Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot/Printable version

29 February 2024

sudo apt-get install python3 python3-setuptools python3-numpy idle3
sudo easy_install3 pybarobo

sudo usermod -a -G dialout $USER

sudo usermod -a -G dialout $USER
sudo apt-get install python3-setuptools
sudo easy_install3 pybarobo

python3
pip install pybarobo

echo %PATH%
Control Panel
System
Advanced System Settings
Environment Variables...
Computer
Properties
Advanced System Settings
Environment Variables...
My Computer
Properties
Advanced
Environment Variables...
System Variables
PATH
Edit...
C:\Python34
C:\Python34\Scripts
print("Hello World")
#stops console from exiting
end_prog = ""
while end_prog != "q":
        end_prog = input("type q to quit")

##Python is easy to learn
print("Hello, World!")

Hello, World!

Halt!
Who Goes there? Linkbot
You may pass, Linkbot

sudo apt-get install python3 python3-setuptools python3-numpy idle3
sudo easy_install3 pybarobo

sudo usermod -a -G dialout $USER

sudo usermod -a -G dialout $USER
sudo apt-get install python3-setuptools
sudo easy_install3 pybarobo

python3
pip install pybarobo

echo %PATH%
Control Panel
System
Advanced System Settings
Environment Variables...
Computer
Properties
Advanced System Settings
Environment Variables...
My Computer
Properties
Advanced
Environment Variables...
System Variables
PATH
Edit...
C:\Python34
C:\Python34\Scripts
print("Hello World")
#stops console from exiting
end_prog = ""
while end_prog != "q":
        end_prog = input("type q to quit")

Python 3.0 (r30:67503, Dec 29 2008, 21:31:07) 
[GCC 4.3.2 20081105 (Red Hat 4.3.2-7)] on linux2
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license()" for more information.

    ****************************************************************
    Personal firewall software may warn about the connection IDLE
    makes to its subprocess using this computer's internal loopback
    interface.  This connection is not visible on any external
    interface and no data is sent to or received from the Internet.
    ****************************************************************

IDLE 3.0      
>>> 

print("Hello, World!")

.py
-
_

ä
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å
ß
#!/usr/bin/env python3

Lesson Information
**To Be Added**
Vocabulary:
Python Editor: a program used to create a block of text that will be sent to Python and interpreted. In this
book we recommend IDLE 3.
Line: a single sentence of programming code.  Lines of code can be used to measure the size of a program and
compare it to other programs.
Function: a type of procedure or routine, a set of instructions to follow.
Argument: data provided to a function as input.  This is like the domain in algebra.
String: a sequence of characters representing either a constant or a variable.
Function Call: 
Necessary Materials and Resources:
Computer Science Teachers Association Standards: L1:3.CT.4:Recognize that software is created to control
computer operations
Common Core Math Practice Standards: CCSS.MATH.PRACTICE.MP5 Use appropriate tools strategically.

print("Hello, World!")

Hello, World!

import barobo   #loads 'barobo' module
import time     #loads 'time' module

dongle = barobo.Dongle()  #uses commands from 'barobo' to connect Linkbot
dongle.connect()
robotID = input('Enter Linkbot ID: ')  #prompts user for Linkbot ID
robot = dongle.getLinkbot(robotID)

print ( 'Hello Linkbot Programmer' )   #prints greeting

robot.setBuzzerFrequency(1047)     #calls for pizo buzzer to make a tone
time.sleep(0.25)                   #sets duration of tone
robot.setBuzzerFrequency(1567)     #changes tone
time.sleep(0.5)
robot.setBuzzerFrequency(0)        #turns off tone.

print("I pledge allegiance to the flag")
print("of the United States of America,")
print("and to the republic, for which it stands,")

I pledge allegiance to the flag
of the United States of America,
and to the republic, for which it stands,

print("I pledge allegiance to the flag")

I pledge allegiance to the flag

print("of the United States of America,")

of the United States of America,

import barobo
myDongle = barobo.Dongle()
myDongle.connect()
myLinkbot = myDongle.getLinkbot()

myLinkbot.setLEDColor(0, 255, 0)

print("Hello, World!")

print("Hello, World!")

print("2 + 2 is", 2 + 2)
print("3 * 4 is", 3 * 4)
print("100 - 1 is", 100 - 1)
print("(33 + 2) / 5 + 11.5 is", (33 + 2) / 5 + 11.5)

2 + 2 is 4
3 * 4 is 12
100 - 1 is 99
(33 + 2) / 5 + 11.5 is 18.5

print("2 + 2 is", 2 + 2)

# Not quite PI, but a credible simulation
print(22 / 7)

3.14285714286

# Output PI on the screen
print(22 / 7) # Well, just a good approximation

print("Something's rotten in the state of Denmark.")
print("                -- Shakespeare")

Something's rotten in the state of Denmark.
                -- Shakespeare

# This is not quite true outside of USA
# and is based on my dim memories of my younger years
print("Firstish Grade")
print("1 + 1 =", 1 + 1)
print("2 + 4 =", 2 + 4)
print("5 - 2 =", 5 - 2)
print()
print("Thirdish Grade")
print("243 - 23 =", 243 - 23)
print("12 * 4 =", 12 * 4)
print("12 / 3 =", 12 / 3)
print("13 / 3 =", 13 // 3, "R", 13 % 3)
print()
print("Junior High")
print("123.56 - 62.12 =", 123.56 - 62.12)
print("(4 + 3) * 2 =", (4 + 3) * 2)
print("4 + 3 * 2 =", 4 + 3 * 2)
print("3 ** 2 =", 3 ** 2)

Firstish Grade
1 + 1 = 2
2 + 4 = 6
5 - 2 = 3

Thirdish Grade
243 - 23 = 220
12 * 4 = 48
12 / 3 = 4
13 / 3 = 4 R 1

Junior High
123.56 - 62.12 = 61.44
(4 + 3) * 2 = 14
4 + 3 * 2 = 10
3 ** 2 = 9

print("Ada Lovelace", "born on", "November 27, 1852")

print("Albert Einstein", "born on", "14 March 1879")

print(("John Smith"), ("born on"), ("14 March 1879"))

print("5**5 = ", 5**5)
print("6*7 = ", 6*7)
print("56/8 = ", 56/8)
print("14//6 = ", 14//6)
print("14%6 = ", 14%6)
print("5+6 = ", 5+6)
print("9-0 = ", 9-0)

Lesson Information
**To Be Added**
Vocabulary:
Necessary Materials and Resources:
Computer Science Teachers Association Standards: 5.3.A.CD.4: Compare various forms of input and output.
Common Core Math Content Standards:
Common Core Math Practice Standards:
Common Core English Language Arts Standards:

print("Halt!")
user_input = input("Who goes there?")
print("You may pass,",  user_input)

Halt!
Who goes there? Linkbot
You may pass, Linkbot

Halt!
Who goes there?

a = 123.4
b23 = 'Barobo'
first_name = "Linkbot"
b = 432
c = a + b
print("a + b is",c)
print("first_name is",first_name)
print("The Linkbot was created by ",b23)

a + b is 555.4
first_name is Linkbot
The Linkbot was created by Barobo

value1 == Pim
value2 == "Pim"

a = 1
print(a)
a = a + 1
print(a)
a = a * 2
print(a)

1
2
4

number = float(input("Type in a number: "))
integer = int(input("Type in an integer: "))
text = input("Type in a string: ")
print("number =", number)
print("number is a", type(number))
print("number * 2 =", number * 2)
print("integer =", integer)
print("integer is a", type(integer))
print("integer * 2 =", integer * 2)
print("text =", text)
print("text is a", type(text))
print("text * 2 =", text * 2)

Type in a number: 12.34
Type in an integer: -3
Type in a string: Hello
number = 12.34
number is a <class 'float'>
number * 2 = 24.68
integer = -3
integer is a <class 'int'>
integer * 2 = -6
text = Hello
text is a <class 'str'>
text * 2 = HelloHello

>>> print("This" + " " + "is" + " joined.")
This is joined.
>>> print("Ha, " * 5)
Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha, 
>>> print("Ha, " * 5 + "ha!")
Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha, ha!
>>> print(3 - 1)
2
>>> print("3" - "1")
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'str' and 'str'
>>> 

# This program moves Joint 1 on a Linkbot by an amount 
# specified by the user
import barobo
myDongle = barobo.Dongle()
myDongle.connect()
robotID = input('Enter Linkbot ID: ')
myLinkbot = myDongle.getLinkbot(robotID)

degrees = float(input("Degrees to rotate Joint 1: "))
myLinkbot.moveJoint(1, degrees)

# This program calculates rate and distance problems
print("Input a rate and a distance")
rate= float(input("rate: "))
distance = float(input("Distance: "))
print("Time:", (distance / rate))

Input a rate and a distance
Rate: 5
Distance: 10
Time: 2.0

Input a rate and a distance
Rate: 3.52
Distance: 45.6
Time: 12.9545454545

# This program calculates the perimeter and area of a rectangle
print("Calculate information about a rectangle")
length = float(input("Length: "))
width = float(input("Width: "))
print("Area:", length * width)
print("Perimeter:", 2 * length + 2 * width)

Calculate information about a rectangle
Length: 4
Width: 3
Area: 12.0
Perimeter: 14.0

Calculate information about a rectangle
Length: 2.53
Width: 5.2
Area: 13.156
Perimeter: 15.46

# This program converts Fahrenheit to Celsius
fahr_temp = float(input("Fahrenheit temperature: "))
print("Celsius temperature:", (fahr_temp - 32.0) * 5.0 / 9.0)

Fahrenheit temperature: 32
Celsius temperature: 0.0

Fahrenheit temperature: -40
Celsius temperature: -40.0

Fahrenheit temperature: 212
Celsius temperature: 100.0

Fahrenheit temperature: 98.6
Celsius temperature: 37.0

string1 = input('String 1: ')
string2 = input('String 2: ')
float1 = float(input('Number 1: '))
float2 = float(input('Number 2: '))
print(string1 + string2)
print(float1 * float2)

# This program moves Joints 1 and 3 on a Linkbot by an amount 
# specified by the user
import barobo
myDongle = barobo.Dongle()
myDongle.connect()
robotID = input('Enter Linkbot ID: ')
myLinkbot = myDongle.getLinkbot(robotID)

degrees1 = float(input("Degrees to rotate Joint 1: "))
degrees3 = float(input("Degrees to rotate Joint 3: "))
myLinkbot.moveJoint(1, degrees1)
myLinkbot.moveJoint(3, degrees3)

**To Be Added**
Vocabulary:
Necessary Materials and Resources:
Computer Science Teachers Association Standards: 5.2.CPP.5: Implement problem solutions using a programming 
language, including: looping behavior, conditional statements, logic, expressions, variables, and functions.
Common Core Math Content Standards:
Common Core Math Practice Standards:
Common Core English Language Arts Standards:

a = 0 # FIRST, set the initial value of the variable a to 0(zero).
while a < 10: # While the value of the variable a is less than 10 do the following:
    a = a + 1    # Increase the value of the variable a by 1, as in: a = a + 1! 
    print(a)     # Print to screen what the present value of the variable a is.
                 # REPEAT! until the value of the variable a is equal to 9!? See note. 

                 # NOTE:
                 # The value of the variable a will increase by 1
                 # with each repeat, or loop of the 'while statement BLOCK'.
                 # e.g. a = 1 then a = 2 then a = 3 etc. until a = 9 then...
                 # the code will finish adding 1 to a (now a = 10), printing the 
                 # result, and then exiting the 'while statement BLOCK'. 
                 #              --
                 # While a < 10: |
                 #     a = a + 1 |<--[ The while statement BLOCK ]
                 #     print (a) |
                 #              --

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

a = 1
s = 0
print('Enter Numbers to add to the sum.')
print('Enter 0 to quit.')
while a != 0:
    print('Current Sum:', s)            
    a = float(input('Number? '))        
    s = s + a                            
print('Total Sum =', s)

Enter Numbers to add to the sum.
Enter 0 to quit.
Current Sum: 0
Number? 200
Current Sum: 200.0
Number? -15.25
Current Sum: 184.75
Number? -151.85
Current Sum: 32.9
Number? 10.00
Current Sum: 42.9
Number? 0
Total Sum = 42.9

while 1 == 1:
   print("Help, I'm stuck in a loop.")

==
<
# This program calculates the Fibonacci sequence
a = 0
b = 1
count = 0
max_count = 20

while count < max_count:
    count = count + 1
    print(a, end=" ")  # Notice the magic end=" " in the print function arguments  
                       # that keeps it from creating a new line.
    old_a = a    # we need to keep track of a since we change it.
    a = b
    b = old_a + b
print() # gets a new (empty) line.

0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 4181

# Simplified and faster method to calculate the Fibonacci sequence
a = 0
b = 1
count = 0
max_count = 10

while count < max_count:
    count = count + 1
    print(a, b, end=" ")  # Notice the magic end=" "
    a = a + b    
    b = a + b
print() # gets a new (empty) line.

0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 4181

# Waits until a password has been entered. Use Control-C to break out without
# the password

#Note that this must not be the password so that the
# while loop runs at least once.
password = str()

# note that != means not equal
while password != "unicorn":
    password = input("Password: ")
print("Welcome in")

Password: auo
Password: y22
Password: password
Password: open sesame
Password: unicorn
Welcome in

import barobo
dongle = barobo.Dongle()
dongle.connect()
robotID = input('Enter Linkbot ID: ')
robot = dongle.getLinkbot(robotID)
import time # imports the Python "time" module because we want to use "time.sleep()" later.
key=34 # Set key=34 which is the 34th key on a piano keyboard.
while key < 74: # While the key number is less than 74.
    robot.setBuzzerFrequency(2**((key-49)/12.0)*440)  # Play the frequency to the corresponding note.
    time.sleep(.25)   # Play the note for 0.25 seconds.
    robot.setBuzzerFrequency(0)  # Turn off the note
    key=key+1         # Increase the key number by 1. This is the end of the loop. At this point,
                      # Python will check to see if the condition in the "while" statement,
                      # "key < 74", is true. If it is still true, Python will go back to the 
                      # beginning of the loop. If not, the program exits the loop.

name = input("What is your UserName: ")
password = input("What is your Password: ")
print("To lock your computer type lock.")
command = None
input1 = None
input2 = None
while command != "lock":
    command = input("What is your command: ")
while input1 != name:
    input1 = input("What is your username: ")
while input2 != password:
    input2 = input("What is your password: ")
print("Welcome back to your system!")

name = input('Set name: ')
password = input('Set password: ')
while 1 == 1:
    nameguess=""
    passwordguess=""
    key=""
    while (nameguess != name) or (passwordguess != password):
        nameguess = input('Name? ')
        passwordguess = input('Password? ')
    print("Welcome,", name, ". Type lock to lock.")
    while key != "lock":
        key = input("")

import barobo
dongle = barobo.Dongle()
dongle.connect()
robotID = input('Enter Linkbot ID: ')
robot = dongle.getLinkbot(robotID) 
import time       # imports the Python "time" module because we want to use "time.sleep()" later.
key=34            # Set key=34 which is the 34th key on a piano keyboard.
while key < 74:   # While the key number is less than 74.
    robot.setBuzzerFrequency(2**((key-49)/12.0)*440)  # Play the frequency to the corresponding note.
    time.sleep(.25)   # Play the note for 0.25 seconds.
    robot.setBuzzerFrequency(0)  # Turn off the note
    key=key+3         # Increase the key number by 3. This is the end of the loop. At this point,
                      # Python will check to see if the condition in the "while" statement,
                      # "key < 74", is true. If it is still true, Python will go back to the 
                      # beginning of the loop. If not, the program exits the loop.

n = int(input("Number? "))
if n < 0:
   print("The absolute value of", n, "is", -n)
else:
   print("The absolute value of", n, "is", n)

Number? -34
The absolute value of -34 is 34

Number? 1
The absolute value of 1 is 1

a = 0
while a < 10:
    a = a + 1
    if a > 5:
        print(a, ">", 5)
    elif a <= 3:
        print(a, "<=", 3)
    else:
        print("Neither test was true")

1 <= 3
2 <= 3
3 <= 3
Neither test was true
Neither test was true
6 > 5
7 > 5
8 > 5
9 > 5
10 > 5

myLinkbot.moveJoint(1, 180)

myLinkbot.move(90, 180, 270)

import barobo
dongle = barobo.Dongle()
dongle.connect()
myLinkbot = dongle.getLinkbot('abcd') # Replace abcd with your Linkbot's serial ID

while True: # This is an infinite loop. Get out by using the "break" statement
    command = input('Please enter a robot command or "quit" to exit the program: ')
    if command == 'forward':
        # Rotate the wheels 180 degrees to move the robot forward
        myLinkbot.move(180, 0, -180) # Motor 3 has to spin in the negative direction to move the robot forward
    elif command == 'backward':
        myLinkbot.move(-180, 0, 180)
    elif command == 'quit':
        break
    else:
        print('I\'m sorry. I don\'t understand that command.')

print('Goodbye!')

mystring = "Hello there. My dog says "woof!" when he's bored."

mystring = "Hello there. My dog says \"woof!\" when he's bored."

Please enter a robot command or 'quit' to exit the program: forward
Please enter a robot command or 'quit' to exit the program: backward
Please enter a robot command or 'quit' to exit the program: aoeu
I'm sorry. I don't understand that command.
Please enter a robot command or 'quit' to exit the program: quit
Goodbye!

# This Program Demonstrates the use of the == operator
# using numbers
print(5 == 6)
# Using variables
x = 5
y = 8
print(x == y)

False
False

# Plays the guessing game higher or lower 

# This should actually be something that is semi random like the
# last digits of the time or something else, but that will have to
# wait till a later chapter.  (Extra Credit, modify it to be random
# after the Modules chapter)
number = 7
guess = -1

print("Guess the number!")
while guess != number:
    guess = int(input("Is it... "))

    if guess == number:
        print("Hooray! You guessed it right!")
    elif guess < number:
        print("It's bigger...")
    elif guess > number:
        print("It's not so big.")

Guess the number!
Is it... 2
It's bigger...
Is it... 5
It's bigger...
Is it... 10
It's not so big.
Is it... 7
Hooray! You guessed it right!

# Asks for a number.
# Prints if it is even or odd

number = float(input("Tell me a number: "))
if number % 2 == 0:
    print(int(number), "is even.")
elif number % 2 == 1:
    print(int(number), "is odd.")
else:
    print(number, "is very strange.")

Tell me a number: 3
3 is odd.

Tell me a number: 2
2 is even.

Tell me a number: 3.4895
3.4895 is very strange.

# keeps asking for numbers until 0 is entered.
# Prints the average value.

count = 0
sum = 0.0
number = 1 # set to something that will not exit the while loop immediately.

print("Enter 0 to exit the loop")

while number != 0:
    number = float(input("Enter a number: "))
    if number != 0:
        count = count + 1
        sum = sum + number
    if number == 0:
        print("The average was:", sum / count)

Enter 0 to exit the loop
Enter a number: 3
Enter a number: 5
Enter a number: 0
The average was: 4.0

Enter 0 to exit the loop
Enter a number: 1
Enter a number: 4
Enter a number: 3
Enter a number: 0
The average was: 2.66666666667

# keeps asking for numbers until count numbers have been entered.
# Prints the average value.

#Notice that we use an integer to keep track of how many numbers, 
# but floating point numbers for the input of each number
sum = 0.0

print("This program will take several numbers then average them")
count = int(input("How many numbers would you like to average: "))
current_count = 0

while current_count < count:
    current_count = current_count + 1
    print("Number", current_count)
    number = float(input("Enter a number: "))
    sum = sum + number

print("The average was:", sum / count)

This program will take several numbers then average them
How many numbers would you like to average: 2
Number 1
Enter a number: 3
Number 2
Enter a number: 5
The average was: 4.0

This program will take several numbers then average them
How many numbers would you like to average: 3
Number 1
Enter a number: 1
Number 2
Enter a number: 4
Number 3
Enter a number: 3
The average was: 2.66666666667

name = input('Your name: ')
if name == 'Ada':
    print('That is a nice name.')
elif name == 'John Cleese':
    print('... some funny text.')
elif name == 'Michael Palin':
    print('... some funny text.')
else:
    print('You have a nice name.')

number = 7
guess = -1
count = 0

print("Guess the number!")
while guess != number:
    guess = int(input("Is it... "))
    count = count + 1
    if guess == number:
        print("Hooray! You guessed it right!")
    elif guess < number:
        print("It's bigger...")
    elif guess > number:
        print("It's not so big.")

if count > 3:
    print("That must have been complicated.")
else:
    print("Good job!")

number1 = float(input('1st number: '))
number2 = float(input('2nd number: '))
if number1 + number2 > 100:
    print('That is a big number.')

import barobo
import time # So we can use time.sleep() later
dongle = barobo.Dongle()
dongle.connect()
myLinkbot = dongle.getLinkbot('abcd') # Replace abcd with your Linkbot's serial ID

while True: # This is an infinite loop. Get out by using the "break" statement
    command = input('Please enter a robot command or "quit" to exit the program: ')
    if command == 'forward':
        # Rotate the wheels 180 degrees to move the robot forward
        myLinkbot.move(180, 0, -180) # Motor 3 has to spin in the negative direction to move the robot forward
    elif command == 'backward':
        myLinkbot.move(-180, 0, 180)
    elif command == 'turnright':
        myLinkbot.move(180, 0, 180)
    elif command == 'turnleft':
        myLinkbot.move(-180, 0, -180)
    elif command == 'beep':
        myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(440)
        time.sleep(1)
        myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(0)
    elif command == 'quit':
        break
    else:
        print('I\'m sorry. I don\'t understand that command.')

print('Goodbye!')

import barobo
dongle = barobo.Dongle()
dongle.connect()
myLinkbot = dongle.getLinkbot('ABCD') # Replace 'ABCD' with your Linkbot's ID

myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(440)  # 1
time.sleep(0.25)                   # 2
myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(0)    # 3
time.sleep(0.25)                   # 4
myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(440)
time.sleep(0.25)
myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(0)
time.sleep(0.25)
myLinkbot.move(180, 0, -180)       # 5

myLinkbot.move(180, 0, -180)       # 1
myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(440)  # 2
time.sleep(0.25)                   
myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(0)    
time.sleep(0.25)                   
myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(440)
time.sleep(0.25)
myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(0)
time.sleep(0.25)

myLinkbot.moveNB(180, 0, -180)     # 1
myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(440)  # 2
time.sleep(0.25)                   
myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(0)    
time.sleep(0.25)                   
myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(440)
time.sleep(0.25)
myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(0)
time.sleep(0.25)

myLinkbot.moveNB(180, 0, -180)     # 1
myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(440)  # 2
time.sleep(0.25)                   
myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(0)    
time.sleep(0.25)                   
myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(440)
time.sleep(0.25)
myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(0)
time.sleep(0.25)
myLinkbot.moveWait()               # 3
myLinkbot.setLEDColor(0, 255, 0)   # 4

myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(440)
myLinkbot.setLEDColor(0, 255, 0)

import barobo
dongle = barobo.Dongle()
dongle.connect()
myLinkbot = dongle.getLinkbot('ABCD') # Change 'ABCD' to your Linkbot's Serial ID

myLinkbot.moveNB(360, 0, -360)    # Roll Forward
myLinkbot.setLEDColor(0, 255, 0)  # Set LED to green
myLinkbot.moveNB(-360, 0, 360)    # Roll Backward
myLinkbot.setLEDColor(255, 0, 0)  # Set the LED color to red

import barobo
dongle = barobo.Dongle()
dongle.connect()
myLinkbot = dongle.getLinkbot('ABCD') # Change 'ABCD' to your Linkbot's Serial ID

print("Moving forward...")
myLinkbot.moveNB(360, 0, -360)    # Roll Forward
print("Done. Setting LED to green...")
myLinkbot.setLEDColor(0, 255, 0)  # Set LED to green
print("Done. Moving backward...")
myLinkbot.moveNB(-360, 0, 360)    # Roll Backward
print("Done. Setting LED to red...")
myLinkbot.setLEDColor(255, 0, 0)  # Set the LED color to red
print("Done.")

Moving forward...
Done. Setting LED to green...
Done. Moving backward...
Done. Setting LED to red...
Done.

import barobo
dongle = barobo.Dongle()
dongle.connect()
myLinkbot = dongle.getLinkbot('ABCD') # Change 'ABCD' to your Linkbot's Serial ID

myLinkbot.moveNB(360, 0, -360)    # Roll Forward
myLinkbot.setLEDColor(0, 255, 0)  # Set LED to green
myLinkbot.moveWait()              # Wait until the robot is finished rolling forward
myLinkbot.moveNB(-360, 0, 360)    # Roll Backward
myLinkbot.setLEDColor(255, 0, 0)  # Set the LED color to red

a = 23
b = -23

if a < 0:
    a = -a
if b < 0:
    b = -b
if a == b:
    print("The absolute values of", a, "and", b, "are equal.")
else:
    print("The absolute values of", a, "and", b, "are different.")

The absolute values of 23 and 23 are equal.

a = 23
b = -23

def absolute_value(n):
    if n < 0:
        n = -n
    return n

if absolute_value(a) == absolute_value(b):
    print("The absolute values of", a, "and", b, "are equal.")
else:
    print("The absolute values of", a, "and", b, "are different.")

The absolute values of 23 and -23 are equal.

def hello():
    print("Hello")

def area(width, height):
    return width * height

def print_welcome(name):
    print("Welcome", name)

hello()
hello()

print_welcome("Fred")
w = 4
h = 5
print("width =", w, " height =", h, " area =", area(w, h))

Hello
Hello
Welcome Fred
width = 4  height = 5  area = 20

a = 4

def print_func():
    a = 17
    print("in print_func a = ", a)

print_func()
print("a = ", a)

in print_func a = 17
a = 4

a_var = 10
b_var = 15
e_var = 25

def a_func(a_var):
    print("in a_func a_var = ", a_var)
    b_var = 100 + a_var
    d_var = 2 * a_var
    print("in a_func b_var = ", b_var)
    print("in a_func d_var = ", d_var)
    print("in a_func e_var = ", e_var)
    return b_var + 10

c_var = a_func(b_var)

print("a_var = ", a_var)
print("b_var = ", b_var)
print("c_var = ", c_var)
print("d_var = ", d_var)

 in a_func a_var =  15
 in a_func b_var =  115
 in a_func d_var =  30
 in a_func e_var =  25
 a_var =  10
 b_var =  15
 c_var =  125
 d_var = 

 Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\def2.py", line 19, in <module>
    print("d_var = ", d_var)
NameError: name 'd_var' is not defined

driveDistance(myLinkbot, 10) # Drive a wheeled Linkbot 10 inches forward

import barobo
import math # So that we can use math.pi
dongle = barobo.Dongle()
dongle.connect() 
myLinkbot = dongle.getLinkbot('abcd') # Change abcd to your Linkbot's serial ID

def driveDistance(linkbot, distance):
    r = 3.5 / 2 # If you have a wheel that's not 3.5 inches in diameter, change "3.5" to the diameter of your wheel
    degrees = (360) / (2 * math.pi * r) * distance
    linkbot.move(degrees, 0, -degrees)

driveDistance(myLinkbot, 10) # Drives the Linkbot 10 inches forward
driveDistance(myLinkbot, -5) # Drives the Linkbot 5 inches backward

#! /usr/bin/python
#-*-coding: utf-8 -*-
# converts temperature to Fahrenheit or Celsius

def print_options():
    print("Options:")
    print(" 'p' print options")
    print(" 'c' convert from Celsius")
    print(" 'f' convert from Fahrenheit")
    print(" 'q' quit the program")

def celsius_to_fahrenheit(c_temp):
    return 9.0 / 5.0 * c_temp + 32

def fahrenheit_to_celsius(f_temp):
    return (f_temp - 32.0) * 5.0 / 9.0

choice = "p"
while choice != "q":
    if choice == "c":
        c_temp = float(input("Celsius temperature: "))
        print("Fahrenheit:", celsius_to_fahrenheit(c_temp))
        choice = input("option: ")
    elif choice == "f":
        f_temp = float(input("Fahrenheit temperature: "))
        print("Celsius:", fahrenheit_to_celsius(f_temp))
        choice = input("option: ")
    elif choice == "p": #Alternatively choice != "q": so that print when anything unexpected inputed
        print_options()
        choice = input("option: ")

Options:
 'p' print options
 'c' convert from Celsius
 'f' convert from Fahrenheit
 'q' quit the program
option: c
Celsius temperature: 30 
Fahrenheit: 86.0
option: f
Fahrenheit temperature: 60
Celsius: 15.5555555556
option: q

#! /usr/bin/python
#-*-coding: utf-8 -*-
# calculates a given rectangle area

def hello():
    print('Hello!')

def area(width, height):
    return width * height

def print_welcome(name):
    print('Welcome,', name)

def positive_input(prompt):
    number = float(input(prompt))
    while number <= 0:
        print('Must be a positive number')
        number = float(input(prompt))
    return number

name = input('Your Name: ')
hello()
print_welcome(name)
print()
print('To find the area of a rectangle,')
print('enter the width and height below.')
print()
w = positive_input('Width: ')
h = positive_input('Height: ')

print('Width =', w, ' Height =', h, ' so Area =', area(w, h))

Your Name: Josh
Hello!
Welcome, Josh

To find the area of a rectangle,
enter the width and height below.

Width: -4
Must be a positive number
Width: 4
Height: 3
Width = 4  Height = 3  so Area = 12

def square(side):
    return side * side

def rectangle(width , height):
    return width * height

def circle(radius):
    return 3.14159 * radius ** 2

def options():
    print()
    print("Options:")
    print("s = calculate the area of a square.")
    print("c = calculate the area of a circle.")
    print("r = calculate the area of a rectangle.")
    print("q = quit")
    print()

print("This program will calculate the area of a square, circle or rectangle.")
choice = "x"
options()
while choice != "q":
    choice = input("Please enter your choice: ")
    if choice == "s":
        side = float(input("Length of square side: "))
        print("The area of this square is", square(side))
        options()
    elif choice == "c":
        radius = float(input("Radius of the circle: "))
        print("The area of the circle is", circle(radius))
        options()
    elif choice == "r":
        width = float(input("Width of the rectangle: "))
        height = float(input("Height of the rectangle: "))
        print("The area of the rectangle is", rectangle(width, height))
        options()
    elif choice == "q":
        print(" ",end="")
    else:
        print("Unrecognized option.")
        options()

def mult(a, b):
    if b == 0:
        return 0
    rest = mult(a, b - 1)
    value = a + rest
    return value
print("3 * 2 = ", mult(3, 2))

def mult(a, b):
    if b == 0:
        return 0
    rest = mult(a, b - 1)
    value = a + rest
    return value

3 * 2
3 + 3 * 1
3 + 3 + 3 * 0
3 + 3 + 0
3 + 3
6

#defines a function that calculates the factorial

def factorial(n):
    if n <= 1:
        return 1
    return n * factorial(n - 1)

print("2! =", factorial(2))
print("3! =", factorial(3))
print("4! =", factorial(4))
print("5! =", factorial(5))

2! = 2
3! = 6
4! = 24
5! = 120

def count_down(n):
    print(n)
    if n > 0:
        return count_down(n-1)

count_down(5)

5
4
3
2
1
0

which_one = int(input("What month (1-12)? "))
months = ['January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July',
          'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December']

if 1 <= which_one <= 12:
    print("The month is", months[which_one - 1])

What month (1-12)? 3
The month is March

demolist = ["life", 42, "the universe", 6, "and", 9]
print("demolist = ",demolist)
demolist.append("everything")
print("after 'everything' was appended demolist is now:")
print(demolist)
print("len(demolist) =", len(demolist))
print("demolist.index(42) =", demolist.index(42))
print("demolist[1] =", demolist[1])

# Next we will loop through the list
for c in range(len(demolist)):
    print("demolist[", c, "] =", demolist[c])

del demolist[2]
print("After 'the universe' was removed demolist is now:")
print(demolist)
if "life" in demolist:
    print("'life' was found in demolist")
else:
    print("'life' was not found in demolist")

if "amoeba" in demolist:
    print("'amoeba' was found in demolist")

if "amoeba" not in demolist:
    print("'amoeba' was not found in demolist")

another_list = [42,7,0,123]
another_list.sort()
print("The sorted another_list is", another_list)

demolist =  ['life', 42, 'the universe', 6, 'and', 9]
after 'everything' was appended demolist is now:
['life', 42, 'the universe', 6, 'and', 9, 'everything']
len(demolist) = 7
demolist.index(42) = 1
demolist[1] = 42
demolist[ 0 ] = life
demolist[ 1 ] = 42
demolist[ 2 ] = the universe
demolist[ 3 ] = 6
demolist[ 4 ] = and
demolist[ 5 ] = 9
demolist[ 6 ] = everything
After 'the universe' was removed demolist is now:
['life', 42, 6, 'and', 9, 'everything']
'life' was found in demolist
'amoeba' was not found in demolist
The sorted another_list is [0, 7, 42, 123]

for c in range(len(demolist)):
    print('demolist[', c, '] =', demolist[c])

for c, x in enumerate(demolist):
    print("demolist[", c, "] =", x)

"value"
menu_item = 0
namelist = []
while menu_item != 9:
    print("--------------------")
    print("1. Print the list")
    print("2. Add a name to the list")
    print("3. Remove a name from the list")
    print("4. Change an item in the list")
    print("9. Quit")
    menu_item = int(input("Pick an item from the menu: "))
    if menu_item == 1:
        current = 0
        if len(namelist) > 0:
            while current < len(namelist):
                print(current, ".", namelist[current])
                current = current + 1
        else:
            print("List is empty")
    elif menu_item == 2:
        name = input("Type in a name to add: ")
        namelist.append(name)
    elif menu_item == 3:
        del_name = input("What name would you like to remove: ")
        if del_name in namelist:
            # namelist.remove(del_name) would work just as fine
            item_number = namelist.index(del_name)
            del namelist[item_number]
            # The code above only removes the first occurrence of
            # the name.  The code below from Gerald removes all.
            # while del_name in namelist:
            #       item_number = namelist.index(del_name)
            #       del namelist[item_number]
        else:
            print(del_name, "was not found")
    elif menu_item == 4:
        old_name = input("What name would you like to change: ")
        if old_name in namelist:
            item_number = namelist.index(old_name)
            new_name = input("What is the new name: ")
            namelist[item_number] = new_name
        else:
            print(old_name, "was not found")

print("Goodbye")

--------------------
1. Print the list
2. Add a name to the list
3. Remove a name from the list
4. Change an item in the list
9. Quit

Pick an item from the menu: 2
Type in a name to add: Jack

Pick an item from the menu: 2
Type in a name to add: Jill

Pick an item from the menu: 1
0 . Jack
1 . Jill

Pick an item from the menu: 3
What name would you like to remove: Jack

Pick an item from the menu: 4
What name would you like to change: Jill
What is the new name: Jill Peters

Pick an item from the menu: 1
0 . Jill Peters

Pick an item from the menu: 9
Goodbye

current = 0
if len(namelist) > 0:
    while current < len(namelist):
        print(current, ".", namelist[current])
        current = current + 1
else:
    print("List is empty")

item_number = namelist.index(del_name)
del namelist[item_number]

old_name = input("What name would you like to change: ")
if old_name in namelist:
    item_number = namelist.index(old_name)
    new_name = input("What is the new name: ")
    namelist[item_number] = new_name
else:
   print(old_name, "was not found")

## This program runs a test of knowledge

# First get the test questions
# Later this will be modified to use file io.
def get_questions():
    # notice how the data is stored as a list of lists
    return [["What color is the daytime sky on a clear day? ", "blue"],
            ["What is the answer to life, the universe and everything? ", "42"],
            ["What is a three letter word for mouse trap? ", "cat"]]

# This will test a single question
# it takes a single question in
# it returns True if the user typed the correct answer, otherwise False

def check_question(question_and_answer):
    # extract the question and the answer from the list
    # This function takes a list with two elements, a question and an answer.  
    question = question_and_answer[0]   
    answer = question_and_answer[1]
    # give the question to the user
    given_answer = input(question)
    # compare the user's answer to the tester's answer
    if answer == given_answer:
        print("Correct")
        return True
    else:
        print("Incorrect, correct was:", answer)
        return False

# This will run through all the questions
def run_test(questions):
    if len(questions) == 0:
        print("No questions were given.")
        # the return exits the function
        return
    index = 0
    right = 0
    while index < len(questions):
        # Check the question
        #Note that this is extracting a question and answer list from the list of lists.
        if check_question(questions[index]): 
            right = right + 1
        # go to the next question
        index = index + 1
    # notice the order of the computation, first multiply, then divide
    print("You got", right * 100 / len(questions),\
           "% right out of", len(questions))

# now let's get the questions from the get_questions function, and
# send the returned list of lists as an argument to the run_test function.

run_test(get_questions())

What color is the daytime sky on a clear day? green
Incorrect, correct was: blue
What is the answer to life, the universe and everything? 42
Correct
What is a three letter word for mouse trap? cat
Correct
You got 66 % right out of 3

import barobo
dongle = barobo.Dongle()
dongle.connect()
robot = dongle.getLinkbot('6wbn') # Replace '6wbn' with the serial ID on your Linkbot
import time     # Need to "import time" so we can use time.sleep()
myNotes = [44, 42, 40, 42, 44, 44, 44] # Put some notes into a list
t=0.5             # Set a value to be used for the duration of the note
for i in myNotes:         # Select which keys on a piano keyboard to use for the tones
    k=pow(2,(i-49)/12)*440      # Determines the frequency of the note to be played
    robot.setBuzzerFrequency(k) # Directs the Linkbot to play this frequency   
    time.sleep(t)               # Pauses the program while the note is played
    robot.setBuzzerFrequency(0) # Turns off the piezo speaker at the end of each note

## This program runs a test of knowledge

questions = [["What color is the daytime sky on a clear day? ", "blue"],
             ["What is the answer to life, the universe and everything? ", "42"],
             ["What is a three letter word for mouse trap? ", "cat"],
             ["What noise does a truly advanced machine make?", "ping"]]

# This will test a single question
# it takes a single question in
# it returns True if the user typed the correct answer, otherwise False

def check_question(question_and_answer):
    # extract the question and the answer from the list
    question = question_and_answer[0]
    answer = question_and_answer[1]
    # give the question to the user
    given_answer = input(question)
    # compare the user's answer to the testers answer
    if answer == given_answer:
        print("Correct")
        return True
    else:
        print("Incorrect, correct was:", answer)
        return False

# This will run through all the questions

def run_test(questions):

    if len(questions) == 0:
        print("No questions were given.")
        # the return exits the function
        return
    index = 0
    right = 0
    while index < len(questions):
        # Check the question
        if check_question(questions[index]):
            right = right + 1
        # go to the next question
        index = index + 1
    # notice the order of the computation, first multiply, then divide
    print("You got", right * 100 / len(questions),
           "% right out of", len(questions))

#showing a list of questions and answers
def showquestions():
    q = 0
    while q < len(questions):
        a = 0
        print("Q:" , questions[q][a])
        a = 1
        print("A:" , questions[q][a])
        q = q + 1

# now let's define the menu function
def menu():
    print("-----------------")
    print("Menu:")
    print("1 - Take the test")
    print("2 - View a list of questions and answers")
    print("3 - View the menu")
    print("5 - Quit")
    print("-----------------")

choice = "3"
while choice != "5":
    if choice == "1":
        run_test(questions)
    elif choice == "2":
        showquestions()
    elif choice == "3":
        menu()
    print()
    choice = input("Choose your option from the menu above: ")

onetoten = range(1, 11)
for count in onetoten:
    print(count)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

for count in range(1, 11):
    print(count)

>>> range(1, 10)
range(1, 10)
>>> list(range(1, 10))
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> list(range(-32, -20))
[-32, -31, -30, -29, -28, -27, -26, -25, -24, -23, -22, -21]
>>> list(range(5,21))
[5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]
>>> list(range(5))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> list(range(21, 5))
[]

demolist = ['life', 42, 'the universe', 6, 'and', 7, 'everything']
for item in demolist:
    print("The current item is:",item)

The current item is: life
The current item is: 42
The current item is: the universe
The current item is: 6
The current item is: and
The current item is: 7
The current item is: everything

list = [2, 4, 6, 8]
sum = 0
for num in list:
    sum = sum + num

print("The sum is:", sum)

list = [4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 1, 0, 7, 10]
list.sort()
prev = None
for item in list:
    if prev == item:
        print("Duplicate of", prev, "found")
    prev = item

Duplicate of 7 found

l = [4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 1, 0, 7, 10]
print("l = [4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 1, 0, 7, 10]", "\t\tl:", l)
l.sort()
print("l.sort()", "\t\tl:", l)
prev = l[0]
print("prev = l[0]", "\t\tprev:", prev)
del l[0]
print("del l[0]", "\t\tl:", l)
for item in l:
    if prev == item:
        print("Duplicate of", prev, "found")
    print("if prev == item:", "\t\tprev:", prev, "\titem:", item)
    prev = item
    print("prev = item", "\t\tprev:", prev, "\titem:", item)

l = [4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 1, 0, 7, 10]        l: [4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 1, 0, 7, 10]
l.sort()                l: [0, 1, 4, 5, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10]
prev = l[0]             prev: 0
del l[0]                l: [1, 4, 5, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10]
if prev == item:        prev: 0         item: 1
prev = item             prev: 1         item: 1
if prev == item:        prev: 1         item: 4
prev = item             prev: 4         item: 4
if prev == item:        prev: 4         item: 5
prev = item             prev: 5         item: 5
if prev == item:        prev: 5         item: 7
prev = item             prev: 7         item: 7
Duplicate of 7 found
if prev == item:        prev: 7         item: 7
prev = item             prev: 7         item: 7
if prev == item:        prev: 7         item: 8
prev = item             prev: 8         item: 8
if prev == item:        prev: 8         item: 9
prev = item             prev: 9         item: 9
if prev == item:        prev: 9         item: 10
prev = item             prev: 10        item: 10

a = 1
b = 1
for c in range(1, 10):
    print(a, end=" ")
    n = a + b
    a = b
    b = n

1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

import barobo
dongle = barobo.Dongle()
dongle.connect()
robot = dongle.getLinkbot('6wbn') # Replace '6wbn' with the serial ID on your Linkbot
import time     # For time.sleep()
t=1             # Set a value to be used for the duration of the note
for i in range (33,43):         # Select which keys on a piano keyboard to use for the tones
    k=pow(2,(i-49)/12)*440      # Determines the frequency of the note to be played
    robot.setBuzzerFrequency(k) # Directs the Linkbot to play this frequency   
    time.sleep(t)               # Pauses the program while the note is played

robot.setBuzzerFrequency(0)     # Turns off the piezo speaker at the end of the program

a = 6
b = 7
c = 42
print(1, a == 6)
print(2, a == 7)
print(3, a == 6 and b == 7)
print(4, a == 7 and b == 7)
print(5, not a == 7 and b == 7)
print(6, a == 7 or b == 7)
print(7, a == 7 or b == 6)
print(8, not (a == 7 and b == 6))
print(9, not a == 7 and b == 6)

1 True
2 False
3 True
4 False
5 True
6 True
7 False
8 True
9 False

print(1, a == 6)
print(2, a == 7)

list = ["Life", "The Universe", "Everything", "Jack", "Jill", "Life", "Jill"]

# make a copy of the list. See the More on Lists chapter to explain what [:] means.
copy = list[:]
# sort the copy
copy.sort()
prev = copy[0]
del copy[0]

count = 0

# go through the list searching for a match
while count < len(copy) and copy[count] != prev:
    prev = copy[count]
    count = count + 1

# If a match was not found then count can't be < len
# since the while loop continues while count is < len
# and no match is found

if count < len(copy):
    print("First Match:", prev)

First Match: Jill

>>> 'a' == ('a' or 'b')
>>> 'b' == ('a' or 'b')
>>> 'a' == ('a' and 'b')
>>> 'b' == ('a' and 'b')

>>> 'a' == ('a' or 'b')
True
>>> 'b' == ('a' or 'b')
False
>>> 'a' == ('a' and 'b')
False 
>>> 'b' == ('a' and 'b')
True

>>> 'a' == ('a' or 'b')  # Look at parentheses first, so evaluate expression "('a' or 'b')"
                           # 'a' is a nonempty string, so the first value is True
                           # Return that first value: 'a'
>>> 'a' == 'a'           # the string 'a' is equivalent to the string 'a', so expression is True
True

>>> 'b' == ('a' or 'b')  # Look at parentheses first, so evaluate expression "('a' or 'b')"
                           # 'a' is a nonempty string, so the first value is True
                           # Return that first value: 'a'
>>> 'b' == 'a'           # the string 'b' is not equivalent to the string 'a', so expression is False
False 

>>> 'a' == ('a' and 'b') # Look at parentheses first, so evaluate expression "('a' and 'b')"
                           # 'a' is a nonempty string, so the first value is True, examine second value
                           # 'b' is a nonempty string, so second value is True
                           # Return that second value as result of whole expression: 'b'
>>> 'a' == 'b'           # the string 'a' is not equivalent to the string 'b', so expression is False
False

>>> 'b' == ('a' and 'b') # Look at parentheses first, so evaluate expression "('a' and 'b')"
                           # 'a' is a nonempty string, so the first value is True, examine second value
                           # 'b' is a nonempty string, so second value is True
                           # Return that second value as result of whole expression: 'b'
>>> 'b' == 'b'           # the string 'b' is equivalent to the string 'b', so expression is True
True 

>>> 'a' == 'a' or 'a' == 'b' 
True
>>> 'b' == 'a' or 'b' == 'b' 
True
>>> 'a' == 'a' and 'a' == 'b' 
False
>>> 'b' == 'a' and 'b' == 'b' 
False

import barobo
dongle = barobo.Dongle()
dongle.connect()
myLinkbot = dongle.getLinkbot()

accel = myLinkbot.getAccelerometerData()
print(accel)

[0.005859375, -0.1005859375, 0.9755859375]

import math  # for math.sqrt(), the square-root function

def accelMag(accel):
    return math.sqrt( accel[0]**2 + accel[1]**2 + accel[2]**2 )

import barobo
dongle = barobo.Dongle()
dongle.connect()
myLinkbot = dongle.getLinkbot('ABCD')  # Replace 'ABCD' with your Linkbot's Serial ID

accel = myLinkbot.getAccelerometerData()  # Get the accel values
print(accel)            # print accel values
print(accelMag(accel))  # print total magnitude of accel values

[0.0078125, -0.1015625, 0.974609375]
0.9799180631054775

[0.72265625, -0.6875, -0.0244140625]
0.997739621400201

import math  # for math.sqrt()                                                                      

def accelMag(accel):                                                             
    return math.sqrt( accel[0]**2 + accel[1]**2 + accel[2]**2 )                  

import barobo                                                                    
import time  # for time.sleep()                                                                      
dongle = barobo.Dongle()                                                         
dongle.connect()                                                                 
myLinkbot = dongle.getLinkbot('ABCD')  # Replace 'ABCD' with your Linkbot's Serial ID                                                 

print('Gently toss your Linkbot into the air. Type Ctrl-C to quit the program.') 

while True:                                                                      
    accel = myLinkbot.getAccelerometerData()                                     
    if accelMag(accel) < 0.2:                 # 1                                    
        myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(440)     # 2                                   
        print('Wheeee!')                                                         
        time.sleep(1)                                                            
        myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(0)

## This program asks a user for a name and a password.
# It then checks them to make sure that the user is allowed in.

name = input("What is your name? ")
password = input("What is the password? ")
if name == "Josh" and password == "Friday":
    print("Welcome Josh")
elif name == "Fred" and password == "Rock":
    print("Welcome Fred")
else:
    print("I don't know you.")

What is your name? Josh
What is the password? Friday
Welcome Josh

What is your name? Bill
What is the password? Money
I don't know you.

print("Try to guess my name!")
count = 1
name = "guilherme"
guess = input("What is my name? ")
while count < 3 and guess.lower() != name:    # .lower allows things like Guilherme to still match
    print("You are wrong!")
    guess = input("What is my name? ")
    count = count + 1

if guess.lower() != name:
    print("You are wrong!") # this message isn't printed in the third chance, so we print it now
    print("You ran out of chances.")
else:
    print("Yes! My name is", name + "!")

import math                                                                      

def accelMag(accel):                                                             
    return math.sqrt( accel[0]**2 + accel[1]**2 + accel[2]**2 )                  

import barobo                                                                    
import time  # For time.sleep()                                                                      
dongle = barobo.Dongle()                                                         
dongle.connect()                                                                 
myLinkbot = dongle.getLinkbot('ABCD')  # Change 'ABCD' to your Linkbot's Serial ID                                               

print('Shake or bump your Linkbot. Type Ctrl-C to quit the program.') 

while True:                                                                      
    accel = myLinkbot.getAccelerometerData()                                     
    if accelMag(accel) > 2:                                                
        myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(440)                                      
        print('Ow!')                                                         
        time.sleep(1)                                                            
        myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(0)

def print_menu():
    print('1. Print Phone Numbers')
    print('2. Add a Phone Number')
    print('3. Remove a Phone Number')
    print('4. Lookup a Phone Number')
    print('5. Quit')
    print()

numbers = {}
menu_choice = 0
print_menu()
while menu_choice != 5:
    menu_choice = int(input("Type in a number (1-5): "))
    if menu_choice == 1:
        print("Telephone Numbers:")
        for x in numbers.keys():
            print("Name: ", x, "\tNumber:", numbers[x])
        print()
    elif menu_choice == 2:
        print("Add Name and Number")
        name = input("Name: ")
        phone = input("Number: ")
        numbers[name] = phone
    elif menu_choice == 3:
        print("Remove Name and Number")
        name = input("Name: ")
        if name in numbers:
            del numbers[name]
        else:
            print(name, "was not found")
    elif menu_choice == 4:
        print("Lookup Number")
        name = input("Name: ")
        if name in numbers:
            print("The number is", numbers[name])
        else:
            print(name, "was not found")
    elif menu_choice != 5:
        print_menu()

1. Print Phone Numbers
2. Add a Phone Number
3. Remove a Phone Number
4. Lookup a Phone Number
5. Quit

Type in a number (1-5): 2
Add Name and Number
Name: Joe
Number: 545-4464
Type in a number (1-5): 2
Add Name and Number
Name: Jill
Number: 979-4654
Type in a number (1-5): 2
Add Name and Number
Name: Fred
Number: 132-9874
Type in a number (1-5): 1
Telephone Numbers:
Name: Jill     Number: 979-4654
Name: Joe      Number: 545-4464
Name: Fred     Number: 132-9874

Type in a number (1-5): 4
Lookup Number
Name: Joe
The number is 545-4464
Type in a number (1-5): 3
Remove Name and Number
Name: Fred
Type in a number (1-5): 1
Telephone Numbers:
Name: Jill     Number: 979-4654
Name: Joe      Number: 545-4464

Type in a number (1-5): 5

for x in numbers.keys():
    print "Name:", x, "\tNumber:", numbers[x]

if name in numbers:
    del numbers[name]

if name in numbers:
    print("The number is", numbers[name])

max_points = [25, 25, 50, 25, 100]
assignments = ['hw ch 1', 'hw ch 2', 'quiz   ', 'hw ch 3', 'test']
students = {'#Max': max_points}

def print_menu():
    print("1. Add student")
    print("2. Remove student")
    print("3. Print grades")
    print("4. Record grade")
    print("5. Print Menu")
    print("6. Exit")

def print_all_grades():
    print('\t', end=' ')
    for i in range(len(assignments)):
        print(assignments[i], '\t', end=' ')
    print()
    keys = list(students.keys())
    keys.sort()
    for x in keys:
        print(x, '\t', end=' ')
        grades = students[x]
        print_grades(grades)

def print_grades(grades):
    for i in range(len(grades)):
        print(grades[i], '\t', end=' ')
    print()

print_menu()
menu_choice = 0
while menu_choice != 6:
    print()
    menu_choice = int(input("Menu Choice (1-6): "))
    if menu_choice == 1:
        name = input("Student to add: ")
        students[name] = [0] * len(max_points)
    elif menu_choice == 2:
        name = input("Student to remove: ")
        if name in students:
            del students[name]
        else:
            print("Student:", name, "not found")
    elif menu_choice == 3:
        print_all_grades()
    elif menu_choice == 4:
        print("Record Grade")
        name = input("Student: ")
        if name in students:
            grades = students[name]
            print("Type in the number of the grade to record")
            print("Type a 0 (zero) to exit")
            for i in range(len(assignments)):
                print(i + 1, assignments[i], '\t', end=' ')
            print()
            print_grades(grades)
            which = 1234
            while which != -1:
                which = int(input("Change which Grade: "))
                which -= 1    #same as which = which - 1
                if 0 <= which < len(grades):
                    grade = int(input("Grade: "))
                    grades[which] = grade
                elif which != -1:
                    print("Invalid Grade Number")
        else:
            print("Student not found")
    elif menu_choice != 6:
        print_menu()

1. Add student
2. Remove student
3. Print grades
4. Record grade
5. Print Menu
6. Exit

Menu Choice (1-6): 3
       hw ch 1         hw ch 2         quiz            hw ch 3         test 
#Max    25              25              50              25              100 

Menu Choice (1-6): 5
1. Add student
2. Remove student
3. Print grades
4. Record grade
5. Print Menu
6. Exit

Menu Choice (1-6): 1
Student to add: Bill

Menu Choice (1-6): 4
Record Grade
Student: Bill
Type in the number of the grade to record
Type a 0 (zero) to exit
1   hw ch 1     2   hw ch 2     3   quiz        4   hw ch 3     5   test 
0               0               0               0               0 
Change which Grade: 1
Grade: 25
Change which Grade: 2
Grade: 24
Change which Grade: 3
Grade: 45
Change which Grade: 4
Grade: 23
Change which Grade: 5
Grade: 95
Change which Grade: 0

Menu Choice (1-6): 3
       hw ch 1         hw ch 2         quiz            hw ch 3         test 
#Max    25              25              50              25              100
Bill    25              24              45              23              95 

Menu Choice (1-6): 6

def print_all_grades():
    print('\t',end=" ")
    for i in range(len(assignments)):
        print(assignments[i], '\t',end=" ")
    print()
    keys = list(students.keys())
    keys.sort()
    for x in keys:
        print(x, '\t',end=' ')
        grades = students[x]
        print_grades(grades)

import time  # for time.sleep()                                                  
import barobo                                                                    
dongle = barobo.Dongle()                                                         
dongle.connect()                                                                 
myLinkbot = dongle.getLinkbot('ABCD')  # Replace 'ABCD' with your Linkbot's ID   

def playNote(linkbot, note):  # 1                                                
    notes = { 'Do' : 261.63,  # 2                                                    
              'Re' : 293.66,                                                     
              'Mi' : 329.63,                                                     
              'Fa' : 349.23,                                                     
              'Sol': 392.00,                                                     
              'La' : 440,                                                        
              'Ti' : 493.88 }                                                    
    linkbot.setBuzzerFrequency( notes[note] )                                    
    time.sleep(0.5)                                                              
    linkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(0)                                                

mySong = [         # 3                                                           
    'Do', 'Do',                                                                  
    'Sol', 'Sol',                                                                
    'La', 'La',                                                                  
    'Sol', 'Sol',                                                                
    'Fa', 'Fa',                                                                  
    'Mi', 'Mi',                                                                  
    'Re', 'Re',                                                                  
    'Do', 'Do',                                                                  
    ]                                                                            

for note in mySong:  # 4                                                         
    playNote(myLinkbot, note)

import calendar
year = int(input("Type in the year number: "))
calendar.prcal(year)

Type in the year number: 2001

                                 2001                                  

       January                  February                    March      

Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su      Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su      Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
1  2  3  4  5  6  7                1  2  3  4                1  2  3  4     
8  9 10 11 12 13 14       5  6  7  8  9 10 11       5  6  7  8  9 10 11
15 16 17 18 19 20 21      12 13 14 15 16 17 18      12 13 14 15 16 17 18     
22 23 24 25 26 27 28      19 20 21 22 23 24 25      19 20 21 22 23 24 25     
29 30 31                  26 27 28                  26 27 28 29 30 31        

from calendar import prcal

year = int(input("Type in the year number: "))
prcal(year)

from time import time, ctime

prev_time = ""
while True:
    the_time = ctime(time())
    if prev_time != the_time:
        print("The time is:", ctime(time()))
        prev_time = the_time

The time is: Sun Aug 20 13:40:04 2000
The time is: Sun Aug 20 13:40:05 2000
The time is: Sun Aug 20 13:40:06 2000
The time is: Sun Aug 20 13:40:07 2000

Traceback (innermost last):
 File "clock.py", line 5, in ?
    the_time = ctime(time())

KeyboardInterrupt

import barobo   #imports the module with the Linkbot commands
import time     #imports the module to use time.sleep
import random   #imports a random integer generator

dongle = barobo.Dongle()     #this block uses the 'barobo' module to connect the Linkbot
dongle.connect()             #and the dongle that is plugged into the computer
robotID = input('Enter robot ID: ') #prompts user to enter Linkbot ID
robot = dongle.getLinkbot(robotID) 

def callback(mask, buttons, data):
    if buttons & 0x02:
        robot.setLEDColor(           #calls setLEDColor from 'barobo' module
            random.randint(0, 255),  #uses the 'random' integer generator from
            random.randint(0, 255),  #the random module to set colors
            random.randint(0, 255)
            )

robot.enableButtonCallback(callback)
while True:
    time.sleep(1)   #uses the 'time' module to call time.sleep command

from random import randint
number = randint(0, 99)
guess = -1
while guess != number: 
    guess = int(input ("Guess a number: "))
    if guess > number:
        print("Too high")
    elif guess < number:
            print("Too low")
print("Just right")

>>> some_numbers = ['zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five']
>>> some_numbers[0]
'zero'
>>> some_numbers[4]
'four'
>>> some_numbers[5]
'five'

>>> some_numbers[len(some_numbers) - 1]
'five'
>>> some_numbers[len(some_numbers) - 2]
'four'
>>> some_numbers[-1]
'five'
>>> some_numbers[-2]
'four'
>>> some_numbers[-6]
'zero'

>>> things = [0, 'Fred', 2, 'S.P.A.M.', 'Stocking', 42, "Jack", "Jill"]
>>> things[0]
0
>>> things[7]
'Jill'
>>> things[0:8]
[0, 'Fred', 2, 'S.P.A.M.', 'Stocking', 42, 'Jack', 'Jill']
>>> things[2:4]
[2, 'S.P.A.M.']
>>> things[4:7]
['Stocking', 42, 'Jack']
>>> things[1:5]
['Fred', 2, 'S.P.A.M.', 'Stocking']

>>> things[-4:-2]
['Stocking', 42]
>>> things[-4]
'Stocking'
>>> things[-4:6]
['Stocking', 42]

>>> things[:2]
[0, 'Fred']
>>> things[-2:]
['Jack', 'Jill']
>>> things[:3]
[0, 'Fred', 2]
>>> things[:-5]
[0, 'Fred', 2]

poem = ["<B>", "Jack", "and", "Jill", "</B>", "went", "up", "the",
        "hill", "to", "<B>", "fetch", "a", "pail", "of", "</B>",
        "water.", "Jack", "fell", "<B>", "down", "and", "broke",
        "</B>", "his", "crown", "and", "<B>", "Jill", "came",
        "</B>", "tumbling", "after"]

def get_bolds(text):
    true = 1
    false = 0
    ## is_bold tells whether or not we are currently looking at 
    ## a bold section of text.
    is_bold = false
    ## start_block is the index of the start of either an unbolded 
    ## segment of text or a bolded segment.
    start_block = 0
    for index in range(len(text)):
        ## Handle a starting of bold text
        if text[index] == "<B>":
            if is_bold:
                print("Error: Extra Bold")
            ## print "Not Bold:", text[start_block:index]
            is_bold = true
            start_block = index + 1
        ## Handle end of bold text
        ## Remember that the last number in a slice is the index 
        ## after the last index used.
        if text[index] == "</B>":
            if not is_bold:
                print("Error: Extra Close Bold")
            print("Bold [", start_block, ":", index, "]", text[start_block:index])
            is_bold = false
            start_block = index + 1

get_bolds(poem)

Bold [ 1 : 4 ] ['Jack', 'and', 'Jill']
Bold [ 11 : 15 ] ['fetch', 'a', 'pail', 'of']
Bold [ 20 : 23 ] ['down', 'and', 'broke']
Bold [ 28 : 30 ] ['Jill', 'came']

>>> a = [1, 2, 3]
>>> b = a
>>> print(b)
[1, 2, 3]
>>> b[1] = 10
>>> print(b)
[1, 10, 3]
>>> print(a)
[1, 10, 3]

>>> a = [1, 2, 3]
>>> b = a * 2
>>> print(a)
[1, 2, 3]
>>> print(b)
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
>>> a[1] = 10
>>> print(a)
[1, 10, 3]
>>> print(b)
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]

>>> a = [1, 2, 3]
>>> b = a[:]
>>> b[1] = 10
>>> print(a)
[1, 2, 3]
>>> print(b)
[1, 10, 3]

>>> import copy
>>> a = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
>>> b = a[:]
>>> c = copy.deepcopy(a)
>>> b[0][1] = 10
>>> c[1][1] = 12
>>> print(a)
[[1, 10, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
>>> print(b)
[[1, 10, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
>>> print(c)
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 12, 6]]

def shout(string):
    for character in string:
        print("Gimme a " + character)
        print("'" + character + "'")

shout("Lose")

def middle(string):
    print("The middle character is:", string[len(string) // 2])

middle("abcdefg")
middle("The Python Programming Language")
middle("Atlanta")

Gimme a L
'L'
Gimme a o
'o'
Gimme a s
's'
Gimme a e
'e'
The middle character is: d
The middle character is: r
The middle character is: a

def to_upper(string):
    ## Converts a string to upper case
    upper_case = ""
    for character in string:
        if 'a' <= character <= 'z':
            location = ord(character) - ord('a')
            new_ascii = location + ord('A')
            character = chr(new_ascii)
        upper_case = upper_case + character
    return upper_case

print(to_upper("This is Text"))

THIS IS TEXT

>>> # Integer to String
>>> 2
2
>>> repr(2)
'2'
>>> -123
-123
>>> repr(-123)
'-123'
>>> # String to Integer
>>> "23"
'23'
>>> int("23")
23
>>> "23" * 2
'2323'
>>> int("23") * 2
46
>>> # Float to String
>>> 1.23
1.23
>>> repr(1.23)
'1.23'
>>> # Float to Integer
>>> 1.23
1.23
>>> int(1.23)
1
>>> int(-1.23)
-1
>>> # String to Float
>>> float("1.23")
1.23
>>> "1.23" 
'1.23'
>>> float("123")
123.0

>>> repr(1)
'1'
>>> repr(234.14)
'234.14'
>>> repr([4, 42, 10])
'[4, 42, 10]'

>>> v = eval('123')
>>> print(v, type(v))
123 <type 'int'>
>>> v = eval('645.123')
>>> print(v, type(v))
645.123 <type 'float'>
>>> v = eval('[1, 2, 3]')
>>> print(v, type(v))
[1, 2, 3] <type 'list'>

>>> "This is a bunch of words".split()
['This', 'is', 'a', 'bunch', 'of', 'words']
>>> text = "First batch, second batch, third, fourth"
>>> text.split(",")
['First batch', ' second batch', ' third', ' fourth']

>>> list = text.split(",")
>>> len(list)
4
>>> list[-1]
' fourth'
>>> list = text.split(",", 2)
>>> len(list)
3
>>> list[-1]
' third, fourth'

[]
-0 == 0
text[1:4]
text
TRI
text[:5]
STRIN
first_index
last_index
text[:-1]
text[:5]
text[2]
R
text[:]
text[::-1]
text
STRING
GNIRTS
# This program requires an excellent understanding of decimal numbers.
def to_string(in_int):
    """Converts an integer to a string"""
    out_str = ""
    prefix = ""
    if in_int < 0:
        prefix = "-"
        in_int = -in_int
    while in_int // 10 != 0:
        out_str = str(in_int % 10) + out_str
        in_int = in_int // 10
    out_str = str(in_int % 10) + out_str
    return prefix + out_str

def to_int(in_str):
    """Converts a string to an integer"""
    out_num = 0
    if in_str[0] == "-":
        multiplier = -1
        in_str = in_str[1:]
    else:
        multiplier = 1
    for c in in_str:
        out_num = out_num * 10 + int(c)
    return out_num * multiplier

print(to_string(2))
print(to_string(23445))
print(to_string(-23445))
print(to_int("14234"))
print(to_int("12345"))
print(to_int("-3512"))

2
23445
-23445
14234
12345
-3512

# Write a file
with open("test.txt", "wt") as out_file:
    out_file.write("This Text is going to out file\nLook at it and see!")

# Read a file
with open("test.txt", "rt") as in_file:
    text = in_file.read()

print(text)

This Text is going to out file
Look at it and see!

def print_numbers(numbers):
    print("Telephone Numbers:")
    for k, v in numbers.items():
        print("Name:", k, "\tNumber:", v)
    print()

def add_number(numbers, name, number):
    numbers[name] = number

def lookup_number(numbers, name):
    if name in numbers:
        return "The number is " + numbers[name]
    else:
        return name + " was not found"

def remove_number(numbers, name):
    if name in numbers:
        del numbers[name]
    else:
        print(name," was not found")

def load_numbers(numbers, filename):
    in_file = open(filename, "rt")
    while True:
        in_line = in_file.readline()
        if not in_line:
            break
        in_line = in_line[:-1]
        name, number = in_line.split(",")
        numbers[name] = number
    in_file.close()

def save_numbers(numbers, filename):
    out_file = open(filename, "wt")
    for k, v in numbers.items():
        out_file.write(k + "," + v + "\n")
    out_file.close()

def print_menu():
    print('1. Print Phone Numbers')
    print('2. Add a Phone Number')
    print('3. Remove a Phone Number')
    print('4. Lookup a Phone Number')
    print('5. Load numbers')
    print('6. Save numbers')
    print('7. Quit')
    print()

phone_list = {}
menu_choice = 0
print_menu()
while True:
    menu_choice = int(input("Type in a number (1-7): "))
    if menu_choice == 1:
        print_numbers(phone_list)
    elif menu_choice == 2:
        print("Add Name and Number")
        name = input("Name: ")
        phone = input("Number: ")
        add_number(phone_list, name, phone)
    elif menu_choice == 3:
        print("Remove Name and Number")
        name = input("Name: ")
        remove_number(phone_list, name)
    elif menu_choice == 4:
        print("Lookup Number")
        name = input("Name: ")
        print(lookup_number(phone_list, name))
    elif menu_choice == 5:
        filename = input("Filename to load: ")
        load_numbers(phone_list, filename)
    elif menu_choice == 6:
        filename = input("Filename to save: ")
        save_numbers(phone_list, filename)
    elif menu_choice == 7:
        break
    else:
        print_menu()

print("Goodbye")

1. Print Phone Numbers
2. Add a Phone Number
3. Remove a Phone Number
4. Lookup a Phone Number
5. Load numbers
6. Save numbers
7. Quit

Type in a number (1-7): 2
Add Name and Number
Name: Jill
Number: 1234
Type in a number (1-7): 2
Add Name and Number
Name: Fred
Number: 4321
Type in a number (1-7): 1
Telephone Numbers:
Name: Jill     Number: 1234
Name: Fred     Number: 4321

Type in a number (1-7): 6
Filename to save: numbers.txt
Type in a number (1-7): 7
Goodbye

1. Print Phone Numbers
2. Add a Phone Number
3. Remove a Phone Number
4. Lookup a Phone Number
5. Load numbers
6. Save numbers
7. Quit

Type in a number (1-7): 5
Filename to load: numbers.txt
Type in a number (1-7): 1
Telephone Numbers:
Name: Jill     Number: 1234
Name: Fred     Number: 4321

Type in a number (1-7): 7
Goodbye

def load_numbers(numbers, filename):
    in_file = open(filename, "rt")
    while True:
        in_line = in_file.readline()
        if not in_line:
            break
        in_line = in_line[:-1]
        name, number = in_line.split(",")
        numbers[name] = number
    in_file.close()

def save_numbers(numbers, filename):
    out_file = open(filename, "wt")
    for k, v in numbers.values():
        out_file.write(k + "," + v + "\n")
    out_file.close()

import subprocess
def main():
    try:
        print("This small program invokes the print function in the Notepad application")
        #Lets print the file we created in the program above
        subprocess.call(['notepad','/p','numbers.txt'])
    except WindowsError:
        print("The called subprocess does not exist, or cannot be called.")

main()

E5  0.125                                                                        
D#5 0.125                                                                        
E5  0.125                                                                        
D#5 0.125                                                                        
E5  0.125                                                                        
B4  0.125                                                                        
D5  0.125                                                                        
C5  0.125                                                                        
A4  0.375                                                                        
C4  0.125                                                                        
E4  0.125                                                                        
A4  0.125                                                                        
B4  0.375                                                                        
G#3 0.125                                                                        
G#4 0.125                                                                        
B4  0.125                                                                        
C5  0.375                                                                        
E4  0.125                                                                        
E5  0.125                                                                        
D#5 0.125                                                                        
E5  0.125                                                                        
D#5 0.125                                                                        
E5  0.125                                                                        
B4  0.125                                                                        
D5  0.125                                                                        
C5  0.125                                                                        
A4  0.375                                                                        
C4  0.125                                                                        
E4  0.125                                                                        
A4  0.125                                                                        
B4  0.375                                                                        
E4  0.125                                                                        
C5  0.125                                                                        
B4  0.125                                                                        
A4  0.375

import time                                                                      
import barobo                                                                    
dongle = barobo.Dongle()                                                         
dongle.connect()                                                                 
myLinkbot = dongle.getLinkbot()                                                  

def noteToFreq(note):                                                            
    # First, we need to figure out where the note is relative to 'A'.            
    # For instance, 'B' is 2 half-steps above A, 'C' is 9 half-steps             
    # below 'A'. Lets create a dictionary called "note-offset" and store         
    # all of our offsets from A in the dictionary.                               
    noteOffsets = {                                                              
        'C' : -9,                                                                
        'D' : -7,                                                                
        'E' : -5,                                                                
        'F' : -4,                                                                
        'G' : -2,                                                                
        'A' : 0,                                                                 
        'B' : 2 }                                                                
    # Find our offset                                                            
    offset = noteOffsets[ note[0].upper() ]  # 1                                      
    # See if there is a sharp or flat                                            
    if note[1] == '#':                                                           
        offset += 1                                                              
    elif note[1] == 'b':                                                         
        offset -= 1                                                              
    # Calculate the offset based on the octave                                   
    octave = int(note[-1])  # 2                                                       
    offset += (octave)*12                                                        

    # Calculate the note frequency                                                                                              
    freq = 2**((offset)/12)*27.5                                                 
    return freq                                                                                                  

musicFile = open('fur_elise.txt', 'r')                                                                           
for line in musicFile:  # 3                                                                                           
    data = line.split()  # 4                                                                                         
    myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(noteToFreq(data[0]))                                                            
    time.sleep( float(data[1]) )                                                                                 
    myLinkbot.setBuzzerFrequency(0)

assignments = ['hw ch 1', 'hw ch 2', 'quiz   ', 'hw ch 3', 'test']
students = { }

def load_grades(gradesfile):
    inputfile = open(gradesfile, "r")
    grades = [ ]
    while True:
        student_and_grade = inputfile.readline()
        student_and_grade = student_and_grade[:-1]
        if not student_and_grade:
            break
        else:
            studentname, studentgrades = student_and_grade.split(",")
            studentgrades = studentgrades.split(" ")
            students[studentname] = studentgrades
    inputfile.close()
    print("Grades loaded.")

def save_grades(gradesfile):
    outputfile = open(gradesfile, "w")
    for k, v in students.values():
        outputfile.write(k + ",")
        for x in v:
            outputfile.write(x + " ")
        outputfile.write("\n")
    outputfile.close()
    print("Grades saved.")

def print_menu():
    print("1. Add student")
    print("2. Remove student")
    print("3. Load grades")
    print("4. Record grade")
    print("5. Print grades")
    print("6. Save grades")
    print("7. Print Menu")
    print("9. Quit")

def print_all_grades():
    if students:
        keys = sorted(students.keys())
        print('\t', end=' ')
        for x in assignments:
            print(x, '\t', end=' ')
        print()
        for x in keys:
            print(x, '\t', end=' ')
            grades = students[x]
            print_grades(grades)
    else:
        print("There are no grades to print.")

def print_grades(grades):
    for x in grades:
        print(x, '\t', end=' ')
    print()

print_menu()
menu_choice = 0
while menu_choice != 9:
    print()
    menu_choice = int(input("Menu Choice: "))
    if menu_choice == 1:
        name = input("Student to add: ")
        students[name] = [0] * len(assignments)
    elif menu_choice == 2:
        name = input("Student to remove: ")
        if name in students:
            del students[name]
        else:
            print("Student:", name, "not found")
    elif menu_choice == 3:
        gradesfile = input("Load grades from which file? ")
        load_grades(gradesfile)
    elif menu_choice == 4:
        print("Record Grade")
        name = input("Student: ")
        if name in students:
            grades = students[name]
            print("Type in the number of the grade to record")
            print("Type a 0 (zero) to exit")
            for i,x in enumerate(assignments):
                print(i + 1, x, '\t', end=' ')
            print()
            print_grades(grades)
            which = 1234
            while which != -1:
                which = int(input("Change which Grade: "))
                which -= 1
                if 0 <= which < len(grades):
                    grade = input("Grade: ") # Change from float(input()) to input() to avoid an error when saving
                    grades[which] = grade
                elif which != -1:
                    print("Invalid Grade Number")
        else:
            print("Student not found")
    elif menu_choice == 5:
        print_all_grades()
    elif menu_choice == 6:
        gradesfile = input("Save grades to which file? ")
        save_grades(gradesfile)
    elif menu_choice != 9:
        print_menu()

90 45 20
180 22 -180
5 32 0

with open("in_test.txt", "rt") as in_file:
    with open("out_test.txt", "wt") as out_file:
        text = in_file.read()
        data = parse(text)
        results = encode(data)
        out_file.write(results)
    print( "All done." )

print("Type Control C or -1 to exit")
number = 1
while number != -1:
   number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
   print("You entered:", number)

Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "try_less.py", line 4, in <module>
   number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '\\@#&'

print("Type Control C or -1 to exit")
number = 1
while number != -1:
    try:
        number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
        print("You entered:", number)
    except ValueError:
        print("That was not a number.")

import barobo
import math # So that we can use math.pi
dongle = barobo.Dongle()
dongle.connect() 
myLinkbot = dongle.getLinkbot('abcd') # Change abcd to your Linkbot's serial ID

def driveDistance(linkbot, distance):
    r = 3.5 / 2 # If you have a wheel that's not 3.5 inches in diameter, change "3.5" to the diameter of your wheel
    degrees = (360) / (2 * math.pi * r) * distance
    linkbot.move(degrees, 0, -degrees)

def setSpeed(linkbot, speed):
    r = 3.5 / 2
    omega = (speed/r) * (180/math.pi)
    linkbot.setJointSpeed(1, omega)
    linkbot.setJointSpeed(3, omega)

setSpeed(myLinkbot, 2.5)     # Sets the speed to 2.5 inches/sec
driveDistance(myLinkbot, 10) # Drives the Linkbot 10 inches forward
driveDistance(myLinkbot, -5) # Drives the Linkbot 5 inches backward

def setSpeed(linkbot, speed):
    r = 3.5 / 2
    omega = (speed/r) * (180/math.pi)
    if omega > 200:
        raise Exception('The speed is too high!')
    linkbot.setJointSpeed(1, omega)
    linkbot.setJointSpeed(3, omega)

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "./linkbot_speed.py", line 20, in <module>
    setSpeed(myLinkbot, 1000)     # Sets the speed to 1000 inches/sec
  File "./linkbot_speed.py", line 16, in setSpeed
    raise Exception('The speed is too high!')
Exception: The speed is too high!

import barobo                                                                    
import math # So that we can use math.pi                                         
dongle = barobo.Dongle()                                                         
dongle.connect()                                                                 
myLinkbot = dongle.getLinkbot('ABCD') # Change ABCD to your Linkbot's serial ID        

def driveDistance(linkbot, distance):                                            
    r = 3.5 / 2 # If you have a wheel that's not 3.5 inches in diameter, change "3.5" to the diameter of your wheel
    degrees = (360) / (2 * math.pi * r) * distance                               
    linkbot.move(degrees, 0, -degrees)                                           

def setSpeed(linkbot, speed):                                                    
    r = 3.5 / 2                                                                  
    omega = (speed/r) * (180/math.pi)                                            
    if omega > 200:                                                              
        raise Exception('The speed is too high!')                                
    linkbot.setJointSpeed(1, omega)                                              
    linkbot.setJointSpeed(3, omega)                                              

requestedSpeed = 10  # 1                                                             
while True:  # 2                                                                     
    try:                                                                         
        print('Trying to set speed to: ' + str(requestedSpeed) + 'inches/sec')
        setSpeed(myLinkbot, requestedSpeed)  # 3 
        print('Success!') 
        break  # 4
    except:                                                                      
        print('Failed.')                                                       
        requestedSpeed -= 1  # 5                                                   

# 6                                                                                 
driveDistance(myLinkbot, 10) # Drives the Linkbot 10 inches forward              
driveDistance(myLinkbot, -5) # Drives the Linkbot 5 inches backward

Trying to set speed to: 10inches/sec
Failed.
Trying to set speed to: 9inches/sec
Failed.
Trying to set speed to: 8inches/sec
Failed.
Trying to set speed to: 7inches/sec
Failed.
Trying to set speed to: 6inches/sec
Success!

# Program by Mitchell Aikens
# No Copyright
# 2010

num = 0

def main():
    counter(num)

def counter(num):
    print(num)
    num += 1
    counter(num)

main()

# Program by Mitchell Aikens
# No copyright
# 2012
def main():
    loopnum = int(input("How many times would you like to loop?\n"))
    counter = 1
    recurr(loopnum,counter)

def recurr(loopnum,counter):
    if loopnum > 0:
        print("This is loop iteration",counter)
        recurr(loopnum - 1,counter + 1)
    else:
        print("The loop is complete.")

main()

def main():
    num = int(input("Please enter a non-negative integer.\n"))
    fact = factorial(num)
    print("The factorial of",num,"is",fact)

def factorial(num):
    if num == 0:
        return 1
    else:
        return num * factorial(num - 1)

main()

def crazy(min_):
    yield min_
    g=crazy(min_+1)
    while True:
        yield next(g)
        yield min_

i=crazy(1)

# Program by Mitchell Aikens
# No Copyright
# 2012

# Procedure 1
def main():
    try:
        # Get a number to maniuplate
        num = float(input("Please enter a number to manipulate.\n"))
        # Store the result of the value, after it has been manipulated
        # by Procedure 2
        addednum = addfive(num)
        # Store the result of the value, after it has been manipulated
        # by Procedure 3
        multipliednum = multiply(addednum)
        # Send the value to Procedure 4
        display(multipliednum)
    # Deal with exceptions from non-numeric user entry
    except ValueError:
        print("You must enter a valid number.\n")
        # Reset the value of num, to clear non-numeric data.
        num = 0
        # Call main, again.
        main()

# Procedure 2
def addfive(num):
    return num + 5

# Procedure 3
def multiply(addednum):
    return addednum * 2.452

# Procedure 4
def display(multi):
    # Display the final value
    print("The final value is ",multi)

# Call Procedure 1
main()

Please enter a number to manipulate.
5
The final value is  24.52

Please enter a number to manipulate.
g
You must enter a valid number.

Please enter a number to manipulate.
8
The final value is  31.875999999999998

class Dirtysocks

# Filename: oopexample.py
# Mitchell Aikens
# No Copyright
# 2012
# OOP Demonstration - Class

class Numchange:

    def __init__(self):
        self.__number = 0

    def addfive(self,num):
        self.__number = num
        return self.__number + 5

    def multiply(self,added):
        self.__added = added
        return self.__added * 2.452

# Filename: oopexampleprog.py
# Mitchell Aikens
# No Copyright
# 2012
# OOP Demonstration - Program

import oopexample

maths = oopexample.Numchange()

def main():

    num = float(input("Please enter a number.\n"))

    added = maths.addfive(num)

    multip = maths.multiply(added)

    print("The manipulated value is ",multip)

main()

def __init__(self):
def addfive(self,num):
def multiply(self,added):

def __init__(self):

def __init__(self):
    self.__number = 0

def addfive(self,num):
    self.__number = num
    return self.__number + 5

def multiply(self,added):
    self.__added = added
    return self.__added * 2.453

import oopexample

maths = oopexample.Numchange()

...
myLinkbot = dongle.getLinkbot('ABCD')
...
myLinkbot.move() # etc etc

import barobo
import math  # for math.pi
import time  # for time.sleep()

class LinkbotCar(barobo.Linkbot):            # 1
    def driveForwardDistance(self, inches):  # 2
        wheelRadius = 3.5/2.0
        degrees = (360.0/(2.0*math.pi*wheelRadius)) * inches
        self.move(degrees, 0, -degrees)      # 3

dongle = barobo.Dongle()
dongle.connect()
myLinkbotCar = dongle.getLinkbot('ABCD', LinkbotCar)  # 4

myLinkbotCar.driveForwardDistance(5)         # 5
myLinkbotCar.setBuzzerFrequency(440)         # 6
time.sleep(0.5)
myLinkbotCar.setBuzzerFrequency(0)

class LinkbotCar(barobo.Linkbot):
    def driveForwardDistance(self, inches):
        wheelRadius = 3.5/2.0
        degrees = (360.0/(2.0*math.pi*wheelRadius)) * inches
        self.move(degrees, 0, -degrees)

    def turnLeft(self):
        self.move(-30, 0, -30)

    def turnRight(self):
        self.move(30, 0, 30)

>>>math.e
2.718281828459045
>>>math.pi
3.141592653589793

>>> conste = math.e
>>> (conste + 5 / 2) * 2.21
11.532402840894488
>>> constpi = math.pi
>>> (((7 /2.1) % constpi) * 2)
0.38348135948707984
>>>

>>> import math
>>> math.ceil(4.5) ** Rounds the number up to the nearest non decimal number **
5
>>> math.ceil(4.1)
5
>>> math.copysign(4, -.4)  ** Returns the number x with the sign of y in the context of (x,y)
-4.0
>>> math.copysign(-4, 4)
4.0
>>> math.fabs(-44)  ** Return the absolute value of the number **
44.0
>>> math.factorial(4)  **  Returns the factorial of a number **
24
>>> math.floor(4.3)  ** Rounds the number down to the nearest non decimal number. **
4
>>> math.floor(4.99999)
4
>>> math.fsum([.1,.2,5,45.2,-.054,.4]) **  Returns the sum of all the numbers in the brackets. Not always precise **
50.846000000000004
>>> math.isfinite(3) ** Returns True if the value is infinity or NaN. Returns False otherwise. **
True

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← Authors	Printable version	Intro →

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← Installation and Setup	Printable version	Hello, World →

Operation	Symbol	Example
Power (exponentiation)	`**`	`5 ** 2 == 25`
Multiplication	`*`	`2 * 3 == 6`
Division	`/`	`14 / 3 == 4.666666666666667`
Integer Division	`//`	`14 // 3 == 4`
Remainder (modulo)	`%`	`14 % 3 == 2`
Addition	`+`	`1 + 2 == 3`
Subtraction	`-`	`4 - 3 == 1`

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← Intro	Printable version	Who Goes There? →

Operation	Symbol	Example
Repetition	`*`	`"i" * 5 == "iiiii"`
Concatenation	`+`	`"Hello, " + "World!" == "Hello, World!"`

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
	Printable version	Installation and Setup →

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← Hello, World	Printable version	Count to 10 →

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← Who Goes There?	Printable version	Decisions →

operator	function
`<`	less than
`<=`	less than or equal to
`>`	greater than
`>=`	greater than or equal to
`==`	equal
`!=`	not equal

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← Count to 10	Printable version	Linkbot Multitasking →

Function Name	Function Description
`setLEDColor(r, g, b)`	Changes the LED color based on red, green, and blue intensities.
`setBuzzerFrequency(Hz)`	Makes the Linkbot buzzer play a frequency in Hertz.
`moveJoint(jointNum, degrees)`	Makes a single motor move.
`move(degrees, degrees, degrees)`	Makes multiple motors move simultaneously

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← Decisions	Printable version	Debugging →

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← Debugging	Printable version	Advanced Functions Example →

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← Defining Functions	Printable version	Lists →

example	explanation
`demolist[2]`	accesses the element at index 2
`demolist[2] = 3`	sets the element at index 2 to be 3
`del demolist[2]`	removes the element at index 2
`len(demolist)`	returns the length of `demolist`
`"value" in demolist`	is True if `"value"` is an element in `demolist`
`"value" not in demolist`	is True if `"value"` is not an element in `demolist`
`another_list.sort()`	sorts `another_list`. Note that the list must be all numbers or all strings to be sorted.
`demolist.index("value")`	returns the index of the first place that `"value"` occurs
`demolist.append("value")`	adds an element `"value"` at the end of the list
`demolist.remove("value")`	removes the first occurrence of value from `demolist` (same as `del demolist[demolist.index("value")]`)

Note Name	Note Frequency
Do	261.63
Re	293.66
Mi	329.63
Fa	349.23
Sol	392.00
La	440
Ti	493.88

		0		1		2		...		-2		-1
		↓		↓		↓		↓		↓		↓		↓
text =	"		S		T		R		I		N		G		"
		↑												↑
		[:												:]

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← Advanced Functions Example	Printable version	For Loops →

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← Lists	Printable version	Boolean Expressions →

expression	result
true `and` true	true
true `and` false	false
false `and` true	false
false `and` false	false

expression	result
true `or` true	true
true `or` false	true
false `or` true	true
false `or` false	false

True	False
True	False
1	0
Numbers other than zero	The string 'None'
Nonempty strings	Empty strings
Nonempty lists	Empty lists
Nonempty dictionaries	Empty dictionaries

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← For Loops	Printable version	Dictionaries →

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← Boolean Expressions	Printable version	Using Modules →

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← Dictionaries	Printable version	More on Lists →

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← Using Modules	Printable version	Revenge of the Strings →

text[1:4]	→	"TRI"
text[:5]	→	"STRIN"
text[:-1]	→	"STRIN"
text[-4:]	→	"RING"
text[2]	→	"R"
text[:]	→	"STRING"
text[::-1]	→	"GNIRTS"

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot/Printable version

Authors

Additional Contributors

Installation and Setup

Installing Python and the Linkbot Control Module (PyBarobo)

Ubuntu Linux Users

Raspberry Pi (Raspbian) Users

Mac users

Windows users

Configuring your PATH environment variable

Intro

First things first

Installing Python and the Linkbot Control Module (PyBarobo)

Ubuntu Linux Users

Raspberry Pi (Raspbian) Users

Mac users

Windows users

Configuring your PATH environment variable

Interactive Mode

Creating and Running Programs

Program file names

Using Python from the command line

Running Python Programs in *nix

Where to get help

Python documentation

Python user community

Hello, World

What you should know

Printing

Controlling a Linkbot LED Color

Terminology

Expressions

Talking to humans (and other intelligent beings)

Examples

Exercises

Footnotes

Who Goes There?

Input and Variables

Assignment

Moving a Linkbot's Motor

Examples

Exercises

Count to 10

While loops

Infinite loops or Never Ending Loop

Examples

Fibonacci sequence

Enter password

A Linkbot Musical Example

Exercises

Decisions

If statement

Moving a Linkbot's Motors

command_linkbot.py

Examples

Exercises

Linkbot Multitasking

"Non-blocking" Linkbot Functions

The moveNB() Function

The moveWait() Function

Other Non-Blocking Functions

Debugging

What is debugging?

What should the program do?

General Tips

Defining Functions

Creating Functions

Variables in functions

Linkbots in Functions : Making the Linkbot Move a Certain Distance

Examples

Exercises

Advanced Functions Example

Recursion

Examples

Lists

Variables with more than one value

More features of lists

Examples

Exercises

For Loops

The `moveNB()` Function

The `moveWait()` Function

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← More on Lists	Printable version	File IO →

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← Revenge of the Strings	Printable version	Dealing with the imperfect →

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← File IO	Printable version	Recursion →

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← Dealing with the imperfect	Printable version	Intro to Object Oriented Programming in Python 3 →

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← Recursion	Printable version	Intro to Imported Libraries and other Functions →

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← Intro to Object Oriented Programming in Python 3	Printable version	The End →

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← Intro to Imported Libraries and other Functions	Printable version	FAQ →

Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot
← The End	Printable version