Quenya/Locative

Usage

The locative corresponds to the prepositions "in", "on" and "upon".

It is always used for places:

`V`C5 aY`C,R ëan coassë "I am in a house"

`B aG7ÎEt^ `V`C `B aG7ÎE,R i ciryamo ëa i ciryassë "the sailor is on the ship"

`B lDnG 9~Ct# `NjnE,R i aiwe háma olwassë "the bird sits upon a branch"

or for a moment or period in time when something happens:

`M1~Mj%`V5 `B j~Nt%,R utúlien i lómissë "I have come in the night"

There are two situations in which we don't use the locative:

The preposition "into" is translated by t%6 mir followed by a nominative:

5~V6 yE4#5$ t%6 `B t#j°$ nér vantanë mir i mallë "a man walked into the street"

The preposition "in" can also be used to denote a condition or feeling someone has, in that case we use the preposition t% mi (or t~B mí, this is short for t% mi + `B i):

5~V6 yE4#5$ t% t^65%`V nér vantanë mi mornië "a man walked in darkness"

5~V6 yE4#5$ t~B 7Ts# nér vantanë mí ringa "a man walked in the cold"

Formation

Singular

The basic ending is \,R -ssë after vowels and \`V,R -essë after consonants.

Most words simply add this ending:

`C7E5 aran "king" → `C7E5$,R aranessë

1~C7T tári "queen" → 1~C7T,R tárissë

yR2$ vendë "girl" → yR2$,R vendessë

9~C5^ háno "brother" → 9~C5^,R hánossë

Words that have a stem-form use this stem-form:

iD6 sar "pebble" → iDuR,R sardessë (stem-form iDu\ sard-)

aU7Y curo "device" → aU7U,R curussë (stem-form aU7U\ curu-)

j~Nt$ lómë "night" → j~Nt%,R lómissë (stem-form j~Nt%\ lómi-)

Singular Exceptions

Words ending in \8 -s contract with the ending:

`C6zGj%8 arquilis "desert" → `C6zGj%,R arquilissë

Words ending in \1 -t only get iD -së as ending to make \1R+ - \1R¡ - \1RÇ -tsë:

`VaR1 ecet "short sword" → `VaR1R+ ecetsë

Words ending in \j -l change j l + ,R ssë into = \m$ -ldë:

t$5$j menel "heaven" → t$5$m$ meneldë

Words ending in \5 -n change 5 n + ,R ssë into = \2$ -ndë:

aF5$5 cemen "earth, soil" → aFt$2$ cemendë

Words that in the nominative end on \iR -ssë don't have a locative case, when a locative would be needed they use the preposition t% mi:

y~B7R,R Víressë "April" → t% y~B7R,R mi Víressë

Stem-forms show quite a lot of exceptions in this case (see Stem-forms):

The locative of contracted stems doesn't use the stem-form but the nominative singular:

9C7E5 haran "leader" → 9C7E2$ harandë (stem-form 9C65\ harn-)

Doubled S-stems simply add \`V -ë to the stem-form:

eDj#8 falas "beach" → eDj#,R falassë (stem-form eDj#8\ falas-)

T-stems that add -s also follow this rule:

9R5$1 henet "window" → 9R5$1R+ henetsë (stem-form 9R5$1+\ henets-)

C-stems are changed as follows:

zR,R1 quesset "pillow" → zR,Ra|R quessexë (stem-form zR,Ra\ quessec-)

But nelet uses the rule of the T-stems in this case:

5$j$1 nelet "tooth" → 5$j$1R+ neletsë (stem-form 5$ja\ nelc-)

M-stems use the nominative instead of the stem-form:

1Ej#5 talan "floor" → 1Ej#2$ talandë (stem-form 1Ej#t\ talam-)

Plural

The ending is \,R5 -ssen after vowels and \`B,R5 -issen after consonants.

t#aGj macil "sword" → t#aGj%,R5 macilissen

`Vm# elda "elf" → `Vm#,R5 eldassen

Plural Exceptions

In the plural the different exceptions generally aren't used, only when a word would end on \iG,R5 -sissen (or \aG,R5 -cissen) is the ending shortened: Words ending in \8 -s:

`C6zGj%8 arquilis "desert" → `C6zGj%,R5 arquilissen

Doubled S-stems:

eDj#8 falas "beach" → eDj#,R5 falassen (stem-form eDj#8\ falas-)

T-stems that add \8 -s:

9R5$1 henet "window" → 9R5$1iR5 henetsen (stem-form 9R5$1+\ henets-)

C-stems:

zR,R1 quesset "pillow" → zR,Ra|R5 quessexen (stem-form zR,Ra\ quessec-)

5$j$1 nelet "tooth" → 5$j$1iR5 neletsen (stem-form 5$ja\ nelc-)

Dual

U-duals get \,R -ssë:

`Cm& aldu "a pair of trees" → `Cm&,R aldussë (nom.sing.: `Cm# alda)

T-duals get \iR -së:

aG7ÎE1 ciryat "a pair of ships" → aG7ÎE1R+ ciryatsë (nom.sing.: aG7ÎEcirya)

`C7E5$1 aranet "a pair of kings" → `C7E5$1R+ aranetsë (nom.sing.: `C7E5 aran)

Partitive Plural

We add \,R5 -ssen or \,R -ssë to the nominative partitive plural:

aG7ÎEj% ciryali "some ships" → aG7ÎEj%,R5 - aG7ÎEj%,R ciryalissen/ciryalissë (nom.sing.: aG7ÎE cirya)

(but the ending \,R5 -ssen is preferred)

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