# Trigonometry/Trigonometric Formula Reference

 Exercise: Remembering Formulae Cover the right hand side of each formula, and use the information about remembering formulae from the previous page to get the right hand side.

## Principal Trig RelationshipsEdit

The following identities give relationships between the trigonometric functions.

1. ${\displaystyle \sin(x)=\cos \left({\frac {\pi }{2}}-x\right)}$
2. ${\displaystyle \cos(x)=\sin \left({\frac {\pi }{2}}-x\right)}$
3. ${\displaystyle \tan(x)={\frac {\sin(x)}{\cos(x)}}}$
4. ${\displaystyle \csc(x)={\frac {1}{\sin(x)}}}$
5. ${\displaystyle \sec(x)={\frac {1}{\cos(x)}}}$

### Pythagoras relatedEdit

1. ${\displaystyle \sin ^{2}(\theta )+\cos ^{2}(\theta )=1}$
2. ${\displaystyle \tan ^{2}(\theta )+1=\sec ^{2}(\theta )}$
 Worked Example: The cot formula is missing One formula is missing. By dividing the ${\displaystyle \sin ^{2}(\theta )+\cos ^{2}(\theta )=1}$  by ${\displaystyle \sin ^{2}(\theta )}$  or by ${\displaystyle \cos ^{2}(\theta )}$  we can get two other formulae. The missing formula is obtained by dividing through by ${\displaystyle \sin ^{2}(\theta )}$  ${\displaystyle {\frac {\sin ^{2}(\theta )}{\sin ^{2}(\theta )}}+{\frac {\cos ^{2}(\theta )}{\sin ^{2}(\theta )}}={\frac {1}{\sin ^{2}(\theta )}}}$  The missing formula is: ${\displaystyle 1+\cot ^{2}(\theta )=\csc ^{2}(\theta )}$

### PeriodicityEdit

Four trigonometric functions are ${\displaystyle \pi }$  periodic:

1. ${\displaystyle \sin(\theta )=\sin(\theta +2\pi )}$
2. ${\displaystyle \cos(\theta )=\cos(\theta +2\pi )}$
3. ${\displaystyle \csc(\theta )=\csc(\theta +2\pi )}$
4. ${\displaystyle \sec(\theta )=\sec(\theta +2\pi )}$

Two trigonometric functions are ${\displaystyle \pi }$  periodic:

1. ${\displaystyle \tan(\theta )=\tan(\theta +\pi )}$
2. ${\displaystyle \cot(\theta )=\cot(\theta +\pi )}$

### Angle SumsEdit

Formulae involving sums of angles are as follows:

1. ${\displaystyle \sin(\alpha +\beta )=\sin(\alpha )\cos(\beta )+\cos(\alpha )\sin(\beta )}$
2. ${\displaystyle \cos(\alpha +\beta )=\cos(\alpha )\cos(\beta )-\sin(\alpha )\sin(\beta )}$
3. ${\displaystyle \sin(\alpha -\beta )=\sin(\alpha )\cos(\beta )-\cos(\alpha )\sin(\beta )}$
4. ${\displaystyle \cos(\alpha -\beta )=\cos(\alpha )\cos(\beta )+\sin(\alpha )\sin(\beta )}$

### Multiple Angle FormulaeEdit

Substituting ${\displaystyle \beta =\alpha }$  gives the double angle formulae

1. ${\displaystyle \sin(2\alpha )=2\sin(\alpha )\cos(\alpha )}$
2. ${\displaystyle \cos(2\alpha )=\cos ^{2}(\alpha )-\sin ^{2}(\alpha )}$

Substituting ${\displaystyle \sin ^{2}(\alpha )+\cos ^{2}(\alpha )=1}$  gives

1. ${\displaystyle \cos(2\alpha )=2\cos ^{2}(\alpha )-1}$
2. ${\displaystyle \cos(2\alpha )=1-2\sin ^{2}(\alpha )}$

These can be obtained by putting ${\displaystyle \beta =2\theta ,\alpha =\theta }$  in the addition formula.

1. ${\displaystyle \sin(3\theta )=3\sin(\theta )-4\sin ^{3}(\theta )}$
2. ${\displaystyle \cos(3\theta )=4\cos ^{3}(\theta )-3\cos(\theta )}$
3. ${\displaystyle \tan(3\theta )={\frac {3\tan(\theta )-\tan ^{3}(\theta )}{1-3\tan ^{2}(\theta )}}}$

This can also be obtained from the angle sums formula.

1. ${\displaystyle 2\sin(A)\cos(B)=\sin(A+B)+\sin(A-B)}$

## Trigonometric functions of some closely related anglesEdit

This list may duplicate some of the periodicity formulas above, but all the formulas are given for the sake of completeness. Angles are expressed in degrees rather than radians. Similar relations for cot, sec and cosec follow immediately from the definitions of these functions; just replace sin by cosec, cos by sec and tan by cot (and vice versa).

### sin(x)Edit

1. ${\displaystyle \sin(-x)=-\sin(x)}$
2. ${\displaystyle \sin(90^{\circ }-x)=\cos(x)}$
3. ${\displaystyle \sin(90^{\circ }+x)=\cos(x)}$
4. ${\displaystyle \sin(180^{\circ }-x)=\sin(x)}$
5. ${\displaystyle \sin(180^{\circ }+x)=-\sin(x)}$
6. ${\displaystyle \sin(270^{\circ }-x)=-\cos(x)}$
7. ${\displaystyle \sin(270^{\circ }+x)=-\cos(x)}$
8. ${\displaystyle \sin(360^{\circ }-x)=-\sin(x)}$
9. ${\displaystyle \sin(360^{\circ }+x)=\sin(x)}$

### cos(x)Edit

1. ${\displaystyle \cos(-x)=\cos(x)}$
2. ${\displaystyle \cos(90^{\circ }-x)=\sin(x)}$
3. ${\displaystyle \cos(90^{\circ }+x)=-\sin(x)}$
4. ${\displaystyle \cos(180^{\circ }-x)=-\cos(x)}$
5. ${\displaystyle \cos(180^{\circ }+x)=-\cos(x)}$
6. ${\displaystyle \cos(270^{\circ }-x)=-\sin(x)}$
7. ${\displaystyle \cos(270^{\circ }+x)=\sin(x)}$
8. ${\displaystyle \cos(360^{\circ }-x)=\cos(x)}$
9. ${\displaystyle \cos(360^{\circ }+x)=\cos(x)}$

### tan(x)Edit

1. ${\displaystyle \tan(-x)=-\tan(x)}$
2. ${\displaystyle \tan(90^{\circ }-x)=\cot(x)}$
3. ${\displaystyle \tan(90^{\circ }+x)=-\cot(x)}$
4. ${\displaystyle \tan(180^{\circ }-x)=-\tan(x)}$
5. ${\displaystyle \tan(180^{\circ }+x)=\tan(x)}$
6. ${\displaystyle \tan(270^{\circ }-x)=\cot(x)}$
7. ${\displaystyle \tan(270^{\circ }+x)=-\cot(x)}$
8. ${\displaystyle \tan(360^{\circ }-x)=-\tan(x)}$
9. ${\displaystyle \tan(360^{\circ }+x)=\tan(x)}$