Wireless Mesh Networks/Printable version
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Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Several people have been instrumental in allowing this project to be completed. We would like to thank the following people for contributing to this book:
- kgrr Initial outline
(please feel free to contribute and add yourself here)
Introduction
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Introduction edit
Wireless networks nowadays are part of our everyday life, as witnessed by several features: the number of cell (mobile) phone subscriptions reached 7.3 billion in 2014.[1], short-range radio technologies such as WiFi and Blue-tooth are widespread as well as radio frequency IDs (RFIDs).
In a search on Google for “next generation wireless network,” top hits mostly refer to evolutions of the cellular technology collectively named 4G, including technologies such as LTE (Long-Term Evolution), LTE Advanced, etc. These technologies are essentially aimed at improving quality of service (QoS) in cellular networks, especially that which concerns data services, which are expected to play an increasing role in connected world. The improvements are mostly obtained through advancements in the physical and medium access layer of the network protocol stack, for example, through extensive use of multi antenna systems, while the overall architecture of the cellular network is mostly unchanged. Thus, forthcoming 4G networks can be considered as an evolution of the well-established cellular network concept.
On the other hand, the class of networks (ad hoc networks, mesh networks, wireless sensor networks, vehicular networks, and opportunistic networks) that we collectively call next generation wireless networks are characterized by very different features compared to cellular networks:
- Cellular networks rely heavily on a wired, very expensive communication infrastructure – the network of cellular base stations – to perform communication; on the contrary, next generation wireless networks are characterized by a lightweight – or even absent – infrastructure.
- Cellular networks are based on the use of relatively long wireless links,with typical communication ranges in the order of up to a few kilometers; on the contrary, next generation wireless networks use short-range – in the order of a few tenths of meters, or hundreds of meters at most – wireless links.
- Cellular networks rely heavily on the presence of several centralization points, where servers are used for optimizing resource allocation and coordinate radio channel access between the different users in a cell and in adjacent cells; on the contrary, in next generation wireless networks, centralization points are typically lacking, and most network functionalities must be realized in a fully distributed, self-coordinated environment.
- Cellular networks are single-hop wireless networks, since a mobile terminal directly communicates with a base station in the vicinity; on the contrary, next generation wireless networks typically make extensive use of multi-hop communications to compensate for the short radio range and increase coverage.
Header text | Cellular network | Wireless mesh network |
---|---|---|
Infrastructure | Yes | No, lightweight |
Radio range | ≤ 2km | ≤ 300m |
Centralization points | Yes | Mostly no |
Type of communication | Single-hop | Multi-hop |
Radio channel access | Coordinated | Mostly uncoordinated |
It is then evident that the class of emerging short-range wireless networks mentioned above displays striking differences with respect to traditional cellular networks, and that the design and realization of a network of this class entails defining brand-new network architectures and networking solutions spanning the entire network protocol stack. This explains our choice of naming the emergent class of short-range, multi-hop, decentralized wireless networks “next generation wireless networks.” Unless stated otherwise, in the remainder of this Wikibook we will use the term next generation wireless network exclusively to refer to a member of the class of short-range, multi-hop,decentralized wireless networks
What it is actually ? edit
Wireless mesh network is a multi-hop, peer-to-peer wireless network in which mesh nodes connect with redundant interconnections and cooperate with one another to route packets inside the network.[2]
Mesh nodes are small radio transmitters that function in the same way as a wireless router. Nodes use the common WiFi standards known as 802.11a, b and g to communicate wirelessly with other nodes.
Nodes are programmed with algorithms that tells them how to interact within the mesh network. The packets that carries informations travels across the network from point A to point B by hopping wirelessly from one mesh node to the next. The nodes automatically choose the quickest and safest path in a process known as dynamic routing. .[3] There are two types of mesh network which are partial mesh and also full mesh. Partial mesh is mesh where not all the nodes are connected to each other meanwhile the full mesh is mesh where all the nodes are connected to each other
A reader has identified this chapter as an undeveloped draft or outline. You can help to develop the work, or you can ask for assistance in the project room. |
References edit
- ↑ Pramis, Joshua (February 28, 2013). "Number of mobile phones to exceed world population by 2014". Digital Trends. Retrieved 8th March 2014.
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(help) - ↑ "How Wireless Mesh Networks Work". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 8th March 2014.
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(help) - ↑ "How Wireless Mesh Networks Work" (PDF). Motorola. Motorola. Retrieved 8th March 2014.
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(help)
- USENIX 2003 Annual Technical Conference, FREENIX Track — Paper "Building a Wireless Community Network in the Netherlands"
- "The innovation journey of wifi" authors Wolter Lemstra, Vic Hayes, John Groenewegen, Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands Cambridge University Press 2010 ISBN:9780521199711
Mesh network basics
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Mesh network basics edit
What is a Mesh Network? edit
A mesh network is a multiple path and multiple hop area wide network that are ideal for outdoor deployment. The mesh network consists of wireless networking devices (known as nodes)connecting within the range of the network nodes. Hence, it will form a decentralized networking as each node will only need to extend its own wireless range up to next node only. Each nodes are consistently communicating with each other in the local mesh network and are responsible for acting as a gateway for the packets to travel inside the mesh network.
A wireless mesh network have 3 characteristic of autonomic system which are
- Self forming / self organizing
- Self healing
- Self optimization
- Multi hop
Self-forming / Self-organizing edit
New nodes joining the mesh network are transparently supported because meshing functions such as neighbours discovery and topology learning are implemented. Wireless routers rapidly detect the presence of new paths, thus enhancing the overall performance and coverage
The picture above shows the mesh networking self forming ability.
[1] A new node joins the mesh network
[2] Surrounding node are alerted to the new node presence and configuring on the fly to provide optimized routing for the packets
[3] The new node are accepted in the mesh network
Self-healing edit
A node may leave a mesh network due to unexpected circumstances such as failure in the networking devices, natural disaster/man made disaster and such.Therefore ,the mesh network are inherently designed to be more robust and resilient. There are many ways to do this such as make it a multi-path for packets to travel from one nodes to another (the amount of connections between 2 nodes is 2 or more) , decentralized connections and redundancy.
The picture above shows the mesh networking self healing ability
[1] One of the nodes in the mesh network are showing intermittent failures
[2] Surrounding nodes connected to the intermittent failing nodes are re-configuring to respond to the failing node
[3] The failing node when offline but the mesh network is still operating without downtime
Self Optimization edit
The mesh network have the self optimization to enlarge the mesh coverage as large as possible, to minimizes the interferences and also to maximizes the bandwidth capacity of the mesh network.
Multi-hop edit
Multi-hop connectivity allows several devices to access the network at once by relying on other mesh nodes without affecting the overall network performance. It will guarantees larger coverage zones and an enhancement of the network capacity. In fact, line-of-sight constraint no longer matters because the intermediate nodes relay the information to their neighbors on short wireless links using a reduced power transmission.
The picture above shows the multi-hop of mesh network in progress.
[1] Node A want to access to the node D
[2] Node A sends wireless transmission links to nearby nodes
[3] Node B & node E forming link with node A
[4] Node E already found the node D forming mesh connection A-E-D
[5] Node B is still searching for node D but find node C instead
[6]Node C already found the node D forming mesh connection A-B-C-D
Mesh vs. Point to Multi-point edit
Reliability edit
In a classic wireless network, each node monitors that path between itself and an additional node. These networks are configured in a hierarchical fashion that ensures that each node uses a single connection path. The drawback to this approach is its lack of failure protection. If a node fails, the dedicated link is lost and the endpoint is unreachable until service is restored.
The establishment of multiple connection paths is a logical answer to this problem. Unfortunately, classic nodes lack the intelligent technology to select from alternate transmission paths.
Developers studied the idea of adding intelligence to each node to solve this problem. Such intelligence would track each available communication path and would logically select the best route. Added together, the multiplicity of nodes would create a mesh. This mesh would eliminate single points of failure. If one link went down,other network nodes would be alerted and could select an alternative node path. The design's self-healing nature would ensure that the network continued to operate. User access would be maintained as would productivity levels.
Today, the concept of intelligent mesh networks is a reality. Mesh is an increasingly applied network topology as researchers improve and enhance it, and businesses deploy and utilize it. Mesh has become the technology of choice for applications as diverse as securing military perimeters to regulating product flow down factory assembly lines to facilitating the intelligent navigation of one's morning commute.
Redundancy edit
Coverage edit
Links edit
Access edit
Backhaul edit
edit
References edit
History Highlights
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
A reader has identified this chapter as an undeveloped draft or outline. You can help to develop the work, or you can ask for assistance in the project room. |
History Highlights edit
Philadelphia edit
Philadelphia wireless project [1]
more stuff[2]
Wireless Leiden edit
Wireless Community Network established in 2002 [3]
Tempe Chandler Mesa edit
Rio Rancho edit
References edit
Motivation
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Motivation edit
Below are listed of several reasons on why the "hacktivist" are keen on developing the mesh network technology
Digital Divide edit
In rural area, there are often lack of Internet access. There are few projects in the world that tries to bridge the digital divide in the rural area.
(1) (India) SARI (Sustainable Access in Rural Area)
Mesh network created India to let the rural India have access to Internet [1]
(2) (India) Aravind Teleophthalmology Kiosk
Mesh network created to let the patients self diagnosed himself in a kiosk and send the results to the doctors who maybe hundreds of kilometer away
(3) (Tibet) Dharamsala Wireless Mesh Network
In remote northern India region of Dharamsala where the Internet connection is patchy and unreliable, a group of networking experts helped the local people to set up the network.Using recycled PC parts and materials for antenna, they managed to connect over 2000 devices to the mesh networks itself.
(4) (Nepal) Nepal Wireless
In remote mountain of Nangi ,Mahabir Pun uses TV relay dishes to connect to Internet using the relays of mesh network. In May 2002, with help of university students, the Internet signal from Pokhara is sending Internet signal to Mohare
Service Provider edit
(1) (South Africa) Mesh Potato by Village Telco
Mesh Potato is the wifi based mesh network services that provided data and free voice call to anyone in the network [5]
(2) (Germany) BBNG / Citizen Broadband Network Company
In a population of few hundreds people, a small village Löwenstedt decided to take the slow patchy Internet connections by building their own Internet mesh network
(3) (United States) DBUIA / Doe Bay Internet User Associations
A group of neighbours frustrated by the Century Link patchy internet connections decided to establish their own Internet network
Public Service edit
Hobbyist edit
(1) (Greece)Free sharing culture inside the Greece community
(2) (Wall Street) Occupy Wall Street - Freedom Tower
The Internet we knew is under huge surveillance by NSA and now the Freedom tower is creating the other Internet which will provide freedom
Inside of Facility edit
References edit
- ↑ "Sustainable Access in Rural Area".
- ↑ "Teleophthalmology" (PDF).
- ↑ "A Wireless Network for 'Little Lhasa'".
- ↑ "Mahabir Pun uses the internet to improve life in remote parts of Nepal".
- ↑ "Village Telco: A WiFi-based mesh network that offers voice and data services anywhere".
- ↑ "German Villaers Build Own Network".
- ↑ "How a group of neighbors created their own Internet service".
- ↑ "Strix: Government".
- ↑ "Mesh Networks: A Revolution in Wireless Connectivity".
- ↑ "Mesh Networks in Greece".
- ↑ "How Occupy Wall Street Is Building Its Own Internet".
Economics
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Economics edit
Supply and Demand edit
Competition edit
Business Case edit
How many hops? edit
Free or Fee? edit
References edit
- ↑ "On Profitability and Efficiency of Wireless Mesh Networks". University of Texas. Feb 2006.
Politics
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
A reader has identified this chapter as an undeveloped draft or outline. You can help to develop the work, or you can ask for assistance in the project room. |
Politics edit
Zoning edit
Architectural Review edit
Home Owners Associations edit
Social Impact
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Social Impact edit
Digital Divide edit
Community Building edit
Net Neutrality edit
References edit
Regulatory
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Regulatory edit
Licensed or Unlicensed edit
OTARD Rules edit
Health and Safety edit
References edit
Taxonomy of Mesh Types
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Taxonomy of Mesh Types edit
WAN, LAN or PAN? edit
Wide Area Network
Local Area Network
Processing Area Network
Storage Area Network
Indoor or Outdoor edit
Hierarchical or Distributive? edit
Low Cost or Real-time Multimedia? edit
References edit
Design Parameters
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Design Parameters edit
Latency edit
Jitter edit
Packet Loss edit
Throughput edit
End To End Delay edit
Capacity edit
Handover Speed edit
Re-Convergence edit
Coverage and Deployment Density edit
References edit
How many radios?
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
How many radios? edit
Meshes can be built with nodes that have a single radio, two radios and multiple radios. The number of radios in mesh nodes depends on the throughput and latency demands of the mesh network.[1]
One edit
Single radio wireless mesh nodes are low cost, but are limited by latency and scalability. The single radio node has take turns providing client access and transport to the network. The node is forced to store and forward and thus introduces latency.
Two edit
Dual-radio wireless mesh nodes enhance the scalability and capacity of the wireless mesh network. One radio is used for client access and the other radio provides transport. Since the radios operate independently on two different frequencies, one radio can send while the other one is receiving. This reduces the latency from the access link to the transport link. However, when one node is relaying from one node to the next, a two radio node still needs to store and forward, which introduces latency.
Three or More edit
A multi-radio wireless mesh node solves the latency problem for both the access link and the transport link. Multi-radio wireless nodes perform with very low latency and work well with real-time applications such as multimedia, voice and video applications. Because the throughput is related to throughput, multi-radio nodes address high density coverage areas, and can be used to aggregate traffic from single- and dual-radio wireless mesh nodes.
Sample Deployments edit
Colgate University [3]
References edit
- ↑ "Solving the Wireless Mesh Multi-Hop Dilemma" (PDF).
- ↑ "When everything just meshes" (PDF). Cabling Connection. Feb/March 2006.
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(help) - ↑
"Colgate Brushes with Mesh Network". Alanat News. may 11, 2007.
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(help)
A reader has identified this chapter as an undeveloped draft or outline. You can help to develop the work, or you can ask for assistance in the project room. |
Transport
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Transport edit
802.11a Wi-Fi edit
802.11bg Wi-Fi edit
802.16 WIMAX edit
ZigBee edit
ZigBee does not incorporate electric power lines into its technology therefore it is all wireless. ZigBee is very efficient, it can send up to 128 kilobits at a range of 250 feet. It is expected to be seen every from smoke detectors in your house to medical sensing devices. The best part is that it can function for a long time, on inexpensive batteries. Z-Wave also consists solely of wireless technology which is power efficient. It can send about 127 kilobits per second to a range of 100 feet. When you compare you would notice that Z-Wave and Insteon are very much similar. The only difference is that Insteon used electric power cables and Z-Wave doesn't.
Wibree edit
Others edit
proprietary microwave
Throughput edit
References edit
Access
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Access edit
802.11n Wi-Fi edit
802.11a Wi-Fi edit
802.16 WIMAX edit
Others? edit
References edit
RF concerns
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
RF Concerns edit
Frequencies edit
Co-Channel Interference edit
Channel Assignment and Frequency Reuse edit
Adjacent Channel Interference edit
Transmitter Mask edit
Link Budget edit
Transmit Power edit
Receive Sensitivity edit
Building Penetration edit
References edit
- ↑ "Minimum-Interference Channel Assignment in Multi-Radio Wireless Mesh Networks" (PDF). Stonybrook University.
What layers does it operate on?
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
What layers does it operate on? edit
Layer 2 (switched mesh) edit
Layer 3 (routed mesh) edit
Layer 2 and 3 hybrid edit
References edit
Topology Control
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Topology Control edit
Loop Prevention edit
Spanning Tree edit
Routing Protocols edit
Load Sharing edit
References edit
Mobility Handoffs
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Mobility Handoffs edit
Layer 2 edit
Layer 3 edit
References edit
Applications
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Applications edit
The Killer Application edit
Web Surfing edit
E-mail edit
Police Fire edit
Gaming edit
Voice over IP edit
"Delivering Voice over IP over Mesh" (PDF).
Telephone Replacement edit
References edit
Content
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Content edit
Internet edit
Local edit
References edit
Operations
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Operations edit
There are few popular protocol operations used in the mesh network. Below are a few popular ones.
- Babel
http://www.pps.univ-paris-diderot.fr/~jch/software/babel/
- B.A.T.M.A.N.
http://www.open-mesh.org/projects/open-mesh/wiki
- L3 and L2
- BMX
- OLSR
References edit
Accounting and Billing
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Accounting and Billing edit
Accounting edit
Billing edit
References edit
Management
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Management edit
Configuration edit
The goal of configuration management is too allow network managers track and modify the hardware and software configurations of devices in the network being managed.
Software Updates edit
References edit
Getting Power to the Node
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Getting Power to the Node edit
Light Pole edit
Mains edit
Solar edit
POWER OVER ETHERNET edit
References edit
Survey Tools
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Survey Tools edit
Ekahau edit
Cognio edit
NetStumbler edit
References edit
Planning Tools
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Planning Tools edit
NetSim edit
NetSim is a popular tool for wireless network design and planning. The steps would be
Modeling and Simulation: Model the network scenario, and set up the protocol / device parameters. Then run the simulation Visualizing the simulation using the packet animator: This would show the flow of packets, movement of nodes etc Analyzing the results: Study the output statistics and then iterate if required
Motorola Mesh Planner edit
References edit
Mounting Options
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Mounting Options edit
Light Pole edit
Utility Pole edit
Communications Tower edit
Rooftop edit
References edit
Testing Tools
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Testing Tools edit
iPerf edit
iperf -s
D-ITG edit
D-ITG http://traffic.comics.unina.it/software/ITG/
Ekahau edit
Cognio edit
IXChariot edit
References edit
Meshes you can build
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Meshes you can build edit
CUWiN edit
Locust World edit
References edit
Conclusion
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Conclusion edit
Appendix A - Applicable Standards
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Applicable Standards edit
802.11k edit
802.11r edit
802.11s edit
802.11v edit
802.16b edit
802.15d edit
Appendix B - Known Deployments
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Known Deployments edit
Chandler, AZ edit
Mesa, AZ edit
Philadelphia, PA edit
Rio Rancho, NM edit
Tempe, AZ edit
Appendix C - Mesh Timeline
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Mesh Timeline edit
1999 edit
2000 edit
2001 edit
2002 edit
2003 edit
2004 edit
2005 edit
2006 edit
2007 edit
Appendix D - Mesh network vendors
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Mesh network vendors edit
BelAir edit
Cisco edit
Concentris Systems LLC edit
http://www.concentris-systems.com
Concentris Systems uses open standards wireless mesh networking technology to develop unique solutions that solve real life, challenging problems for rugged and severe-duty applications.
Concentris pioneered the versatile RapidLink network architecture that offers reliable, secure, high performance wireless mesh data networking. Easy to deploy and manage, RapidLink is ideal for situations where conventional data networking techniques are impractical or cost prohibitive.
Concentris Systems is focused upon making other people’s technology work better. The company provides a comprehensive suite of hardware and software products, coupled with training programs and hands-on service, for OEM and System Developer customers. Its toolkit is flexible and intuitive making it possible to create application-specific solutions in a surprisingly short time.
MIT graduate Tareq Hoque founded Concentris Systems. Before Concentris, Hoque was the president of Firetide, a successful early innovator in the field of mesh networking protocol and ad-hoc mesh networking. He was also president of Adtech Inc., the largest contributor to the Spirent Communications group of companies.
Concentris Systems LLC is a small, disadvantaged minority-owned business based in Honolulu, Hawaii.
Firetide edit
Mesh Dynamics edit
Incorporated in 2005, MeshDynamics is a privately held, profitable, U.S based corporation. Our headquarters are in Santa Clara, Northern California, USA.
Target Markets: Emerging outdoor enterprise wireless market opportunities such as those in mining, materials processing, military and border security, video surveillance, seismic oil exploration etc., place high demands on the wireless network infrastructure. Beyond data, critical real-time voice and video streams must also be supported, often in motion. Traditional wireless mesh architectures have been unable to support demands of this traffic, and thus have not penetrated these fast-developing markets to date.
Extensive testing by USAF, Battelle and others confirm that MeshDynamics' patented wireless mesh technology provides the highest throughput, low latency, and low jitter demanded by these applications through the use of dynamic channel allocation and a robust tree-based (deterministic and scalable) topology. High quality voice/video transport in demanding underground mine environments some up to 40 hops deep are in operation. No other mesh provider has demonstrated this level of scalability.
MeshDynamics mesh nodes have been installed in demanding applications requiring performance over multiple hops, noise free voice and video and rapid mesh formation with high speed mobility nodes. Applications include: municipal networking, underground mining and industrial, video surveillance, homeland security and public safety.
Nortel edit
Proxim edit
RoamAD edit
Sky Pilot edit
Strix edit
ClearMesh Networks edit
Tropos edit
{chapter stub}
ValuePoint Networks edit
Bibliography
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
- http://research.microsoft.com/mesh/papers/multiradio.pdf Richard Draves Jitendra Padhye Brian Zill "Routing in Multi-Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh Networks" Microsoft Research, MobiCom 04, Sep 26-Oct 01, 2004 Philadelphia, PA
- http://www.infoworld.com/article/03/01/03/030103hnrashid_1.html
- Why all mesh products are not created equal. http://www.muniwireless.com/article/articleview/4537/1/2/Performance Analysis of Mesh Architectures
Architectures edit
Review of three generation of mesh networking architectures http://wireless-straight-talk.blogspot.com/2006/11/talkin-bout-my-generation.html What is Third Generation Mesh?
Performance issues of First and Second Generation Mesh products http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:bMPl1QN_sI0J:www.dailywireless.org/2004/06/28/ugly-truth-about-mesh-networks Ugly Truths About Mesh Networks
Vendors edit
Locust World An open source mishap offering for community networks as well as commercial offerings >http://www.locustworld.com LocustWorld
RoamAD For a software based approach to open architecture mesh networks for communities or ISPs. RoamAD also offers public safety networks capable of supporting video surveillance and mobile VoIP. http://www.roamad.com RoamAD
Mesh Networks (now Motorola) http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/columns/article.php/961951 http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/news/article.php/3436581
Metro Wi-Fi Deployments
Cambridge
"Municipal Mesh Network Protocols developed at MIT are helping the city of Cambridge to go wireless".
Books edit
Held, Gilbert Wireless Mesh Networks
Glossary
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Glossary edit
AC Alternating Current
API Application Programming Interface
CA Certificate Authority
CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing
DC Direct Current
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DNS Domain Name System
FCC Federal Communications Commission
GPIO General Purpose Input/Output
GUI Graphical User Interface
HNA Host Network Announcement
I/O Input/Output
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
IP Internet Protocol
LED Light Emitting Diode
LOS Line Of Sight
MANET Mobile Ad Hoc Network
MID Mobile Internet Device
MPR Mote Processor Radio
NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association
NTP Network Time Protocol
NTSC/PAL National Television System Committee/Phase Altering Line OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
OLSR Optimized Link State Routing
OLSRD Optimized Link State Routing Daemon
PoE Power Over Ethernet
PTT Push To Talk
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
RP-SMA Reverse Polarity-SubMiniature Version A
RF Radio Frequency
SSID Service Set Identifier
TC Topology Control
TCIP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TOS Type Of Service
USB Universal Serial Bus
UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair
VANET Vehicular Ad Hoc Network
VPN Virtual Private Network
WAN Wide Area Network
WEP Wired Equivalency Privacy
WPA WiFi Protected Access
Index
Acknowledgements — Introduction — Mesh network basics — History Highlights — Motivation — Economics — Politics — Social Impact — Regulatory — Taxonomy of Mesh Types — Design Parameters — How many radios? — Transport — Access — RF concerns — What layers does it run on? — Topology Control — Mobility Handoffs — Applications — Content — Operations — Accounting and Billing — Management — Getting Power to the Node — Survey Tools — Planning Tools — Mounting Options — Testing Tools — Meshes you can build — Conclusion — Applicable Standards — Known Deployments — Mesh Timeline — Mesh Network Vendors — Bibliography — Glossary — Index
Index edit
A
- Access
- Accounting and Billing
- Applicable Standards
- Applications
B
C
D
Design Parameters
E
- Economics
- Electric Power, Getting Power to the Node
F
G
H
Handoffs, Mobility Handoffs History Highlights How many radios?
I
ISO, What layers does it run on?
J
K
Known Deployments
L
Layers, What layers does it run on? Loops, preventing Topology Control
M
- Management
- Mesh network basics
- Mesh network vendors
- Mesh routing protocols
- Mesh Timeline
- Meshes, Do it yourself Meshes you can build
- Meshes, Low Cost
- Meshes, Realtime
- Meshes, Types of
- Meshes, Taxonomy
- Meshes you can build
- Mobility Handoffs
- Motivation
- Mounting Options
N
O
Operations
P
Politics Power, Getting Power to the Node
Q
R
Regulatory RF concerns Routing protocols, mesh
S
Social Impact Standards Applicable Standards
T
Taxonomy of Mesh Types Timeline, Mesh Timeline Tools, Planning Tools, Survey Tools, Testing Topology Control Transport Types of Meshes
U
V
Vendors, Mesh Network Vendors