| Traditional name
|
Transliteration
|
IPA
|
Colloquial variation (IPA)
|
English approximation
|
|
|
Onset consonants
|
|
|
|
| 幫
|
p
|
p
|
|
spy
|
| 滂
|
ph
|
pʰ
|
|
pat
|
| 並
|
phh
|
pʰ⁽ʱ⁾
|
pʰ
|
pat
|
| 並
|
b
|
b
|
p
|
b
|
| 明
|
m
|
m
|
|
m
|
| 非
|
f
|
f
|
|
f
|
| 奉
|
fv
|
fʱ
|
f
|
f
|
| 微
|
v
|
v
|
v~w
|
v
|
| 端
|
t
|
t
|
|
stay
|
| 透
|
th
|
tʰ
|
|
Thai
|
| 定
|
thh
|
tʰ⁽ʱ⁾
|
tʰ
|
Thai
|
| 定
|
d
|
d
|
t
|
d
|
| 泥
|
n
|
n
|
|
n
|
| 精
|
tz
|
ts
|
|
tz
|
| 清
|
ths
|
tsʰ
|
|
cats
|
| 從
|
thhs
|
tsʰ⁽ʱ⁾
|
tsʰ
|
cats
|
| 從
|
dz
|
dz
|
ts
|
cards
|
| 心
|
s
|
s
|
|
s
|
| 邪
|
sz
|
sʱ
|
s
|
s
|
| 照
|
č (before e/u/we)
|
tʃ
|
ts
|
|
| 照
|
č (elsewhere)
|
tʃ
|
|
tj
|
| 穿
|
čh (before e/u/we)
|
tʃʰ
|
tsʰ
|
|
| 穿
|
čh (elsewhere)
|
tʃʰ
|
|
chat
|
| 牀
|
čhh (before e/u/we)
|
tʃʰ⁽ʱ⁾
|
tsʰ
|
|
| 牀
|
čhh (elsewhere)
|
tʃʰ⁽ʱ⁾
|
tʃʰ
|
chat
|
| 牀
|
dj (before e/u/we)
|
dʒ
|
ts
|
|
| 牀
|
dj (elsewhere)
|
dʒ
|
tʃ
|
j
|
| 審
|
sh (before e/u/we)
|
ʃ
|
s
|
|
| 審
|
sh (elsewhere)
|
ʃ
|
|
sh
|
| 禪
|
shh (before e/u/we)
|
ʃʱ
|
s
|
|
| 禪
|
shh (elsewhere)
|
ʃʱ
|
ʃ
|
sh
|
| 見
|
k
|
k
|
|
sky
|
| 溪
|
kh
|
kʰ
|
|
kite
|
| 羣
|
khh
|
kʰ⁽ʱ⁾
|
kʰ
|
kite
|
| 羣
|
g
|
g
|
k
|
gum
|
| 疑
|
ng (before w/u/i/y)
|
ŋ
|
∅
|
|
| 疑
|
ng (elsewhere)
|
ŋ
|
ŋ
|
hangar
|
| 影
|
’ (before w/u/i/y)
|
ʔ
|
∅
|
|
| 影
|
’ (elsewhere)
|
ʔ
|
ŋ
|
|
| 曉
|
h
|
h ~ ꭓ
|
|
h
|
| 匣
|
hh
|
ɦ
|
h ~ x
|
h
|
| 來
|
l
|
l
|
|
l
|
| 日
|
zh
|
ʒ ~ ɻ
|
|
vision
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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Rhymes
|
|
|
|
| 東
|
ung
|
uŋ
|
|
oong
|
|
|
yung (after khh or ∅)
|
yuŋ
|
|
yoong
|
|
|
yung (elsewhere)
|
yuŋ
|
uŋ
|
yoong
|
| 支
|
e
|
ɨ
|
|
sit
|
|
|
ï
|
ɨ
|
i
|
|
|
|
i (after f/v)
|
i
|
i/ei
|
key
|
|
|
i (elsewhere)
|
i
|
|
key
|
|
|
r
|
ɻ
|
|
|
| 齊
|
i
|
i
|
|
key
|
| 魚
|
yu
|
y
|
|
you
|
| 模
|
u
|
u
|
|
cool
|
| 皆
|
ai
|
aɪ
|
|
side
|
|
|
wai
|
waɪ
|
|
wise
|
|
|
iai
|
iaɪ
|
|
yikes
|
| 灰
|
ui
|
uɪ ~ weɪ
|
|
way
|
| 真
|
en
|
ən
|
|
pin
|
|
|
un (after labials)
|
un ~ wən
|
ən
|
|
|
|
un (elsewhere)
|
un ~ wən
|
|
win
|
|
|
in (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
in ~ iən
|
|
keen
|
|
|
in (elsewhere)
|
in ~ iən
|
|
keen
|
|
|
yun (after k/kh/khh/g/h/hh/ʾ/∅)
|
y(u)n ~ yən
|
|
yoon
|
|
|
yun (elsewhere)
|
y(u)n ~ yən
|
un ~ wən
|
yoon
|
| 寒
|
won
|
wɔn
|
|
won
|
| 刪
|
an
|
an
|
|
Ann
|
|
|
wan
|
wan
|
|
|
|
|
ian
|
ian
|
iɛn
|
yen
|
| 先
|
ien
|
iɛn
|
|
yen
|
|
|
yuen
|
y(u)ɛn
|
|
|
| 蕭
|
iew/iau (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
iɛʊ
|
iɛʊ ~ iɑʊ
|
|
|
|
iew/iau (elsewhere)
|
iɛʊ
|
iɛʊ ~ iɑʊ
|
|
| 爻
|
ao/aw
|
ɑʊ
|
|
cow
|
|
|
iao/iaw
|
iaʊ
|
iɛʊ ~ iɑʊ
|
|
| 歌
|
o
|
ɔ
|
|
awe
|
|
|
wo
|
wɔ
|
|
walk
|
| 麻
|
a
|
a
|
|
bat
|
|
|
wa
|
wa
|
|
|
|
|
ia
|
ia
|
|
yak
|
| 遮
|
ie (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
iɛ
|
|
yes
|
|
|
ie (elsewhere)
|
iɛ
|
|
yes
|
|
|
yue (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
y(u)ɛ
|
|
|
|
|
yue (elsewhere)
|
y(u)ɛ
|
|
|
| 陽
|
ang
|
ɑŋ
|
|
ong
|
|
|
wang
|
wɑŋ
|
|
Wong
|
|
|
iang (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
iɑŋ
|
|
yong
|
|
|
iang (elsewhere)
|
iɑŋ
|
|
yong
|
| 庚
|
eng
|
əŋ
|
|
ung
|
|
|
weng
|
wəŋ
|
|
wung
|
|
|
ing
|
iŋ ~ iəŋ
|
|
|
|
|
yueng
|
y(u)əŋ
|
|
|
| 尤
|
ow
|
oʊ ~ əʊ
|
|
|
|
|
iow (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
ioʊ ~ iəʊ
|
|
|
|
|
iow
|
ioʊ ~ iəʊ
|
|
|
| 侵
|
em
|
əm
|
ən
|
limb
|
|
|
im (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
im
|
in
|
limb
|
|
|
im
|
im
|
in
|
deem
|
| 覃
|
am
|
am
|
an
|
lamb
|
|
|
iam
|
iam
|
iɛn
|
yam
|
| 鹽
|
iem
|
iɛm
|
iɛn
|
yam
|
| 屋
|
uk
|
ʊʔ
|
|
look
|
|
|
yuk (after k/kh/khh/g/h/hh/ʾ/∅)
|
yʊʔ
|
|
|
|
|
yuk (elsewhere)
|
yʊʔ
|
ʊʔ
|
|
| 質
|
et
|
əʔ
|
|
cut
|
|
|
ut
|
ʊʔ
|
|
put
|
|
|
it (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
iɪʔ
|
|
eat
|
|
|
it (elsewhere)
|
iɪʔ
|
|
eat
|
|
|
yut
|
yʔ
|
|
|
| 曷
|
ot
|
ɔʔ
|
|
caught
|
|
|
wot
|
wɔʔ
|
|
|
| 轄
|
at
|
aʔ
|
|
cat
|
|
|
wat
|
waʔ
|
|
|
|
|
iat
|
iaʔ
|
|
|
| 屑
|
iet (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
iɛʔ
|
|
yet
|
|
|
iet (elsewhere)
|
iɛʔ
|
|
yet
|
|
|
yuet (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
y(u)ɛʔ
|
|
|
|
|
yuet (elsewhere)
|
y(u)ɛʔ
|
|
|
| 藥
|
ok
|
ɒʔ
|
ɔʔ
|
|
|
|
wok
|
wɒʔ
|
wɔʔ
|
|
|
|
iok (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
iɒʔ
|
iɔʔ
|
|
|
|
iok (elsewhere)
|
iɒʔ
|
iɔʔ
|
|
| 陌
|
ek
|
əʔ
|
|
|
|
|
wek
|
wəʔ
|
|
|
|
|
ik (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
iɪʔ
|
|
|
|
|
ik (elsewhere)
|
iɪʔ
|
|
|
|
|
yuek
|
yuəʔ
|
|
|
| 緝
|
ep
|
əʔ
|
|
|
|
|
ip (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
iɪʔ
|
|
|
|
|
ip (elsewhere)
|
iɪʔ
|
|
|
| 合
|
ap
|
aʔ
|
|
|
|
|
op
|
ɔʔ
|
|
|
|
|
iap
|
iaʔ
|
|
|
| 葉
|
iep
|
iɛʔ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tones
|
|
|
|
| 平
|
a/ā
|
˧
|
|
|
|
|
ȃ
|
˨˩
|
|
|
| 上
|
à
|
˥˧
|
|
|
|
|
á'
|
˨˦
|
|
|
| 去
|
á
|
˨˦
|
|
|
| 入
|
a(-p/t/k)/ă
|
-ʔ
|
|
|
