Na'vi/English–Na'vi dictionary

This vocabulary is a simple list of the English glosses in the Naʼvi–English dictionary.

Multiple senses of words, which are often ambiguous in English but not in Naʼvi, may be distinguished as (n) noun, (v) verb, (adj) adjective, (adv) adverb, (trans) transitive, (intrans) intransitive. A few Terran animals are given approximate Pandoran equivalents. Exclamations which cannot be easily translated are listed at the end. Stressed syllables are bold.

Contents: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z • Discourse particles

A

abandon: txìng

able: tsusun. be able: tsun

about: concerning: teri, -ìri. about to: ‹ìy›.

above: io. from above: taʼem.

across: ka

action: kem

add: sung

afar: alìm

afraid: be afraid: txopu si

after (time) maw. afterwards: mawkrr. right after: pximaw.

afternoon: haʼngir, (late) kaym

again: nìmun

against, counter to: wä+

aged: koak

ago: just a moment ago: pxiswawam. Thursday two weeks ago: mesrrmrrvam.

agree: mllte

agreement: come to an agreement: molte

aim: (v) kan. (n) tìkan.

air: ya

alala!: ìley!

alien: (n) ketuwong. (adj) kewong.

alike: teng

alive: rusey. be alive: rey.

all: all of (it, you, them): nìwotx. all the time / at all times: frakrr. not at all: ke ... kawʼit.

allow: tung

almost: stum

alone (of a person) nìʼawtu

along: ìlä+, ìlä+

also: kop, nìteng

although: hufwa

always: frakrr

am: lu

amazing (be amazing) wou (slang)

among: kip

amount: hìmtxan. (small) ʼit.

ancestor: pizayu

and: (between phrases) sì. (between clauses) ulte. and you?: nga tut?

anger: (v) steyki. (n) tìsti.

angry: be angry: sti. angrily: nìsti.

animal: ioang

another one: lapo

answer: (v) ʼeyng, ting tìʼeyngit. (n) tìʼeyng. in answer: nìʼeyng.

apart, divided: keʼaw

apologize: tsapʼalute si

apology: tsapʼalute

apparently: tatlam

appear: lam

appearance (look) tìlam

appetizing: pxasul

approach: lok

are: lu. aren't they?: kefya srak? kefyak?

arm: pxun. (pair of) arms: mepun.

around (spatial) pxaw

arrival: tìpähem

arrive: pähem, pate

arrow: swizaw

art: tseo. (visual) reltseo.

? artifact: tìngop

artist (visual) reltseotu

as (like) na, pxel, nì-. (the same way as) tengfya. (as for) -ìri.

aside: step/move aside: (give way) tìng tseng. (move) rikx.

ask: pawm

ass (rear end) txìm

assist: srung si

assistance: srung

at: ro+

attack (v) ʼeko

attempt (v) fmi

attention: pay attention: eltu si

auspicious: etrìp

avatar: uniltìrantokx

await: pey

awake: txen

aware: be aware, be in tune: kame

away: (direction) neto. (position) mìso.

B

baby: prrnen

back: (of body) txal. (rear part) käpxì. (direction) neʼìm. (in response) nìʼeyng. come back, go back, return: tätxaw. move back, step aside: rikx. to back down: tìng tseng

bad (adj) kawng

badge: pätsì

balance of life: reyʼeng

ball: rum

banshee (flying mount) ikran

barricade, barrier: ekxan

bat (animal, approx.) riti

bathe (wash oneself) yäpur

battle group: wempongu

brave: tstew

be (am, is, are): lu. be at, occupy a space: tok.

beat (n) ʼekong

beautiful: (of people) sevin. (of things; pleasant to the senses) lor

beauty (of things) tìlor

because: (for that reason) taluna (talun), alunta. (due to that cause) taweyka (taweyk), aweykta. because of that: tafral.

become: slu

before: (time) sre+. (beforehand) srekrr. (in front of) eo. just before, right before (time) pxisre+.

begin: (intrans.) sngäʼi. (begin something) sngeykäʼi.

beginning: sngäʼikrr

behind: uo. leave behind: txìng.

believe: spaw

beloved (adj.) yawne. (loved one) yawnetu, yawntu

below: äo

best: (adj) swey. (adv) nìswey.

betray: kavuk si

betrayal: kavuk

between: mìkam

big (in size or stature) tsawl. get big (grow): tsawl slu.

bind: yìm

bird: yayo

bit: a bit: (n) ʼit. (adv) nìʼit.

bite: frìp

bitter: syäʼä

black: layon

bless: be blessed: Nawma Saʼnok lrrtok si [with dative]

blind: kakrel

blood: reypay

bloom, blossom (v) ʼong

blow, strike (n) tìtakuk

blue, green: ean. in blue: nìean.

body: tokx

bond: (neural connection) tsaheylu. (establish a neural connection) tsaheyl si.

book: puk

boom! (sound of thunder) kxangangang

border: pxawpa

bottom: kllpa

bow (weapon) tsko. bow and arrow: tsko swizaw.

brain: eltu

brainworm (hallucinogenic) eltungawng

branch (of a tree) vul

brave: tstew. brave person, hero: txantstew.

bread (approx.) tsyosyu

brief (adj) yol

bring: (take to a place) munge. (bring here) zamunge.

broken: fwel

brother: (sibling) tsmuk, tsmuktu. (male) tsmukan.

bud (n) prrnesyul

bug: hìʼang

build (v) txula

building (a thing built): tìtxula

bulk (the major part) txampxì

bull (approx.) talioang

burn (v) nekx

but: (basic sense) slä. (however) ngian. (except) mungwrr, -mungwrr.

butt (rear end) txìm

by, along: ìlä+, ìlä+

C

call (v) syaw

calm: mawey. calmly: nìmwey.

camp: (n) ʼawm. (v) tìʼawm si.

camping: tìʼawm

can, be able: tsun

captive: speʼetu

capture: speʼe

careful: be careful: nari si

carry, bring: munge

case: in that case: ha

catch (v) stäʼnì

cattle (approx.) talioang

cause: (reason, source) oeyk. (produce) sleyku.

ceaselessly: nìlkeftang

celebration: ftxozä

center (n) kxamtseng

ceremonious: ʼeoio. ceremoniously: nìʼeoio.

certain: law

challenge (ceremonial) fpeio

chance, opportunity: skxom

change (intransitive) latem. (change something) leykatem.

charge: (running attack) kxll. (to attack) kxll si. be in charge, be responsible: kllfroʼ.

chase (v) fewi

chat: (v) pängkxo. (n) tìpängkxo

check (v) steftxaw

child: ʼeveng. (kid) ʼevi.

chin: tsuksìm

choice: tìftxey

choose: ftxey

circumference: pxawpa

clan: oloʼ

clan leader: oloʼeyktan

clean: laro

clear, certain: law

clearly: nìlaw, nìfyaʼo alaw

clever: (person) kanu. (idea, plan) sìlronsem.

cliff: ʼawkx

close (v) tstu si

close (adj): (be close to) lok. (close by) asim.

closed: tstu

club (weapon) txewk

cold: wew. I feel cold: oe ʼefu wew.

colleague: lertu

color: ʼopin

come: zaʼu. come back, go back: tätxaw.

common: (ordinary) letrrtrr.

commune: tireapängkxo

comparatively: to

complete: ʼänsyem

completely: nìwotx

comprehension tìtslam

computer: eltu lefngap

concerning: teri, -ìri

conclude (end) ʼiʼa

conclusion (end) tìʼiʼa

congratulations!: aylrrtok ngaru

connect with (establish a neural connection) tsaheyl si

connection (neural) tsaheylu

constantly: nìlkeftang, nìtut

construct (v) txula

construction: tìtxula (activity or object)

consume: nekx

continually: nìtut, nìlkeftang

continuation: tìtut

conversation: tìpängkxo

converse: pängkxo

convey, take: munge

cook (v) ʼem

cord (chord? musical?) telem

correct (adj) eyawr

correctness: tìyawr

counter to, against: wä+

cover, lid: lew. to cover: lew si.

cow (approx.) talioang

crazy, insane: lekyeʼung

create: ngop

creation: tìngop

creator: ngopyu

creature: swirä

crossbow: tskalep

cry (weep) tsngawvìk

cup (n) tsngal

cut (v) munʼi

D

daddy: sempu

daily: (adv) fratrr. (adj) letrr.

dance (v) srew

danger: hrrap

dangerous: lehrrap

dark: vawm

darkness: tìvawm

daughter: ʼite

dawn (nautical twilight, enough light to navigate) trrʼong. (just before dawn, astronomical twilight, stars disappearing) sresrrʼong. (just after dawn, civil twilight, bright enough to work) trrʼongmaw.

day: trr. Good day!: trr lefpom.

dead (adj) kerusey

death: (Death, abstract) tìterkup. (of an individual) kxitx.

decide: peʼun

decision: tìpeʼun

deed (n) kem

defeat: be defeated (fall) zup

deer (approx.) yerik

defend: zong

delicious: lor

demon: vrrtep

depart: hum

descend: kllkä

destroy: skaʼa

destruction: tìskaʼa

die: terkup

difference: tìketeng

different: keteng

dig up: kllkulat

dim-witted: snumìna

dinner: wutso

dip into liquid: (n) yemfpay. (v) yemfpay si.

direhorse: paʼli

dirty: tsewtx

discover: run

discuss: pängkxo

discussion: tìpängkxo

distant: (be distant) lìm. (at a distance) alìm.

dive (v) tawng

divided: keʼaw

do: si. (suffice) tam. 'that will do': tam tam.

doctor (title) toktor

dog (approx.) nantang

done: hasey

don't!: räʼä

dozen: vosìng. two dozen (octal: 30) pxevol

down: downward: nekll. 'Get down!': ne kllte!. 'You're going down!': ngeyä kxetse lu oeru!

dragon (approx.) toruk

draw: (illustrate) weyn. (pull) zaʼärìp.

dream (n) unil

Dream Hunt: Uniltaron

dreamwalker: uniltìranyu

drink (v) näk

drive out: kurakx

drop: (v.trans) tungzup. (fall) zup.

drum (made of skin) au

dry: ukxo

dull (of a blade) tete

dunk: (n) yemfpay. (v) yemfpay si.

during: krr a, a krr, etc.

dusk (nautical twilight, enough light to navigate) txonʼong. (just before dusk, civil twilight, still enough light to work) sretonʼong. (just after dusk, astronomical twilight, stars appearing) txonʼongmaw.

dwell: kelku si

E

ear: mikyun. (pair of) ears: memikyun.

Earth: ʼRrta. Earth Day: Trr ʼRrtayä.

easily: nìftue

easy: ftue

eat: yom

edge (perimeter) pxawpa

eh?: ko

eight (octal: 10) vol. (human digit '8') ʼeyt.

eighteen (octal: 22) mevomun

eighteenth (number eighteen) mevomuve

eighth (number eight) volve

eighty (exact; octal: 120) zam mevol.

either: either A or B: A, B, ke tsranten.

elbow: pxuntil

eleven (octal: 13) vopey

eleventh (number eleven) vopeyve

else: or else: txokefyaw. someone else, something else: lapo.

encounter (v) ultxarun

end: (v) ʼiʼa. (n) tìʼiʼa.

ending: tìʼiʼa

enemy: kxutu

English: ʼÌnglìsì. in English: nìʼÌnglìsì.

enjoyable: mowan. (of an activity) prrteʼ.

enough: (adj) letam. (after an adjective) nìtam. (be enough) tam.

enter: fpxäkìm

equal: teng

erect: pxim. (sit) erectly: nìpxim.

error: (mistake) kxeyey. (incorrectness) tìkxey.

especially: nìpxi

even: (level) ʼengeng. (adv) keng. not even once: ke keng ʼawlo. [stress?] even so: tsalsungay.

evening: (dusk) txonʼong. (late afternoon) kaym.

every: fra-. every day: fratrr. every night: fratxon. everyone: frapo. everything: fraʼu. everywhere: fratseng. every time: fralo.

everyday, ordinary: letrrtrr

evil (adj) kawng. (n) tìkawng.

examine, check: steftxaw

example (n) tìkenong. be an example: kenong.

excellent: txantsan

except: mungwrr

excess (overabundance) hawng

excessive: lehawng. excessively: nìhawng.

exercise, practice (n) tskxekeng

explain, explain why: oeyktìng

explanation: tìoeyktìng

explode: pxor

expression (phrase) lìʼfyavi

eye: nari. eyes (2, of person) menari, (4, of horse, banshee) aynari.

F

face: key

fair: muiä

fall (v) zup

false: tsleng

family: soaia

far: (be far) lìm. (far away) alìm.

fascinating (be fascinating) wou (slang)

fast: (quick) win. (quickly) nìwin.

fasten: yän

fate: syay

father: sempul

favorable: etrìp

fear: (n) txopu. (v) txopu si.

feed: yomtìng

feel: ʼefu

feeling: tìʼefu

female (person) tute

few: hol

field (open terrain) txayo

fifteen (octal: 17) vohin

fifteenth (number fifteen) vohive

fifth (number five) mrrve

fifty (exact; octal: 62) puvolmune, (approx.) puvol

fight (n) wem

fill (v) teya si

final: syen

find (v) run

finger: zekwä

finished: hasey

fire: txep

first: ʼawve, nìʼawve

fish (n) payoang

five: mrr. five hundred (approx.) vozam. five thousand (approx.) zazam. [stress?]

flesh: vey

floating mountains: iknimaya

flour: tsyo

flower: syulang. (blue sp.) seze.

fly (v) tswayon

foe: kxutu

follow: (proceed after) nong. (track) sutx. (travel along) kä/zaʼu ìlä.

food: syuve. (vegetable) fkxen. (animal) vey. (meat) tsngan. (from flour) tsyosyu.

foot: venu. (pair of) feet: mevenu.

for (for the sake of) fpi+

forbidden: kxanì

forest: naʼrìng

forever: (until the end of time) tìʼiʼavay krrä. (incessantly) nìlkeftang.

forget: tswaʼ

forgive: forgive me: ngaytxoa

forgiveness: txoa

formal: skepek

former: spuwin

fortunate: be fortunate: Nawma Saʼnok lrrtok si [with dative]

fortune: aylrrtok (from Eywa)

forty (exact; octal: 50) mrrvol

foul (taste or smell) väʼ. (do wrong) tìkxey si

four: tsìng. four hundred (approx.) puzam. four thousand (approx.) zazam.

fourteen (octal: 16) vofu

fourteenth (number fourteen) vofuve

fourth (number four) tsìve

freckle (bioluminescent) tanhì

fresh (appealing as food) pxasul

Friday (Earth calendar) trrpuve

friend: ʼeylan

friendship: tìʼeylan

from: ta. (direction) ftu. from above: taʼem. from among: takip. from up among: tafkip.

front (part or section) zapxì. in front of: eo.

full: teya

fungus: spxam

funny (odd) hiyìk

future: zusawkrr

G

game: uvan

garbage: sngel. garbage dump: sngeltseng.

get: (receive) tel. (understand) tslam. Got it!: tslolam.

give: tìng. give way: tìng tseng.

glad: be glad teya si [with dative]

go: (move) kä. (go on, proceed) salew. go after, follow: nong. go down: kllkä. go in: fpxäkìm. go near: lok.

goal (target) tìkan

God (Gaea): Eywa, Nawma Saʼnok

good: sìltsan. (appealing as food) pxasul.

goodbye: (farewell) Eywa ngahu. (see you soon) kìyevame

good night (sleep well) hivahaw nìmwey.

Got it!: tslolam

grab: niä

grant (v) teswotìng

grassroots movement: ngrrpongu

great (noble) nawm. (in quantity) txan. great person: nawmtu.

Great Leonopteryx (animal like a large banshee) toruk

greed: tìtxanew

greedy: txanew

green, blue: ean. in green: nìean

grok: kame

ground: kllte

group: (of people) pongu. (battle group) wempongu.

grow: tsawl slu

guest: frrtu

guidance: tìfyawìntxu

guide: fyawìntxu

guideline, rule: koren

gunship: kunsìp

H

hair: nikre (aynikre ?)

Hallelujah Mountains: iknimaya

halt (v) txey

Hammerhead Titanothere (animal like a rhino) ʼangtsìk

hand: tsyokx. (pair of) hands: mesyokx.

happen: len

happiness, peace: fpom; aylrrtok (from Eywa)

happy (of occasions) lefpom. (of people) nitram. be happy: ʼefu nitram. happy (celebration) aylrrtok [with dative]

hard: txaʼ

harm (n) kxu

harmless: kxuke

harmonious: meʼem

harmony: tìmeʼem. (with nature) meoauniaea.

hateful: fkay

have: lu [with dative]

he: po, poan

head: reʼo

health (physical) fpomtokx

healthy: lefpomtokx

hear: stawm

heart: txeʼlan. with all one's heart: nìftxavang.

heavy (weight) kuʼup

heed: lek

Hellfire Wasp: zizeʼ

hello: kaltxì

help: (n) srung. (v) srung si.

her: (gen) peyä. (acc) pot, poti. (dat) por, poru. (after prep.) po.

here: fìtsenge, fìtseng [syll?]

hero: txantstew

Hexapede (animal like a deer) yerik

hey! (anger, annoyance) oìsss! (threat) saa! (warning, frustration) tsa-hey!, wiya!

high: kxayl

him: (acc) pot, poti. (dat) por, poru. (after prep.) po.

hinge: til

his: peyä

hit, strike (v) takuk

hold off (suspend action) fpak

home: kelku

Hometree: Kelutral [stress?]

honor (n) meuia

hookah gourd: txllʼu [stress?]

hope (v) sìlpey

horse (approx.) paʼli

hot: som. (to feel that one is hot) ʼefu som.

house: kelku

how?: pefya?, fyape?

how many?: polpxay?, holpxaype?

how much?: pìmtxan? hìmtxampe?

however: ngian

howl (n) nguway

human (n) tawtute

hundred: (exact, octal: 144) zam tsìvosìng. (approx.) zam fu mezam. two hundred (approx.) : pxezam. five hundred (approx.) vozam

hunger: tìohakx

hungry: ohakx. be hungry: ʼefu ohakx

hunt: (v) taron. (n) tìtaron.

hunter: taronyu

hurry (be in a hurry) win säpi

hurt: (be painful) tìsraw si. (hurt someone or something) tìsraw seyki.

I

I: oe (we- when inflected). (deferential and ceremonial form) ohe.

idea: säfpìl

idiot: skxawng

if: txo. if not: txokefyaw.

illness: (disease) säspxin. (state of being ill) tìspxin.

image (n) rel

immediately: (right now) pxiset. (very soon) pxiyeʼrìn

immerse: yemfpay si

immersion: yemfpay

important: letsranten. be important: tsranten.

impossible: keltsun

in: mì+

incessantly: nìlkeftang

incorrect: keyawr

incorrectness: tìkxey

individual (n) ʼawpo

individuality (negative connotation) tìʼawpo

infant: prrnen

inharmonious, divided: keʼaw

insane: lekyeʼung

insanity: keyeʼung

insect (approx.) hìʼang

inside: mìfa, mìfa

instance: alo

instead of: tup

instruct: sänume si

instruction: sänume

insult (n) zoplo

intelligence: tìkanu. (understanding) tìtslam.

intelligent: kanu. intelligently: nìkanu.

interesting (be interesting) eltur tìtxen si

interpret: ralpeng

into (direction) nemfa

intriguing (be intriguing) eltur tìtxen si

invention: tìngop

is: lu. isn't it? isn't that so?: kefya srak? kefyak?

it: (animate) po. (inanimate) tsaʼu ~ tsaw.

itch (v) fkxake

its: (animate) peyä. (inanimate) tseyä.

J

jellyfish (aerial, approx) fpxafaw

join two things together: ʼawstengyem

joint (n) til

journey: tìsop

joyous (of occassions) lefpom

jump (v) spä

just: (fair, justified) muiä. (only) nìʼaw. just before: pxisre. just after: pximaw. just now, just a moment ago: ‹ìm›, pxiswawam. in just a moment: ‹ìy›, pxiswaway.

K

keep up with someone: latsi

kid (n) ʼevi

kill: (v) tspang. (n) tìtspang

kind: (n) fnel. what kind? fnepe, pefnel

kiss (v) pom

knee: kinamtil

knife: tstal

know: omum; law lu [with dative]. as is known, as you know: nìawnomum.

L

lake: ʼora

land (n) atxkxe

language: lìʼfya

large: apxa

larva, larvae (sp. beetle larva used for food) teylu

last: (final) syen. (previous) ham. last time: alo aham. last night: txonam. last Thursday (Thursday of last week) trrmrrvam.

laugh (n) hangham

lead (v) eyk

leader: eyktan. leader of clan: oloʼeyktan

leaf: rìk

leafy: lerìk

lean (v) tuvon

learn: nume

leave: (go away) hum. (abandon) txìng.

left (side, direction) ftär

leg: kinam

Leonopteryx (animal like a large banshee) toruk

lesson: sänumvi

lest: fteke

let go: lonu

Let's ...!: ... ko

level, even: ʼengeng

lid: lew

life (abstract) tìrey. (living) tìrusey. balance of life: reyʼeng.

light (n) atan

light (adj), lightweight: syo

like (as) na, pxel, nì-. (the same way as) tengfya. like this: fìfya. like that: tsafya.

likewise: nìteng

lip: seyri

liquid: pay

listen: tìng mikyun (pron. "tìm mikyun")

little (adj) hìʼi. a little: ʼit, nìʼit.

live (be alive) rey. (dwell) kelku si.

living: (alive) rusey. (being alive) tìrusey. living thing: rusey.

location: klltseng

lock up: sutx

long: (length) ngim. (time) txan.

look (v) tìng nari (pron. "tìn nari"). look at: nìn. look for: fwew. look like: lam. (n) tìlam

lose: lose track of: tatep. lose oneself (spiritual sense) ʼia.

loud: wok

love: (n) tìyawn. (v) lu yawne [with dative]. I love you: nga yawne lu oer.

loved (adj) yawne. loved one: yawnetu, yawntu

low: tìm

lung: tsopì. (pair of) lungs: mesopì.

M

majority: txampxì

make: (do) si. (create) ngop. (build) txula.

male (person) tutan

manner: fyaʼo. in a (certain) manner: nìfyaʼo.

mantis (approx.) fwäkì

many: pxay

marriage: tìmuntxa

marry: muntxa si

mate (v) muntxa si

mated: muntxa

mating (n) tìmuntxa

matriarch: tsahìk

matter: (subject) txele. (be important) tsranten.

may, be possible: tsunslu

maybe: kxawm

me: (acc) oeti (weti). (dat) oeru, oer (weru, wer). (after prep.) oe.

meadow: txayo

meal (served) wutso

meaning: ral

meantime: in the meantime: tsakrrvay

meanwhile (until then) tsakrrvay

meat: tsngan

medusa (approx. a large aerial jellyfish) fpxafaw

meet: (by chance) ultxarun. have a meeting: ultxa si.

meeting: ultxa. have a meeting: ultxa si.

memory, remembrance: ʼok

mess up: tìkxey si

message: ʼupxare

metal: fngap

metallic: lefngap

midday: kxamtrr. (See 'noon'.)

middle, midpoint: kxam

midnight: kxamtxon

mighty: fkew

military squad: wempongu

mind (n) ronsem

mistake: kxeyey. make a mistake: kxeyey si.

model (n) kenong

moment: swaw. (very short time) hìkrr. just a moment ago: pxiswawam. in just a moment: pxiswaway.

mommy: saʼnu

Monday (Earth calendar) trrmuve

more: nìʼul. (for comparison, use: to.)

morning: (daylight before noon) rewon. (dawn) trrʼong. (For early morning, see 'dawn'.)

moron: skxawng

moss: prrwll

most: (adv: use frato). (n) txampxì.

mother: saʼnok

mountain: floating mountains: iknimaya

mouth: kxa

move: (shift position) rikx. (move something) ʼärìp.

movement (grassroots) ngrrpongu

much: (great quantity) txan. (great extent) nìtxan. so much: fìtxan.

mushroom (approx.) spxam

music: pamtseo

musical instrument (stringed) iʼen

musician: pamtseotu

must: zene. must not: zenke (zengke). don't need to: ke zene.

my: oeyä (weyä)

My! (encouragement) nang

myriad: zazam [stress?]

N

Naʼvi: (n) tute. (adj) leNaʼvi. in Naʼvi: nìNaʼvi.

name (n) tstxo. my name is: oeru syaw .... what is your name?: fyape syaw ngar?

near: (be near) sim. (nearby) asim.

neck: pewn

need: (v) kin. (n) tìkin. do not need to: ke zene

necessary: lekin

neural connection: tsaheylu

never: ke ... kawkrr

nevertheless: tsalsungay

new: mip

news: fmawn

next: hay, -ay. next time: alo ahay. next Thursday (Thursday of next week) trrmrrvay

night: txon. tonight: fìtxon. last night: txonam. tomorrow night: txonay. Good night!: txon lefpom, (sleep well) hivahaw nìmwey.

nine: (octal: 11) volaw. (human digit '9') nayn.

nineteen (octal: 23) mevopey

nineteenth (number nineteen) mevopeyve

ninety (approx.) zam pxevol

ninth (number nine) volawve

no: No!: kehe. (with a noun: no X) kea, ake. No?: kefya srak, kefyak. No way! (vulgar) pxasìk. No, it can't be! (consternation) au!

noble: nawm

none: ke ... keʼu, ke ... kawʼit

nonetheless: tsalsungay

noon: kxamtrr. pre-noon (sun just before zenith) srekamtrr. post-noon (sun just after zenith) kxamtrrmaw.

no-one: ke ... kawtu

nose: ontu

not: ke. not at all, not a bit (adv) ke ... kawʼit.

nothing: (pn) ke ... keʼu. nothing at all (adv) ke ... keʼu.

noun: tstxolìʼu

now: (sentence opener) tse. (at this time) set. until now: vay set. right now: pxiset. Thursday two weeks from now: mesrrmrrvay.

number (n) holpxay

O

O! (address) ma

oath: pänu?

obey: lek

obstruction: ekxan

occasion (happy) ftxozä

occupy (a space) tok

occur: len

ocean: txampay

odd, strange: hiyìk

of: -yä, -ä. (a clan; used in full names) te. (See also 'from'.)

offense: zoplo

often: pxìm

oh! (consternation) au! (poor thing!) keftxo! (exertion) sau!

old: (not new) spuwin. (not young) koak.

okay: tam, tam tam. ...okay?: ... ko

on: mì+. on, onto (?) sìn.

once: (in the past) ʼawlie. (not twice) ʼawlo.

one: ʼaw. one individual: ʼawpo. one time (once) ʼawlie, ʼawlo. one hundred (approx.) zam fu mezam. one thousand (approx.) mevozam. [stress?]

one (pronoun: 'you', 'they') fko

only: nìʼaw

oomph!: sau!

open: (be open) piak. (open something) piak si.

opinion: in my opinion: tìʼefumì oeyä

opportunity: skxom

opposed to: wä

optimal: swey. optimally: nìswey.

or: fu. or else: txokefyaw. or not: fuke.

order: in order to: fte [with subjunctive]

ordinary, everyday: letrrtrr

other: lahe. other one (person or thing) lapo. to the others: aylaru.

otherwise: txokefyaw

our (including your) awngeyä, (ay)oengeyä [stress?]

our (but not your) (ay)oeyä (weyä, ayweyä)

out there: käsatseng

outside: wrrpa

overabundance: hawng

P

pain: tìsraw

painful: sraw. be painful: tìsraw si

Pandora: Eywaʼeveng

panther (approx.) palulukan

part (n) hapxì

party (group of people) pongu

pass (a test) emzaʼu. (pass by something) ftem.

passionate: ftxavang

passionately: nìftxavang

past: the past: ftawnemkrr

pasta (approx.) tsyosyu

path: fyaʼo

patience: tìmweypey

patient (adj) lemweypey. be patient: maweypey. patiently: nìmweypey. a patient person: maweypeyyu.

pattern (n) renu

pay attention: eltu si

peace: fpom

peaceful: lefpom. peacefully: nìmwey.

peel (v) fkarut

people: (persons) sute. (the People) Naʼvi.

perceive: ʼefu

perhaps: kxawm

perimeter: pxawpa

person: tute

phrase: lìʼfyavi

picture (n) rel

place (n) tsenge, tseng. [syll?] (v) yem.

plain, field: txayo

plan: (v) hawl. (n) tìhawl.

plant (n) ʼewll

play: (play a game) uvan si

pleasant: (to the senses) lor. (of an activity) prrteʼ. (enjoyable, of a person or thing) mowan

please!: rutxe!

pleasing: mowan

pleasurable (of an activity) prrteʼ

pleasure: tìprrteʼ

practice, training tskxekeng

pointedly: nìpxi

poison (n) txum

poor thing!: keftxo!

position: klltseng

possible: letsunslu. be possible: tsunslu.

power: tìtxur

powerful: fkew, txantur

prefer: nulnew

preparations: tìhawl

prepare, plan: hawl

present (time) sekrr

pretty: sevin

previous: ham. previous instance: alo aham.

prey (n) tìtspang

proceed: salew

probable; probably: skxakep

produce (v) sleyku

proliferate: virä

promise: (n) pänu. (v) pänutìng.

propel: spule

proper: muiä

prophesize: sreseʼa

prophesy: tìsreseʼa

protect: hawnu, tìhawnu si

protection: tìhawnu

pterosaur (approx.) ikran

pull (v) zaʼärìp

purpose (goal) tìkan

push (v) käʼärìp

put: yem

Q

question (n) tìpawm

(question marker) srak(e). (with fuke) ftxey.

quiet: (n) tìfnu. be quiet: fnu.

quote ... unquote: san ... sìk

quotidian: letrrtrr

R

rain (n) tompa

rather: (would rather) nulnew. rather than: tup.

ready: alaksi. get ready: hawl.

rear: (part or section) käpxì. (of person) txìm.

reason (n) lun

receive: tel

recent: sok

recline: tuvon

refuge: zongtseng

refuse (v) sto

release: lonu

remain: ʼìʼawn

remember: zerok

remembrance: ʼok

represent: kenong

request: (n) ätxäle. (v) ätxäle si.

respond: ʼeyng

response: tìʼeyng. in response: nìʼeyng.

responsibility: have responsibility (for): kllfroʼ

responsible: be responsible (for): kllfroʼ

rest (v) tsurokx

restore: speng

return, go back: tätxaw

rhino (approx.) ʼangtsìk

rhythm: kato

ride (v) makto. ride out: kämakto.

right: (side, direction) skien. (proper) muiä. (correct) eyawr. you're right: ngaru tìyawr. Right?: kefya srak? kefyak? right now: pxiset. right before: pxisre. right after: pximaw.

river: kilvan. (sacred) Swotulu.

rock, stone: tskxe

root: ngrr

rule (n) koren

run (n) tul

rush: (v, hurry) win säpi. (rush something) win si.

S

sacred: swok. sacred place: swotu. Sacred River: Swotulu.

sad: keftxo. sadly: nìkeftxo. How sad! keftxo!

safe: kxuke. safe place: zongtseng.

safely: nìzawnong

sake: for the sake of: fpi+

same: teng

Saturday (Earth calendar) trrkive

save: zong

say: plltxe

saying ...: san ... sìk

school: numtseng

science: tìftia kifkeyä

scream (v) zawng

Screw that! (vulgar) pxasìk

screw up: tìkxey si

sea: txampay

second (number two) muve. (short time) hìkrr. (look also under 'moment')

see: (physical sense) tseʼa. See (spiritual sense) kame. see you soon: kìyevame.

seed: rinaʼ. (of Hometree) atokirinaʼ.

seek: fwew

seem: lam

selfishness: tìʼawpo

send: fpeʼ

sense (v) ʼefu

serve: kìteʼe si

service: kìteʼe

seven: kinä

seventeen (octal: 21) mevolaw

seventeenth (number seventeen) mevolawve

seventh (number seven) kive

seventy (approx.) zam vol

shaman: tsahìk

sharp: pxi

she: po, poe

shelter (v) hawnu

shoot: (intrans.) tem. (trans.) toltem.

short (of time) yol

show (v) wìntxu

shut: (adj) tstu. (v) tstu si.

sibling: tsmuk, tsmuktu

sick: spxin

sickness: (disease) säspxin. (state of being sick) tìspxin.

side: paʼo

sign, omen: aungia

silence: tìfnu

simple: ftue

sing: rol. singing (instance of): tìrusol. (art) tseo tìrusolä.

sister: tsmuke, tsmuk

sit: heyn

six: pukap

sixteen (octal: 20) mevol

sixteenth (number sixteen) mevolve

sixth (number six) puve

sixty (approx.) zam

size: tsawlhìʼ

skin (n) taʼleng

sky: taw

sleep (v) hahaw. sleep well! hivahaw nìmwey.

slow: kìʼong

slowly: nìkʼong

small: (little in size) hìʼi. (small in quantity) hìm. (a small amount) ʼit.

smart: (person) kanu. (idea, plan) sìlronsem.

smell (n) fahew

smile: (n) lrrtok. (v) lrrtok si.

smoke (n) kxener

so: (in that case) ha. even so tsalsungay. so much: fìtxan. so that: fte. so that not: fteke.

soft: (of an object) hewne. (of a sound) ʼango.

some: -o. someone: tuteo. something: ʼuo. somewhere: tsengo.

son: ʼitan

song: tìrol, way

songchord: waytelem

soon: yeʼrìn. See you soon: kìyevame.

sorry! ngaytxoa

soul: vitra

sound (n) pam

source: tsim

spaceship: tawsìp

spark (n) txepvi

speak: plltxe

spear (n) tukru

spin (v) kìm

spiral (n) ʼìheyu

spirit: tirea

spirit animal: tireaioang

spirit path: tireafyaʼo

spread, proliferate: virä

squad: wempongu

squirt (v) tsäʼ

Stairway to Heaven: iknimaya

stand (v) kllkxem

star: tanhì

start: (intrans.) sngäʼi. (start something) sngeykäʼi.

stay: ʼìʼawn

still: (yet) vay set. (as before) mi.

sting (v) sngap

stingbat (flying animal): riti

stomach (n) ngäng

stone (n) tskxe

stop: (v) ftang. (suspend action) fpak.

stopping: tìftang. without stopping: nìlkeftang.

story, tale: vur

straight: (not crooked) yey. (upright) pxim.

strange: (unfamiliar) stxong. (odd) hiyìk.

stream: payfya

strength: tìtxur

strike, blow (n) tìtakuk

strike, hit (v) takuk

stringed instrument: iʼen

strong: txur

student: numeyu

study: (v) ftia. (n) tìftia.

stupid: snumìna

sturmbeast (animal like cattle) talioang

subject (n) txele

succeed: flä

such: (adj) nafìʼu; tsafnel, fìfnel + genitive; tsafne-, fìfne- (pl. tsayfne-, fayfne-). such as: pxel.

suffice: tam

sufficient: letam

summary: vurvi

sun: tsawke. sunrise: (see dawn). sunset: (see dusk).

Sunday (Earth calendar) trrʼawve

supplies: mekre

sustain: fmal

sweet: kalin

swoop (v) tawng

synopsis: vurvi

T

tail: kxetse

take: munge. take time: krrnekx.

tale: vur

tall: tsawl

target (n) tìkan

teach: kar

teacher: karyu

teaching: sänume

tell: peng

ten (octal: 12) vomun

tenth (number ten) vomuve

territory: kllpxìltu

test: (v) fmetok. (n) tìfmetok.

than: to. than all: frato.

Thanator (animal like a panther): palulukan

thank: irayo si. Thank you!: irayo!

that: tsa-. (that thing) tsaʼu, tsaw. (that action) tsakem, tsakem. that one (that person) tsatu. that way: tsafya. that kind of: tsafnel + genitive, tsafne-.

that (conjunction) tsnì. (as for that) furia. (as object) futa. (as subject) fwa. (which, with a noun) a + N, N + a.

their: (animate) feyä. (inanimate) seyä.

them (animate): (acc) fot, foti. (dat) for, foru. (after prep.) fo.

them (inanimate): (acc) sat, sati. (dat) sar, saru.

then: tsakrr

there: tsatseng, tsatseng. out there: käsatseng. There there!: tam tam.

therefore: tafral

these: fay+. these kinds of: fayfnel + genitive, fayfne-.

they (animate): ayfo, ayfo, fo. (those two) mefo. (those three) pxefo.

they (inanimate): (ay)saʼu, (ay)saw. (those two) mesaʼu, mesaw. (those three) pxesaʼu, pxesaw. [stress?]

"they" (unspecified agent, 'one', 'you') fko.

thing: (object, fact, abstraction) ʼu. (action) kem.

think: fpìl

thinking (way of thinking) fpìlfya

third (number three) pxeyve

thirteen (octal: 15) vomrr

thirteenth (number thirteen) vomrrve

thirty (approx.) tsìvol

this: (with a noun) fì-. (action)

fìkem. (thing) 

fìʼu. (one) fìpo. this way: fìfya. this kind of: fìfnel + genitive, fìfne-. this morning: fìrewon. this afternoon: fìhaʼngir. this evening: fìkaym.

those: tsay+. (those things) saʼu. those kinds of: tsayfnel + genitive, tsayfne-. (See also 'that', 'they'.)

thought: säfpìl. thought pattern: fpìlfya.

thousand: (approx.) mevozam. four thousand (approx.) zazam

thread (n) kìng

three: pxey. three hundred (approx.) mrrzam. three thousand (approx.) puvozam. (of other nouns) pxe+.

through: kxamlä

throat: flew

throw: tsreʼi

thunder (sound of) kxangangang!

Thursday (Earth calendar) trrmrrve

thus: fìfya, tsafya

tie: tie down, fasten: yän. tie up, bind: yìm.

time (n) krr. take time: krrnekx. all the time: frakrr.

time (adv) alo, -lo. 5 times: alo amrr. 1 time (once): ʼawlo. 2 times (twice) melo. each/every time: fralo. at all times: frakrr. next time: alo ahay. last time: alo aham.

tired: ngeyn

to: (direction) ne. (recipient) -ur, -ru. (infinitive) fte [with subjunctive].

today: fìtrr

tonight: fìtxon

toe: venzek

together: ʼawsiteng

tomorrow: trray. tomorrow night: txonay. tomorrow morning: rewonay. tomorrow afternoon: haʼngiray. tomorrow evening: kaymay.

tongue: ftxì

too: (as well) nìteng. (excessively) nìhawng.

tooth: sreʼ

top (n) fäpa

torn apart, divided: keʼaw

totality: wotx

touch (v) ʼampi

track, follow: sutx

training: tskxekeng

trap (v) syep

travel: sop

treachery: kavuk

tree: utral. Tree of Souls: Vitrautral. Tree of Voices: Utral Aymokriyä. Hometree: Kelutral. [stress?]

trip (journey) tìsop

true: ngay

truly: nìngay

trunk (of a tree) tangek

truth: tìngay

try (v) fmi

Tuesday (Earth calendar) trrpxeyve

tune: be in tune, be aware: kame

turn (v) mìn

turn (n) alo. my turn: alo oeyä.

twelfth (number twelve) vosìve

twelve (octal: 14) vosìng

twentieth (number twenty) mevosìve

twenty: (exact, octal: 24) mevosìng. (approx.) mevol fu pxevol

twice: melo

twilight: See 'dusk', 'dawn'.

two: mune. two hundred (approx.) pxezam. two thousand (approx.) tsìvozam. the two of us: moe, oeng ["weng"]. the two of you: menga. [stress?] the two of them: mefo, mesa. (of other nouns) me+.

type, kind: fnel. what type? fnepe, pefnel

U

ugly (sight or sound) väʼ

unambiguously: nìpxi

understand: (a fact) tslam. (a person) kame.

understanding: (comprehension) tìtslam. (wise) txantslusam.

Understood!: tslolam

unequal: keteng

unfamiliar: stxong

unfold: ʼong

unfortunately: nìkeftxo

unhappy: keftxo

unhealthy: kelfpomtokx

unknown: stxong

unpleasant to the senses: väʼ

unquote: sìk

until: vaykrr. until now: vay set. until then: tsakrrvay

up: upward: nefä. up among: fkip. up to (place, time, or number): vay.

upright: pxim, nìpxim

upset (sad) keftxo

us (excluding you): (acc) ayoeti (ayweti). (dat) ayoeru, ayoer (ayweru, aywer). (after prep.) ayoe.

us (including you): multiple forms, including (acc) awngati. (dat) awngaru, awngar. (after prep.) awnga, ayoeng (ayweng).

use (v) sar

useful: lesar

using: fa

V

valid: kangay

vegetable (food) fkxen

verb: kemlìʼu

versus: wä

vertical: pxim. vertically: nìpxim.

very: nìtxan

via: ìlä+, ìlä+

village: tsray

violet (flower, approx.) seze

viperwolf: nantang

vision (spiritual) äie

visit (v) frrfen

visitor: frrtu

voice (n) mokri

W

wait, wait for: pey

walk (v) tìran

want: new

war: tsam. war party: tsampongu.

warrior: tsamsiyu

was: lamu, lolu. wasn't it? kefya srak? kefyak?.

wash: yur. (oneself) yäpur.

wasp (approx) zizeʼ

watch: (look at) nìn. watch out: nari si. watch it! oìsss!, tsa-hey!, wiya!, saa!

water: pay

way: fyaʼo. No way! (vulgar) pxasìk. give way: tìng tseng. way of thinking: fpìlfya.

we (but not you): ayoe. we two moe. we three pxoe.

we two (you and I): oeng [weng]. (formal) ohe ngengasì. we, all of us (including you) awnga, ayoeng

weak: meyp

weave: täftxu

weaver: täftxuyu

Wednesday (Earth calendar) trrtsìve

weep: tsngawvìk

well: (adv) nìltsan. as well: nìteng. (See also 'healthy'.)

well: (n) ramunong. Well of Souls: Ayvitrayä Ramunong. [stress?]

well (sentence opener) tse

well-being: fpom

were: lamu, lolu. weren't they? kefya srak? kefyak?.

what?: (action) pehem?, kempe?. (thing) peu?, ʼupe?. (word, utterance) pelìʼu?, lìʼupe?. (what kind?) fnepe, pefnel. (with other nouns) pe-, -pe?. what? you call that a ...? (disparagement) pak.

what a ...! (praise) nang.

when: (not a question) a krr, krr a. (if) txo.

when?: pehrr?, krrpe?

where?: peseng?, tsengpe?

whether: san srake, ftxey

which?: pe+, -pe. which kind? fnepe, pefnel. which day (of the week, month)? trrpeve

which (not a question) a + N

while: tengkrr [with the imperfective for the -ing verb]

white: teyr

who?: pesu?, tupe?

whole: (n) wotx. (adj) ʼänsyem.

why?: pelun?, lumpe?

wind (n) hufwe

wing: tsyal

wise: txantslusam

wish (v) rangal. I wish ...: nìrangal.

with: (accompaniment) hu. (by means of) fa.

without: luke

wolf (approx.) nantang

word: lìʼu

work: (n) tìkangkem. (v) work: tìkangkem si.

world (physical) kifkey

worm: ngawng. (hallucinogenic) eltungawng.

worst: ʼeʼal

worthy: pxan

wow!: tewti!

write: pamrel si

writing: pamrel

wrong: (incorrect) keyawr. (an error) tìkxey. do wrong: tìkxey si. you're wrong: ngaru tìkxey

Y

yeah: sran

year: zìsìt

yellow: rim. in yellow: nìrim.

yes: srane

yesterday: trram. yesterday night: txonam. yesterday morning: rewonam. yesterday afternoon: haʼngiram. yesterday evening: kaymam.

yet: (still) mi. not yet: vay set (with negative verb).

you (sg.) nga. (honorific form) ngenga. you two: menga. you three: pxenga. you all: aynga. you (unspecified; 'one', 'they') fko. [stress?]

young: ʼewan

your: ngeyä. (formal) ngengeyä. [stress?]

yucky: väʼ

Z

zero: kew

Discourse particles

The following exclamations have no easy translation into English. They stand as a clause of their own:

of consternation (it can't be!): au

war cry (alala!) ìley

of pity (poor thing!): keftxo

of anger or annoyance (aargh!) oìsss

vulgar (screw that!) pxasìk

alarm cry; call to defense: rawke

as a threat: saa

upon exertion (oomph!) sau

soothing (there there!) tam tam

of surprise and pleasure (wow!) tewti

of warning or frustration (oy!) tsa-hey, wiya

(See also 'yes', 'no', 'yeah', 'please', 'thank you', 'sorry!', 'forgive me!', 'right?', 'okay', 'understood', 'don't!', 'down!', 'well', 'hello', 'goodbye'.)

The following emotive particles occur at the end of a clause:

soliciting agreement (Let's X; X, eh?) ko

surprise, exclamation, encouragement (Oh my! What an X!) nang

disparagement (Pshaw! You call that an X?) pak

Others help the grammatical flow of discourse:

direct address (O!) ma

continuation (And you?) tut