User:Retropunk/Japanese Curriculum/Outline/Beginner Lessons/Grammar

Sentence Patterns/Expressions

...+は+Q - topic particle using questions
Q+が+... - subject particle using WH-questions
Place+に+N+がある/いる - existence of an item in a place using subject marker
Place+に+N+が+Q+ある/いる - existence of Q items in a place using subject marker
N+は+Place+にある/いる - existence of an item in a place using a topic marker
N+をください - please give me N
V+てください - please do V. (polite request)
V+ないでください - please do not do V. (polite request-neg)
N+を/V+てくださいませんか - won't you please do
V+ましょう - "Let's do V." volitional, polite
V+ませんか - Why don't we do V?
N+がほしい - I want N
V+たい - "I want to V"
...が - ... but ...
...とき - adverbial clause, when ... , ...
V+ながら - adverbial clause, While V, ...
V+てから - adverbial clause, After/Since V, ...
V+たあとで - ta instead of te, adverbial clause, After V, ...
V+まえに - adverbial clause, Before V
でしょう - I think.. I guess.. I wonder .. etc.,
V+たり...V+たり - conjunction for multiple actions
Adj+く/Adj+N+に/N+になる - becomes
Adj+く/Adj+N+に/N+にする - equating or making, (e.g., I made A from B)
もう+Positive - already
もう+Negative - no longer
まだ+Positive - still
まだ+Negative - not yet
...という - called this ...
...て - because ... / since ...
...から - because ... / since ...
...は...が - using both subject and topic particle in the same sentence
どうもありがとうございました - thank you very much (very polite)
いただきます - thanks for this meal! (before eating)
ごちそうさまでした - a thanks said after meals
ごめんください - may i come in?
ごめんなさい - excuse me
はじめまして - nice to meet you. how do you do?
どうぞよろしく - pleased to meet you. please favor me with your friendship/kindness
いらっしゃいませ - Welcome to the store! (merchant greeting)
こんにちは - Hello. (daytime greeting)
こんばんは - Good evening, Hello
さよなら - Goodbye
おはようございます - good morning
おやすみなさい - good night
ではおげんきで - well then, take care.
おねがいします - please
いいえどういたしまして - no problem at all.
こちらこそ - No, thank you! (used when responding to someone saying "Thank you!")
しつれいしました - Excuse me. (used usually while leaving a room.)
しつれいします - Excuse me. (used usually while entering a room.)
すみません - Excuse me. I'm sorry.
ではまた - See ya later.

Adjectives

Adj+です - i-adj, non-past, polite
Adj+くないです - i adjective, polite negative
Adj+かったです - i adjective, past
Adj+くなかったです - i adjective, past negative
Adj+ - adjective without desu
Adj+くない - i-adj without desu, polite neg
Adj+かった - i-adj w/o desu, past
Adj+くなかった - i adj w/o desu, past neg
Adj+くて - i-adj te-form
Adj+く+V - adverb
Adj+N - na adj no copula.
Adj+の - adj+pronoun/one/thing (e.g., white thing)
Adj+N+です - na adj
Adj+N+ではありません, na adj, negative
Adj+N+でした - na adj, past
Adj+N+ではありませんでした - na adj, neg past
Adj+N+だ - na adj with plain copula
Adj+N+ではない - na adj, neg, plain
Adj+N+だった - na adj-past, plain
Adj+N+ではなかった, na-adj, past-neg, plain
Adj+N+で - na-adj te-form
Adj+N+に+V -n-adj adverb
Adj+N+な+N - n-adj + noun
Adj+N+の - na-adj + pronoun

Verbs

V+ます - verb polite form
V+ません - verb, polite neg form
V+ました - verb, polite past form
V+ませんでした - verb, polite neg-past form
V - verb, plain form
V+ない - verb, plain neg form
V+た - verb, plain past form
V+なかった - verb, plain past-neg form
N+が+Vit/N+を+Vt - intransitive and transitive verb use
V+て - verb, te-form
V+てある - verb, te-form "completed" state
V+ている - verb, te-form progressive
V+ないで - verb, negative request

Copula use

N+です - noun + copula.
N+ではありません - noun + copula neg form
N+でした - noun + copula past-form
N+ではありませんでした - noun + copula neg-past form
N+だ - noun + copula plain form
N+ではない - noun + copula plain-neg form
N+だった - noun + copula plain-past form
N+ではなかった noun + copula plain-neg-past form
N+で - te-form of desu
N+の+N - noun modifying another noun or possessive.
N+の -possessive
[V/+Adj/+Adj-Na]+N - relative clause modifying a noun

Question words and interrogatives

なに/なん - what
だれ/どなた - who
いつ - when or how soon
いくつ - how many?
いくら - how much?
どれ/どの/どこ/どちら - which / which one / where / who
どう/いかが - how, in what what, how about
どんな - what kind of
どのぐらい/どれぐらい - how far, how long, how much
なぜ/どうして - why
なにか/だれか/どこかへ/... - someone, something, somewhere, etc.,
なにも/だれも/どこへも/... - no one, nothing, nowhere, etc.,
これ/それ/あれ/どれ - this / that / that over there / which?
この/その/あの/どの - this one / that one / that one over there / which one?
ここ/そこ/あそこ/どこ - this place / that place / that place over there/ where?
こちら/そちら/あちら/どちら (こっち/そっち/あっち/どっち) - this person / that person / that person over there / who

Particles!

が - subject marker
を - direct object marker, starting point of the action, place of the action
に - location marker, object marker for some verbs (e.g., to meet at), time marker, goal marker, intervals
で - location marker for action verbs, by means marker (e.g., I went to the school by bus.), cause and effect marker, totals marker
へ - direction marker,
と - noun conjunction "and", "together" or "with"
から/まで - AからBまで - from A to B.
や - list particle, but can be used to mean "and so forth" (e.g., AやBなど will mean A and B and so forth. など is optional.)
は - topic marker, contrast marker
も - also/too
格助詞+は/も - combination of particles and は/も
か - question marker
など - etc/so forth. see や.
ぐらい - about/almost/approx
だけ - only / just
しか - only or nothing but
ね - sentence end marker, applies emphasis, or a quest for confirmation
よ - sentence end marker, applies certainty or request
わ - feminine form of ね

Suffixes

中 - all/ entire / throughout (time)
たち/がた - makes the attached noun plural (plain/polite)
あまり...ない - not very, negative sentences
一つ、二つ～１０ - numbers
枚/冊/本... - counters
~月/~日/~曜日- calendar
~時/~時半/~時~/~分/~時~分前/~ごろ - time
~時間/~分/~ぐらい - minutes, hours
がる - to feel (used with adj)
がわ - side of something, or taking someone's side
ご - language
じん - person
すぎ - too much, over
ずつ - apiece
たち - plural suffix
ちゅう - during
や - ~shop