Waves/Fourier Transforms

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Fourier Transform

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So far, you've learned how to superimpose a finite number of sinusoidal waves. However, a wave in general can't be expressed as the sum of a finite number of sines and cosines. Fortunately, we have a theorem called Fourier's theorem which basically states that under certain technical assumptions, any function, f(x) is equal to an integral over sines and cosines. In other words,

 .

Now, if we're given the wave function when t=0, φ(x,0) and the velocity of each sine wave as a function of its wave number, v(k), then we can compute φ(x,t) for any t by taking the inverse Fourier transform of φ(x,0) conducting a phase shift, and then taking the Fourier transform.

Fortunately, the inverse Fourier transform is very similar to the Fourier transform itself.

 

This tells us that, since waves which are very spread out, like the sine wave, have a narrow range of wave numbers, wave functions whose wave numbers are very spread out will only be significant at a narrow range of positions.

Fourier Transform Properties

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Signal Fourier transform
unitary, angular frequency
Fourier transform
unitary, ordinary frequency
Remarks
 

 
 

 
 

 
1       Linearity
2       Shift in time domain
3       Shift in frequency domain, dual of 2
4       If   is large, then   is concentrated around 0 and   spreads out and flattens
5       Duality property of the Fourier transform. Results from swapping "dummy" variables of   and  .
6       Generalized derivative property of the Fourier transform
7       This is the dual to 6
8         denotes the convolution of   and   — this rule is the convolution theorem
9       This is the dual of 8
10 For a purely real even function     is a purely real even function   is a purely real even function
11 For a purely real odd function     is a purely imaginary odd function   is a purely imaginary odd function

Fourier Transform Pairs

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  Time Domain Frequency Domain
   
1    
2   Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/en.wikibooks.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle 2\pi\delta(\omega) \,}
3    
4    
5    
6    
7    
8    
9    
10    
11    
12    
13    
14    
15    
16    
Notes:
  1.  
  2.   is the rectangular pulse function of width  
  3.   is the Heaviside step function
  4.   is the Dirac delta function

Further reading

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Waves : 1 Dimensional Waves
1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13
Examples - Problems - Solutions - Terminology