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Preface

This book is about Zope 3, a Python framework for web application development. Zope 3 was developed by the Zope community with the leadership of Jim Fulton, the creator of original Zope. Zope 3 consists of a number of small frameworks and libraries written in Python programming language and it is usable in pieces or in whole. These frameworks and libraries can be put together to build any kind of web application. Most of the Zope 3 packages are built on top of a component architecture which helps to separate presentation code from the problem domain code and to create reusable components.

The goal for this project is to create a complete, free, open-content, well-organized book for Zope 3. The target audience of this book are Python programmers looking for developing web applications. However, the book doesn't assume you are familiar with any other web framework. This book will require prior knowledge Python programming language and at least some exposure to the basics of HTML, CSS and JavaScript.

Table of Contents

 

This book is intended for intermediate readers.

This book is about Zope 3, a Python framework for web application development. Zope 3 was developed by the Zope community with the leadership of Jim Fulton, the creator of original Zope. Zope 3 consists of a number of small frameworks and libraries written in Python programming language and it is usable in pieces or in whole. These frameworks and libraries can be put together to build any kind of web application. Most of the Zope 3 packages are built on top of a component architecture which helps to separate presentation code from the problem domain code and to create reusable components.

The goal for this project is to create a complete, free, open-content, well-organized book for Zope 3. The target audience of this book are Python programmers looking for developing web applications. However, the book doesn't assume you are familiar with any other web framework. This book will require prior knowledge Python programming language and at least some exposure to the basics of HTML, CSS and JavaScript.

Table of Contents

Appendices

Appendices




Introduction

  Index Next: Getting Started

Overview

Zope 3 consists of a number of small frameworks and libraries written in Python programming language and it is usable in pieces or in whole. These frameworks and libraries can be put together to build any kind of web application. Normally, Zope 3 applications are developed using a Python based build system called Buildout. Zope 3 is built on top of a component architecture to separate presentation code from the problem domain code and to create reusable components (zope.component).

Zope 3 has an object publisher (zope.publisher), web server (zope.server), transactional object database (ZODB), XML-configuration language for registering components (zope.configuration), flexible security architecture with pluggable security policies (zope.security), unit and functional testing frameworks (zope.testing, zope.testbrowser), XHTML-compliant templating language (zope.pagetemplate), schema engine and automatic form generation machinery (zope.schema, z3c.form) and many more core and third-party packages.

Originally, the term ZOPE was used as an acronym for Z Object Publishing Environment (the Z doesn't really mean anything in particular). However, now-a-days ZOPE is simply written as Zope.

Zope 3 is a ZPL (BSD like, GPL compatible license) licensed free/open source software. It was developed by the Zope community with the leadership of Jim Fulton. A brief history is given in the next section.

The main aim of this book is to create a free online book about Zope 3. This book will cover how to develop web applications using Zope 3 components. You suggestions and edits are always welcome.

Scope of the book

The intension of this book is not to cover how to use Zope 3 packages independently or with other Python applications/frameworks. Rather, this book focus on developing web applications using Zope 3 packages. More specifically, this book is not going to cover using Zope 3 technology in Zope 2, Plone, Grok or any plain Python application/framework. WSGI is also not a current focus of this book. This book is not going to cover using zopeproject to bootstrap application (it's very easy, look at the PyPI page for zopeproject). This book use Buildout for setting up an isolated development environment for building applications. Setuptools and vitualenv also will be covered.

Audience

The target audience of this book are Python programmers looking for developing web applications. However, the book doesn't assume you are familiar with any other web framework.

Prerequisites

This book will require prior knowledge Python programming language and at least some exposure to the basics of HTML, CSS and JavaScript.

Brief history

The beginning of Zope’s story goes something like this, in 1996, Jim Fulton (CTO of Zope Corporation) was drafted to teach a class on common gateway interface (CGI) programming, despite not knowing very much about the subject. CGI programming is a commonly-used web development model that allows developers to construct dynamic websites. On his way to the class, Jim studied all the existing documentation on CGI. On the way back, Jim considered what he didn't like about traditional, CGI-based programming environments. From these initial musings, the core of Zope was written while flying back from the CGI class.

Zope Corporation (then known as Digital Creations) went on to release three open-source software packages to support web publishing: Bobo, Document Template, and BoboPOS. These packages were written in a language called Python, and provided a web publishing facility, text templating, and an object database, respectively. Digital Creations developed a commercial application server based on their three opensource components. This product was called Principia. In November of 1998, investor Hadar Pedhazur convinced Digital Creations to open source Principia. These packages evolved into what are now the core components of Zope 2.

In 2001, the Zope community began working on a component architecture for Zope, but after several years they ended up with something much more: Zope 3. While Zope 2 was powerful and popular, Zope 3 was designed to bring web application development to the next level. This book is about this Zope 3, which is not really a new version of Zope 2.

Most recently, in 2007 the Zope community created yet another framework based on Zope 3 called Grok. The original Zope which is now known as Zope 2 is also widely used.

Organization of the book

This book has divided into multiple chapters. Summary of each chapter is given below.

Introduction

This chapter introduce Zope 3 with an overview and scope of the book, then briefly go through the history of Zope 3. Later discuss organization of the book. And finish with a thanks section.

Getting Started

This chapter begins with installation details of Python and Zope 3, then introduces Buildout, the build system we use to set up an isolated Python working environment and its configurations. Later, it explore setting up development sandbox using Buildout. A simple application is developed further and it ends with a Hello world page. During the application development we see how to use ZMI (Zope Management Interface) briefly. This chapter also provides a brief overview of important packages and installation of additional packages.

Interfaces

This chapter introduce the concept of interfaces.

Thanks

This book would not be possible if Zope 3 did not exist. For that, the authors would like to thank all developers of Zope 3. Thanks to wikibooks for providing this space for book. Thanks to all editors of this book.

  Index Next: Getting Started


Getting Started

Previous: Introduction Index Next: Interfaces

Python installation

The Zope community has always recommended using a custom built Python for development and deployment. Python 2.4 is the recommended version for Zope 3, although Python 2.5 will also work, but it is not yet officially supported.

GNU/Linux

To install Python, you will be required to install gcc, g++ and other development tools in your system. A typical installation of Python can be done like this: 

$ wget -c http://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.4.5/Python-2.4.5.tar.bz2
$ tar jxvf Python-2.4.5.tar.bz2
$ cd Python-2.4.5
$ ./configure --prefix=/home/guest/usr
$ make
$ make install

As given above, you can provide an option, --prefix to install Python in a particular location. The above steps install Python inside /home/guest/usr directory.

After installation, you can invoke the Python interpreter like this (~ is an alias to /home/guest): 

$ ~/usr/bin/python2.4
>>> print "Hello, world!"
Hello, world!

If you are not getting old statements in Python interactive prompt when using up-arrow key, try installing libreadline development libraries (Hint: apt-cache search libreadline). After installing this library, you should install Python again. You also will be required to install zlib (Hint: apt-cache search zlib compression library) to properly install Zope 3.

MS Windows

FIXME: Write about installation of Python in MS Windows with few screen shots.

Buildout

Introduction

We are going to use a build tool called Buildout for developing Zope 3 applications from multiple parts. Buildout will give you an isolated working environment for developing applications. The Buildout package, named zc.buildout is available for download from PyPI. This section briefly goes through the usage of Buildout for developing applications.

Buildout has a boostrap.py script for initializing a buildout based project for development or deployment. It will download and install zc.buildout, setuptools and other dependency modules in a specified directory. Once bootstrapped it will create a buildout executable script inside bin directory at the top of your project source. The default configuration for each project is buildout.cfg file at the top of your project source. Whenever you run the buildout command it will look into the default configuration file and will do actions based on it. Normally, the configuration file and boostrap script will be bundled with the project source itself. Other than the default configuration file along with the project source, you may also create a system wide default configuration file at ~/.buildout/default.cfg.

Buildout creator Jim Fulton recommend a custom built clean Python installation, i.e., there should not be any Python modules installed in your site-packages (ideally, a fresh Python installation). When you boostrap your project using Buildout's boostrap.py script, it will download and install all necessary packages in a specified directory. So, for an ideal project you only required a custom built clean Python and the project source with proper Buildout configuration and bootstrap script along with the source package.

Buildout configuration

These days, most of the Python packages are available in egg format. Buildout will download and install the eggs in directory and the location can be changed from the configuration file. It is better to give a system-wide location for eggs directory. And this configuration can be added to your system-wide configuration file. The default configuration file for Buildout is ~/.buildout/default.cfg. We are going to use eggs directory inside your home directory to keep all eggs downloaded, so first create those directories and file: 

$ cd $HOME
$ mkdir .buildout
$ mkdir eggs
$ touch .buildout/default.cfg

You can add the following to your ~/.buildout/default.cfg file: 

[buildout]
newest = false
eggs-directory = /home/baiju/eggs
find-links = http://download.zope.org/ppix

The eggs-directory is where Buildout stores the eggs that are downloaded. The last option, find-links points to a reliable mirror of the Python Package Index (PyPI). The default configurations given above will be available to all buildouts in your system.

MS Windows notes

FIXME: Add any specific things required for MS Windows here.

Setting up development sandbox

To demonstrate the concepts, tools and techniques, we are going to develop a simple ticket/issue tracking application named Ticket Collector. To begin the work, first create a directory for the project. After creating the directory, create a buildout.cfg file as given below. To bootstrap this application checkout bootstrap.py and run it inside that directory. 

$ mkdir ticketcollector
$ cd ticketcollector
$ echo "#Buildout configuration" > buildout.cfg
$ svn co svn://svn.zope.org/repos/main/zc.buildout/trunk/bootstrap
$ ~/usr/bin/python2.4 bootstrap/bootstrap.py

You can see a buildout script created inside bin directory. Now onwards, you can run this script when changing Buildout configuration.

Our application is basically a Python package. First we will create an src directory to place our package. Inside the src directory, you can create ticketcollector Python package. You can create the src and the ticketcollector package like this: 

$ mkdir src
$ mkdir src/ticketcollector
$ echo "#Python package" > src/ticketcollector/__init__.py

To start building our package you have to create a setup.py file. The setup.py should have the minimum details as given below:

We have included bare minimum packages required for installation here: zope.app.zcmlfiles, zope.app.twisted, zope.app.securitypolicy and setuptools. 

from setuptools import setup, find_packages

setup(
    name='ticketcollector',
    version='0.1',

    packages=find_packages('src'),
    package_dir={'': 'src'},
  
    install_requires=['setuptools',
                      'zope.app.zcmlfiles',
                      'zope.app.twisted',
                      'zope.app.securitypolicy',
                      ],
    include_package_data=True,
    zip_safe=False,
    )

Modify buildout.cfg as given below: 

[buildout]
develop = .
parts = py

[py]
recipe = zc.recipe.egg
eggs = ticketcollector
interpreter = python

Now run buildout script inside bin directory. This will download all necessary eggs and install it. So installing Zope is nothing but just setting up a buildout with setup.py with required packages install_requires for installation. Unless you specified a parts section which use ticketcollector in some way, buildout will not download dependency packages.

A simple application

Configuring application

We are going to continue the Ticket Collector application in this section. In the last section when you run ./bin/buildout command all necessary Zope 3 packages required for running our application is downloaded inside ~/eggs directory. Now to run the bare minimum Zope 3, we have to create Zope Configuration Markup Language (ZCML) file and extend the buildout.cfg with appropriate Buildout recipes. We are going to use zc.zope3recipes:app,zc.zope3recipes:instance and zc.recipe.filestorage recipes for setting up our application. Here is our modified buildout.cfg (inside the ticketcollector project directory): 

[buildout]
develop = .
parts = ticketcollectorapp instance

[zope3]
location =

[ticketcollectorapp]
recipe = zc.zope3recipes:app
site.zcml = 
  <include package="ticketcollector" file="application.zcml" />
eggs = ticketcollector

[instance]
recipe = zc.zope3recipes:instance
application = ticketcollectorapp
zope.conf = ${database:zconfig}

[database]
recipe = zc.recipe.filestorage

Then we will create application.zcml inside src/ticketcollector directory with the following text. Consider it as boiler plate code now, we will explain this in details later: 

<configure
  xmlns="http://namespaces.zope.org/zope"
  >

  <include package="zope.app.securitypolicy" file="meta.zcml" />

  <include package="zope.app.zcmlfiles" />
  <include package="zope.app.authentication" />
  <include package="zope.app.securitypolicy" />
  <include package="zope.app.twisted" />

  <securityPolicy 
    component="zope.app.securitypolicy.zopepolicy.ZopeSecurityPolicy" />

  <role id="zope.Anonymous" title="Everybody"
    description="All users have this role implicitly" />
  <role id="zope.Manager" title="Site Manager" />
  <role id="zope.Member" title="Site Member" />

  <grant permission="zope.View"
    role="zope.Anonymous" />
  <grant permission="zope.app.dublincore.view"
    role="zope.Anonymous" />

  <grantAll role="zope.Manager" />

  <unauthenticatedPrincipal
    id="zope.anybody"
    title="Unauthenticated User" />

  <unauthenticatedGroup
    id="zope.Anybody"
    title="Unauthenticated Users" />

  <authenticatedGroup
    id="zope.Authenticated"
    title="Authenticated Users" />

  <everybodyGroup
    id="zope.Everybody"
    title="All Users" />

  <principal
    id="zope.manager"
    title="Manager"
    login="admin"
    password_manager="Plain Text"
    password="admin"
    />

  <grant
    role="zope.Manager"
    principal="zope.manager" />

</configure>

Running application

Now you can run the application by running ./bin/buildout command followed by ./bin/instance command. 

$ ./bin/buildout
$ ./bin/instance fg

So, to run a Zope 3 application we have to use buildout recipes with proper configurations.

Using ZMI

After running your instance, If you open a web browser and go to http://localhost:8080 you'll see the ZMI (Zope Management Interface).

Go ahead and click the Login link at the upper right. Enter the user name and password as admin, which is given in applications.zcml. Now click on [top] under Navigation on the right. Play around with adding some content objects (the Zope 3 name for instances that are visible in the ZMI). Note how content objects can be arranged in a hierarchy by adding folders which are special content objects that can hold other content objects.

There is nothing special about the ZMI, it is just the default skin for Zope 3. You can modify it to your liking, or replace it entirely.

When you're done exploring with the ZMI, go back to the window where you typed ./bin/instance fg and press Control-C to stop Zope 3.

Hello world

Now you can begin your development inside src/ticketcollector directory. Create a browser.py with following content: 

from zope.publisher.browser import BrowserView

class HelloView(BrowserView):

    def __call__(self):
        return """
        <html>
        <head>
          <title>Hello World</title>
        </head>
        <body>
          Hello World
        </body>
        </html>
        """

Now append the following text just above the last line of application.zcml: 

<browser:page
  for="*"
  name="hello"
  permission="zope.Public"
  class="ticketcollector.browser.HelloView"
/>

As you can see above, we are using page attribute from the browser namespace. So, you have to include that namespace in the beginning ZCML as shown below: 

<configure
   xmlns="http://namespaces.zope.org/zope"
   xmlns:browser="http://namespaces.zope.org/browser"
   >

After restarting Zope, open http://localhost:8080/hello, you can see that it displaying Hello World !.

Overview of packages

Installing additional packages

Summary

See also

Discussions

Previous: Introduction Index Next: Interfaces


Interfaces

Previous: Getting Started Index Next: Component Architecture

Introduction

Interfaces are objects that specify (document) the external behavior of objects that "provide" them. An interface specifies behavior through:

  • Informal documentation in a doc string
  • Attribute definitions
  • Invariants, which are conditions that must hold for objects that provide the interface

Some of the motivations for using interfaces are:

  • Avoid monolithic design by developing small, exchangeable pieces
  • Model external responsibility, functionality, and behavior
  • Establish contracts between pieces of functionality
  • Document the API

The classic software engineering book Design Patterns by the Gang of Four recommends that you Program to an interface, not an implementation. Defining a formal interface is helpful in understanding a system. Moreover, interfaces bring you all the benefits of Zope Component Architecture.

In some modern programming languages: Java, C#, VB.NET etc, interfaces are an explicit aspect of the language. Since Python lacks interfaces, Zope implements them as a meta-class to inherit from.

Types of Contract

"I can do X"
Describing the ability to do something is the classical definition of an API. Those abilities are defined and implemented as methods.
"I have X"
This statement declares the availability of data, which is classically associated with schemas. The data is stored in attributes and properties.
"You can do X with me"
Here we describe the behavior of an object. Classically there is no analog. However, MIME-types are great example of behavior declaration. This is implemented using empty "marker interfaces" as they describe implicit behavior.

The distinction between those three types of contracts was first pointed out in this form by Philipp von Weitershausen.

Understanding those distinctions is very important, since other programming languages do not necessarily use all three of these notions. In fact, often only the first one is used.

Defining Interfaces

  • Python has no concept of interfaces
  • Not a problem
  • Interfaces are just objects
  • "Abuse" the class statement to create an interface
  • Syntax proposed in PEP 245

Jim Fulton does not see this as a problem, since it makes interfaces first class citizens. In Java, for example, interfaces are special types of objects that can only serve as interfaces in their intended, limited scope.

An interface from the zope.interface package, on the other hand, defines the interface by implementing a meta-class, a core concept of Python. Thus, interfaces are merely using an existing Python pattern.

An example

Here is a classic hello world style example: 

>>> class Host(object):
...
...     def goodmorning(self, name):
...         """Say good morning to guests"""
...
...         return "Good morning, %s!" % name

In the above class, you defined a goodmorning method. If you call the goodmorning method from an object created using this class, it will return Good morning, ...! 

>>> host = Host()
>>> host.goodmorning('Jack')
'Good morning, Jack!'

Here host is the actual object your code uses. If you want to examine implementation details you need to access the class Host, either via the source code or an API documentation tool.

Now we will begin to use the Zope interfaces. For the class given above you can specify the interface like this: 

>>> from zope.interface import Interface

>>> class IHost(Interface):
...
...     def goodmorning(guest):
...         """Say good morning to guest"""

As you can see, the interface inherits from zope.interface.Interface. This use (abuse?) of Python's class statement is how Zope defines an interface. The I prefix for the interface name is a useful convention.

Declaring interfaces

You have already seen how to declare an interface using zope.interface in previous section. This section will explain the concepts in detail.

Consider this example interface: 

>>> from zope.interface import Interface
>>> from zope.interface import Attribute

>>> class IHost(Interface):
...     """A host object"""
...
...     name = Attribute("""Name of host""")
...
...     def goodmorning(guest):
...         """Say good morning to guest"""

The interface, IHost has two attributes, name and goodmorning. Recall that, at least in Python, methods are also attributes of classes. The name attribute is defined using zope.interface.Attribute class. When you add the attribute name to the IHost interface, you don't set an initial value. The purpose of defining the attribute name here is merely to indicate that any implementation of this interface will feature an attribute named name. In this case, you don't even say what type of attribute it has to be!. You can pass a documentation string as a first argument to Attribute.

The other attribute, goodmorning is a method defined using a function definition. Note that self is not required in interfaces, because self is an implementation detail of class. For example, a module can implement this interface. If a module implements this interface, there will be a name attribute and goodmorning function defined. And the goodmorning function will accept one argument.

Now you will see how to connect interface-class-object. So object is the real living thing, objects are instances of classes. And interface is the actual definition of the object, so classes are just the implementation details. This is why you should program to an interface and not to an implementation.

Now you should familiarize yourself with two more terms to understand other concepts. The first one is "provide" and the other one is "implement". Object provides interfaces and classes implement interfaces. In other words, objects provide interfaces that their classes implement. In the above example, host (object) provides IHost (interface), and Host (class) implements IHost (interface). One object can provide more than one interface; also one class can implement more than one interface. Objects can also provide interfaces directly, in addition to what their classes implement.

Note
Classes are the implementation details of objects. In Python, classes are callable objects, so why can't other callable objects implement an interface? Yes, it is possible. For any callable object you can declare that it produces objects that provide some interfaces by saying that the callable object implements the interfaces. The callable objects are generally called "factories". Since functions are callable objects, a function can be an implementer of an interface.

Implementing interfaces

To declare a class implements a particular interface, use the function zope.interface.implements in the class statement.

Consider this example, here Host implements IHost: 

>>> from zope.interface import implements

>>> class Host(object):
...
...     implements(IHost)
...
...     name = u''
...
...     def goodmorning(self, guest):
...         """Say good morning to guest"""
...
...         return "Good morning, %s!" % guest
Note
If you wonder how implements function works, refer the blog post by James Henstridge (http://blogs.gnome.org/jamesh/2005/09/08/python-class-advisors/) . In the adapter section, you will see an adapts function, it is also working similarly.

Since Host implements IHost, instances of Host provide IHost. There are some utility methods to introspect the declarations. The declaration can write outside the class also. If you don't write interface.implements(IHost) in the above example, then after defining the class statement, you can write like this: 

>>> from zope.interface import classImplements
>>> classImplements(Host, IHost)

Marker interfaces

An interface can be used to declare that a particular object belongs to a special type. An interface without any attribute or method is called marker interface.

Here is a marker interface: 

>>> from zope.interface import Interface

>>> class ISpecialGuest(Interface):
...     """A special guest"""

This interface can be used to declare an object is a special guest.

Previous: Getting Started Index Next: Component Architecture


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You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.

3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

4. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

  1. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
  2. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
  3. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
  4. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
  5. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
  6. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
  7. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
  8. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
  9. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
  10. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
  11. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
  12. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
  13. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified version.
  14. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
  15. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".

6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.

8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.

9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.

However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.

11. RELICENSING

"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.

"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.

"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.

An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.

The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:

Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.

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