double x, double y, double radius)
{
this.x = x; this.y = y; this.radius = radius;
}
// low-level (i.e. Implementation-specific)
public void Draw() { drawingAPI.DrawCircle(x, y, radius); }
// high-level (i.e. Abstraction-specific)
public void ResizeByPercentage(double pct) { radius *= pct; }
}
/** "Client" */
class BridgePattern {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IShape[] shapes = new IShape[2];
shapes[0] = new CircleShape<DrawingAPI1>(1, 2, 3);
shapes[1] = new CircleShape<DrawingAPI2>(5, 7, 11);
foreach (IShape shape in shapes) {
shape.ResizeByPercentage(2.5);
shape.Draw();
}
}
}
Implementation in Python
The following Python program illustrates the "shape" example given above and will output:
API1.circle at 1:2 7.5 API2.circle at 5:7 27.5
# Implementor
class DrawingAPI:
def drawCircle(x, y, radius):
pass
# ConcreteImplementor 1/2
class DrawingAPI1(DrawingAPI):
def drawCircle(self, x, y, radius):
print("API1.circle at %f:%f radius %f" % (x, y, radius))
# ConcreteImplementor 2/2
class DrawingAPI2(DrawingAPI):
def drawCircle(self, x, y, radius):
print("API2.circle at %f:%f radius %f" % (x, y, radius))
# Abstraction
class Shape:
# low-level
def draw(self):
pass
# high-level
def resizeByPercentage(self, pct):
pass
# Refined Abstraction
class CircleShape(Shape):
def __init__(self, x, y, radius, drawingAPI):
self.__x = x
self.__y = y
self.__radius = radius
self.__drawingAPI = drawingAPI
# low-level i.e. Implementation specific
def draw(self):
self.__drawingAPI.drawCircle(self.__x, self.__y, self.__radius)
# high-level i.e. Abstraction specific
def resizeByPercentage(self, pct):
self.__radius *= pct
def main():
shapes = [
CircleShape(1, 2, 3, DrawingAPI1()),
CircleShape(5, 7, 11, DrawingAPI2())
]
for shape in shapes:
shape.resizeByPercentage(2.5)
shape.draw()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
Implementation in Ruby
An example in Ruby.
class Abstraction
def initialize(implementor)
@implementor = implementor
end
def operation
raise 'Implementor object does not respond to the operation method' unless @implementor.respond_to?(:operation)
@implementor.operation
end
end
class RefinedAbstraction < Abstraction
def operation
puts 'Starting operation... '
super
end
end
class Implementor
def operation
puts 'Doing necessary stuff'
end
end
class ConcreteImplementorA < Implementor
def operation
super
puts 'Doing additional stuff'
end
end
class ConcreteImplementorB < Implementor
def operation
super
puts 'Doing other additional stuff'
end
end
normal_with_a = Abstraction.new(ConcreteImplementorA.new)
normal_with_a.operation
# Doing necessary stuff
# Doing additional stuff
normal_with_b = Abstraction.new(ConcreteImplementorB.new)
normal_with_b.operation
# Doing necessary stuff
# Doing other additional stuff
refined_with_a = RefinedAbstraction.new(ConcreteImplementorA.new)
refined_with_a.operation
# Starting operation...
# Doing necessary stuff
# Doing additional stuff
refined_with_b = RefinedAbstraction.new(ConcreteImplementorB.new)
refined_with_b.operation
# Starting operation...
# Doing necessary stuff
# Doing other additional stuff
Implementation in Scala
A Scala implementation of the Java drawing example with the same output.
/** "Implementor" */
trait DrawingAPI {
def drawCircle(x:Double, y:Double, radius:Double)
}
/** "ConcreteImplementor" 1/2 */
class DrawingAPI1 extends DrawingAPI {
def drawCircle(x:Double, y:Double, radius:Double) {
printf("API1.circle at %f:%f radius %f\n", x, y, radius)
}
}
/** "ConcreteImplementor" 2/2 */
class DrawingAPI2 extends DrawingAPI {
def drawCircle(x:Double, y:Double, radius:Double) {
printf("API2.circle at %f:%f radius %f\n", x, y, radius)
}
}
/** "Abstraction" */
trait Shape {
def draw() // low-level
def resizeByPercentage(pct:Double) // high-level
}
/** "Refined Abstraction" */
class CircleShape(var x:Double, var y:Double,
var radius:Double, val drawingAPI:DrawingAPI) extends Shape {
// low-level i.e. Implementation specific
def draw() = drawingAPI.drawCircle(x, y, radius)
// high-level i.e. Abstraction specific
def resizeByPercentage(pct:Double) = radius *= pct
}
/** "Client" */
val shapes = List(
new CircleShape(1, 2, 3, new DrawingAPI1),
new CircleShape(5, 7, 11, new DrawingAPI2)
)
shapes foreach { shape =>
shape.resizeByPercentage(2.5)
shape.draw()
}
Implementation in D
An example in D.
import std.stdio;
/** "Implementor" */
interface DrawingAPI {
void drawCircle(double x, double y, double radius);
}
/** "ConcreteImplementor" 1/2 */
class DrawingAPI1: DrawingAPI {
void drawCircle(double x, double y, double radius) {
writefln("\nAPI1.circle at %f:%f radius %f", x, y, radius);
}
}
/** "ConcreteImplementor" 2/2 */
class DrawingAPI2: DrawingAPI {
void drawCircle(double x, double y, double radius) {
writefln("\nAPI2.circle at %f:%f radius %f", x, y, radius);
}
}
/** "Abstraction" */
interface Shape {
void draw(); // low-level
void resizeByPercentage(double pct); // high-level
}
/** "Refined Abstraction" */
class CircleShape: Shape {
this(double x, double y, double radius, DrawingAPI drawingAPI) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
this.radius = radius;
this.drawingAPI = drawingAPI;
}
// low-level i.e. Implementation specific
void draw() {
drawingAPI.drawCircle(x, y, radius);
}
// high-level i.e. Abstraction specific
void resizeByPercentage(double pct) {
radius *= pct;
}
private:
double x, y, radius;
DrawingAPI drawingAPI;
}
int main(string[] argv) {
auto api1 = new DrawingAPI1();
auto api2 = new DrawingAPI2();
auto c1 = new CircleShape(1, 2, 3, api1);
auto c2 = new CircleShape(5, 7, 11, api2);
Shape[4] shapes;
shapes[0] = c1;
shapes[1] = c2;
shapes[0].resizeByPercentage(2.5);
shapes[0].draw();
shapes[1].resizeByPercentage(2.5);
shapes[1].draw();
return 0;
}
Implementation in Perl
This example in Perl uses the MooseX::Declare module.
# Implementor
role Drawing::API {
requires 'draw_circle';
}
# Concrete Implementor 1
class Drawing::API::1 with Drawing::API {
method draw_circle(Num $x, Num $y, Num $r) {
printf "API1.circle at %f:%f radius %f\n", $x, $y, $r;
}
}
# Concrete Implementor 2
class Drawing::API::2 with Drawing::API {
method draw_circle(Num $x, Num $y, Num $r) {
printf "API2.circle at %f:%f radius %f\n", $x, $y, $r;
}
}
# Abstraction
role Shape {
requires qw( draw resize );
}
# Refined Abstraction
class Shape::Circle with Shape {
has $_ => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Any' ) for qw( x y r );
has api => ( is => 'ro', does => 'Drawing::API' );
method draw() {
$self->api->draw_circle( $self->x, $self->y, $self->r );
}
method resize(Num $percentage) {
$self->{r} *= $percentage;
}
}
my @shapes = (
Shape::Circle->new( x=>1, y=>2, r=>3, api => Drawing::API::1->new ),
Shape::Circle->new( x=>5, y=>7, r=>11, api => Drawing::API::2->new ),
)
$_->resize( 2.5 ) and $_->draw for @shapes;
Implementation in Delphi
The following Delphi program illustrates the "shape" example given above and will output:
API1.circle at 1:2 7.5 API2.circle at 5:7 27.5
program Bridge;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
{$R *.res}
uses
System.SysUtils;
type
///implementator
TDrawingAPI = class abstract
procedure DrawCircle(x, y, radius: double); virtual; abstract;
end;
//ConcreteImplementator 1
TDrawingAPI1 = class(TDrawingAPI)
procedure DrawCircle(x, y, radius: double); override;
end;
//ConcreteImplementator 2
TDrawingAPI2 = class(TDrawingAPI)
procedure DrawCircle(x, y, radius: double);override;
end;
//Abstraction
TShape = class abstract
procedure Draw();virtual; abstract;// low-level (i.e. Implementation-specific)
procedure ResizeByPercentage(pct: double);virtual; abstract;// high-level (i.e. Abstraction-specific)
end;
//Refined Abstraction
TCircleShape = class(TShape)
strict private
x, y, radius: double;
drawingAPI: TDrawingAPI;
public
constructor Create(x, y, radius: double; drawingAPI: TDrawingAPI);
procedure Draw;override;
procedure ResizeByPercentage(pct: double);override;
end;
{ TDeawingAPI1 }
procedure TDrawingAPI1.DrawCircle(x, y, radius: double);
begin
WriteLn('API1.circle at '+FloatToStr(x)+' : '+FloatToStr(y)+' radius '+FloatToStr(radius));
end;
{ TDeawingAPI }
procedure TDrawingAPI2.DrawCircle(x, y, radius: double);
begin
WriteLn('API2.circle at '+FloatToStr(x)+' : '+FloatToStr(y)+' radius '+FloatToStr(radius));
end;
{ TCircleShape }
constructor TCircleShape.Create(x, y, radius: double; drawingAPI: TDrawingAPI);
begin
self.x := x;
self.y := y;
self.radius := radius;
self.drawingAPI := drawingAPI;
end;
procedure TCircleShape.Draw;
begin
drawingAPI.DrawCircle(x, y, radius);
end;
procedure TCircleShape.ResizeByPercentage(pct: double);
begin
radius := radius * pct;
end;
var shapes: array of TShape;
shape: TShape;
begin
try
{ TODO -oUser -cConsole Main : Insert code here }
SetLength(shapes, 2);
shapes[0] := TCircleShape.Create(1, 2, 3, TDrawingAPI1.Create);
shapes[1] := TCircleShape.Create(5, 7, 11, TDrawingAPI2.Create);
for shape in shapes do
begin
shape.ResizeByPercentage(2.5);
shape.Draw;
end;
WriteLn(#13#10+'Press any key to continue..');
ReadLn;
shapes[0].Free;
shapes[1].Free;
except
on E: Exception do
Writeln(E.ClassName, ': ', E.Message);
end;
end.
