Spanish by Choice/Novelas Cortas 08/Print version


Novelas Cortas: ¡Viva el Papa! pt. 1

Introduction

First part of the short story “¡Viva el Papa!,” which appears in the book “Novelas Cortas” by Pedro Antonio de Alarcón with notes by W.F. Giese. LibriVox recording read by Karen Savage.

Text

I

El tierno episodio que voy a referir es rigurosamente histórico, como los anteriores y como los siguientes; pero no ya sólo por la materia, sino también por la forma.—Vivo está quien lo cuenta, como suele decirse..., y entiéndase que quien le cuenta no soy yo; es un Capitán retirado que dejó el servicio en 1814.

Hoy no soy escritor; soy mero amanuense: no os pido, pues, admiración ni indulgencia, sino que me creáis a puño cerrado.[43-1]

Para invención, el asunto es de poca monta; y luego pertenece a un género en que yo no me tomaría el trabajo de inventar nada....

Presumo de liberal,[43-2] y un pobre Capitán retirado me ha conmovido profundamente contándome los sinsabores... políticos de un Papa muy absolutista....

Mi objeto es conmoveros hoy a vosotros con su misma relación, a fin de que el número de los derrotados cohoneste mi derrota.

Habla mi Capitán.

II

Uno de los más calurosos días del mes de Julio de 1809, y ¡cuidado que[43-3] aquel dichoso año hizo calor! a eso de las diez de la mañana, entrábamos en Montelimart, villa o ciudad del Delfinado,[43-4] que lo que sea no lo sé,[43-5] ni lo he sabido nunca, y maldita la falta[44-1] que me hacía saber que existía tal Francia en el mundo....

—¡Ah! ¿Conque era en Francia?...

—Pues ¡hombre![44-2] ¡Me gusta! ¿Dónde está el Delfinado sino en Francia?—Y no crean ustedes que ahí, en la frontera..., sino muy tierra adentro,[44-3] más cerca del Piamonte[44-4] que de España....

—¡Siga V...., Capitán! Los niños... que aprendan[44-5] en la escuela....—Y tú, ¡a ver si[44-6] te callas, Eduardito!

—Pues como digo, entrábamos en Montelimart, ahogados de calor y polvo, y rendidos[44-7] de caminar a pie(143) durante tres semanas, veintisiete[44-8] oficiales españoles que habíamos caído prisioneros en Gerona[44-9].... Mas no creáis[44-10] que en la capitulación de la plaza, sino en una salida que hicimos pocos días antes, a fin de(144) estorbar unas obras en el campamento francés.... Pero esto no hace al caso.(145) Ello es[44-11] que nos atraparon y nos llevaron a Perpiñán,[44-12] desde donde nos destinaron a Dijon[44-13].... Y ahí tienen Vds. el por qué[44-14] de lo que voy a referir.

Pues, señor, como uno se acostumbra a todo, y el Emperador nos pasaba[44-15] diez reales diarios durante el viaje—que íbamos haciendo a jornadas militares de tres o cuatro leguas,—y nadie nos custodiaba, porque cada uno de nosotros había respondido con su cabeza de que no desertarían los demás, y veintisiete españoles juntos no se han aburrido nunca, sucedía que, sin embargo del[44-16] calor, de la fatiga y de no saber ni una palabra de francés, pasábamos muchos ratos divertidos,[44-17] sobre todo desde las once de la mañana hasta las siete de la tarde, horas que permanecíamos en las poblaciones del tránsito; pues las jornadas las hacíamos de noche con la fresca.... A ver, Antonio, enciéndeme esta pipa.

Montelimart....—¡Bonito pueblo!...—El café está en una calle cerca de la Plaza, y en él entramos a refrescarnos, es decir, a evitar el sol... (pues los bolsillos no se prestaban a gollerías), en tanto que[44-18] tres de nuestros compañeros iban a ver al Prefecto[45-1] para que nos diese las boletas de alojamiento,[45-2] que en Francia se llaman mandat....

No sé si el café estará todavía como entonces estaba. ¡Han pasado cuarenta y cuatro años! Recuerdo que a la izquierda[45-3] de la puerta había una ventana de reja,[45-4] con cristales, y delante una mesa a la cual nos sentamos algunos de los oficiales, entre ellos C...., que ha sido diputado a Cortes[45-5] por Almería[45-6] y murió el año pasado(146)....—Ya veis que esto es cosa que puede preguntarse.[45-7]

—Pues ¿no dice V. que ha muerto?

—¡Hombre! Supongo que C.... se lo habrá contado[45-8] a su familia—respondió el Capitán, escarbando la pipa con la uña.

—¡Tiene V. razón, Capitán!—Siga V....; el que no lo crea, que[45-9] lo busque.

—¡Bien hablado, hijo mío!—Pues, como íbamos diciendo, sentados estábamos a la mesa del café, cuando vimos correr mucha gente por la calle, y oímos una gritería espantosa.... Pero como la gritería era en francés, no la entendimos.

Le Pape![45-10] Le Pape! Le Pape!...—decían los muchachos y las mujeres, levantando las manos al cielo, en tanto que todos los balcones se abrían y llenaban de gente, y los mozos del café y algunos gabachos que jugaban al billar se lanzaban a la calle con un palmo de boca abierta,[45-11] como si oyeran decir que el sol se había parado.

—¡Pues parado está, papá abuelo![45-12]

—¡Cállese V. cuando hablan los mayores! ¡A ver[45-13]... el deslenguado!

—No haga V. caso, Capitán.... ¡Estos niños de ahora!...

—Toma[45-14].... ¡Y si está parado[45-15]!...—murmuró el muchacho entre dientes.

Le Pape! Le Pape! ¿Qué significa esto?—nos preguntamos todos los oficiales. Y cogiendo a uno de los mozos del café, le dimos a entender(147) nuestra curiosidad.

El mozo tomó dos llaves; trazó con las manos una especie de morrión sobre su cabeza; se sentó en una silla, y dijo:

Le Pontife![46-1]

—¡Ah!... (dijo C....—que era el más avisado de nosotros.—¡Por eso fué luego diputado a Cortes!)—¡El Pontífice! ¡El Papa!

Oui, monsieur. Le Pape! Pie sept.[46-2]

—¡Pío VII[46-3]!... ¡El Papa!... (exclamamos nosotros, sin atrevernos a creer lo que oíamos.) ¿Qué hace el Papa en Francia? Pues ¿no está el Papa en Roma? ¿Viajan los Papas? ¿El Papa en Montelimart?

No extrañéis nuestro asombro, hijos míos.... En aquel entonces[46-4] todas las cosas tenían más prestigio que hoy.—No se viajaba tan fácilmente, ni se publicaban tantos periódicos.—Yo creo que en toda España no había más que uno, tamaño como un recibo de contribución.[46-5]—El Papa era para nosotros un sér[46-6] sobrenatural..., no un hombre de carne y hueso....—¡En toda la tierra no había más que un Papa!... Y en aquel tiempo era la tierra mucho más grande que hoy.... ¡La tierra era el mundo..., y un mundo lleno de misterios, de regiones desconocidas, de continentes ignorados!—Además, aun sonaban en nuestros oídos aquellas palabras de nuestra madre y de nuestros maestros: «El Papa es el Vicario de Jesucristo; su representante en la tierra; una autoridad infalible, y lo que desatare o atare aquí, remanecerá atado o desatado en el cielo....»

Creo haberme explicado.—Creo que habréis comprendido todo el respeto, toda la veneración, todo el susto que experimentaríamos aquellos pobres españoles del siglo pasado, al oír decir que el Sumo Pontífice estaba en un villorrio de Francia y que íbamos a verle!

Efectivamente: no bien salimos del café, percibimos allá, en la Plaza (que como os he dicho estaba cerca), una empolvada silla de posta, parada delante de una casa de vulgar apariencia y custodiada por dos gendarmes de caballería, cuyos desnudos sables brillaban que era un contento[47-1]....

Más de quinientas personas había alrededor del carruaje, que examinaban con viva curiosidad, sin que se opusiesen a ello los gendarmes, quienes, en cambio,[47-2] no permitían al público acercarse a la puerta de aquella casa, donde se había apeado Pío VII mientras mudaban el tiro de caballos....

—Y ¿qué casa era aquélla, abuelito? ¿La del Alcalde?

—No, hijo mío.—Era el Parador de diligencias.

A nosotros, como a militares que éramos, nos tuvieron un poco más de consideración los gendarmes, y nos permitieron arrimarnos a la puerta.... Pero no así pasar el umbral.

De cualquier modo, pudimos ver perfectamente el siguiente grupo, que ocupaba uno de los ángulos de aquel portal u oficina.

Dos ancianos..., ¿qué digo? dos viejos decrépitos, cubiertos de sudor y de polvo, rendidos de fatiga, ahogados de calor, respirando apenas, bebían agua en un vaso de vidrio, que el uno pasó al otro después de mediarlo. Estaban sentados en sillas viejas de enea. Sus trajes talares, blanco el uno, y el otro de color de púrpura, hallábanse tan sucios y ajados por resultas de aquella larga caminata, que más parecían humildes ropones de peregrinos, que ostentosos hábitos de príncipes de la Iglesia....

Ningún distintivo podía revelarnos cuál era Pío VII (pues nada entendíamos nosotros de trajes cardenalicios ni pontificales), pero todos dijimos a un tiempo:

—¡Es el más alto! ¡El de las blancas vestiduras!

Y ¿sabéis por qué lo dijimos? Porque su compañero lloraba y él no; porque su tranquilidad revelaba que él era mártir; porque su humildad denotaba que él era el Rey.

En cuanto a su figura, me parece estarla viendo todavía. Imaginaos un hombre de más de setenta años, enjuto de carnes, de elevada talla y algo encorvado por la edad. Su rostro, surcado de pocas pero muy hondas arrugas, revelaba la más austera energía, dulcificada por unos labios bondadosos que parecían manar persuasión y consuelo. Su grave nariz, sus ojos de paz, marchitos por los años, y algunos cabellos tan blancos como la nieve, infundían juntamente reverencia y confianza. Sólo contemplando la cara de mi buen padre y la de algunos santos de mi devoción, había yo experimentado hasta entonces una emoción por aquel estilo.(148)

El sacerdote que acompañaba a Su Santidad era también muy viejo, y en su semblante, contraído por el dolor y la indignación, se descubría al hombre de pensamientos profundos y de acción rápida y decidida. Más parecía un general que un apóstol.

Pero ¿era cierto lo que veíamos? ¿El Pontífice preso, caminando en el rigor del estío, con todo el ardor del sol, entre dos groseros gendarmes, sin más comitiva que un sacerdote, sin otro hospedaje que el portal de una casa de postas, sin otra almohada que una silla de madera?

En tan extraordinario caso, en tan descomunal atropello, en tan terrible drama, sólo podía mediar un hombre más extraordinario, más descomunal, más terrible que cuanto veíamos[48-1]....—El nombre de NAPOLEÓN circuló por nuestros labios. ¡Napoleón nos tenía también a nosotros en el interior de Francia! ¡Napoleón había revuelto el Oriente,[48-2] encendido en guerra nuestra patria, derribado todos los tronos de Europa!—¡Él debía de ser quien arrancaba al Papa de la Silla de San Pedro[48-3] y lo paseaba así por el Imperio francés, como el pueblo judío paseó al Redentor por las calles de la ciudad deicida!

Pero ¿cuál era la suerte del beatísimo prisionero? ¿Qué había ocurrido en Roma? ¿Había una nueva religión en el Mediodía de Europa? ¿Era papa Napoleón?

Nada sabíamos..., y, si he de deciros[48-4] la verdad, por lo que a mí hace,[48-5] todavía no he tenido tiempo de averiguarlo.... —Yo se lo diré a V., por vía de paréntesis, en muy pocas palabras, Capitán.—Esto completará la historia de V., y dará toda su importancia a ese peregrino relato.


Notes

(The first figures refer to the original pages of text, and second figures to the reference figures in text).

43-1: creáis a puño cerrado: believe implicitly (lit. with clenched fists).

43-2: presumo de liberal: I pride myself on being a liberal (and hence inclined to anti clericalism as well as republicanism).

43-3: ¡cuidado que: take note that.

43-4: Delfinado: Dauphiné, a province in the southeast of France, bordering on Italy.

43-5: que lo que sea no lo sé: for I don't exactly know what it is.

44-1: y maldita la falta que me hacía: and little need had I. Maldito is often used colloquially as a negative word.

44-2: ¡hombre! ¡me gusta!: well! I like that! The vocative hombre is frequently used to express surprise, expostulation, etc. Here it is evidently addressed to a mere schoolboy.

44-3: tierra adentro: inland.

44-4: Piamonte: Piedmont, a province of northern Italy.

44-5: que aprendan: cf. note ¡Que... muera, p. 3, 6.

44-6: a ver: let us see. A ver may sometimes be rendered more freely, as here! look here!

44-7: rendidos: worn out.

44-8: veintisiete: cf. note veintiún, p. 22, 2.

44-9: Gerona: a city of Cataluña (province of northeastern Spain). It surrendered to the French in 1808, after heroically sustaining a siege for seven months.

44-10: no creáis: cf. note no seas, p. 6, 7.

44-11: ello es: cf. note ello es, p. 6, 1.

44-12: Perpiñán: Perpignan, a Mediterranean port of France a few miles from the Spanish frontier.

44-13: Dijon: a large French city, about two hundred miles southeast of Paris, in the direction of Geneva.

44-14: el por qué: the reason (lit. the wherefore).

44-15: pasaba: allowed.

44-16: sin embargo de: (== a pesar de) in spite of.

44-17: divertidos: cf. note olvidado, p. 31, 1.

44-18: en tanto que: while.

45-1: Prefecto: prefect, the head of a French department, corresponding in a way to the governor of a state in the United States.

45-2: boletas de alojamiento: billets (tickets directing soldiers in what house to lodge).

45-3: a la izquierda: cf. note a laderecha, p. 38, 4.

45-4: ventana de reja: grated window.

45-5: diputado á Cortes: deputy, member of the legislative body (Cortes).

45-6: Almería: city and province on the southern coast of Spain.

45-7: cosa que puede preguntarse: a thing that will bear inquiring into.

45-8: habrá contado: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.

45-9: que lo busque: cf. note que... muera, p. 3, 6.

45-10: Le Pape!: (French) the Pope!

45-11: con un palmo de boca abierto: open-mouthed; agape.

45-12: papá abuelo: cf. note papá abuelo, p. 15, 5.

45-13: A ver: cf. note a ver, p. 44, 6.

45-14: Toma: cf. note calla, p. 31, 5.

45-15: ¡Y si está parado!: but it is stopped. Cf. p. 4, line 12 and note.

46-1: Le Pontife: (French): the pontiff, the Pope.

46-2: Oui, monsieur. Le Pape! Pie sept: (French) yes, sir. The Pope! Pius VII.

46-3: Pío VII: (sétimo or séptimo) cf. note Carlos XII, p. 16, 2. Pius VII was pope 1800-1823.

46-4: En aquel entonces: at that time.

46-5: recibo de contribución: tax receipt.

46-6: sér: used as a noun, is by some accented to distinguish it from the verb.

47-1: brillaban que era un contento: shone (so) that it was a delight.

47-2: en cambio: on the other hand.

48-1: que cuanto veíamos: (= que tanto cuanto veíamos): than everything we saw.

48-2: el Oriente: the reference is to Bonaparte's Egyptian campaign in 1798. Cf. note batalla de las Pirámides, p. 35, 7.

48-3: Silla de San Pedro: papal throne.

48-4: he de deciros: cf. note había de conocer, p. 3, 4.

48-5: por lo que a mí hace: as far as I am concerned; as for me.


Idiomatic Commentary

(Review 95, 101, 72, 138, 40, 32, 23, 123, 39, 56, 132, 99).

143. Caminaba a pie (cf. 135). — He went on foot.

144. Lo hizo a fin de irritarme. — He did it in order to anger me.

145. Eso no hace al caso. — That is not to the point.

(Review 129, 80, 15, 110, 7, 72, 133, 137, 105).

146. Se fué el año pasado. — He went off last year.

(Review 40, 9, 53, 137, 32, 96).

147. Me dió a entender. — He gave me to understand.

(Review 68, 119, 80, 47, 25, 81, 16).

(Review 27, 119, 47, 59, 80, 98).

148. O algo por el estilo. — Or something of the kind.

(Review 30, 141, 53, 65).


 


License


GNU Free Documentation License

Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

0. PREAMBLE

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.

A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.

A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.

The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.

The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.

The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Document to the public.

A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.

The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.

2. VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.

3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

4. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

  1. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
  2. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
  3. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
  4. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
  5. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
  6. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
  7. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
  8. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
  9. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
  10. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
  11. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
  12. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
  13. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified version.
  14. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
  15. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".

6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.

8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.

9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.

However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.

11. RELICENSING

"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.

"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.

"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.

An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.

The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:

Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.