Switching from macOS to Linux/System Preferences (Desktop)
The following is a list of some of Apple's System Preference Panes and where you will be able to find the same settings in Ubuntu Desktop. Most of them are self explanatory and are available in Ubuntu Desktop "System Settings" application, which is found in the Dock or in the Gear menu at the top right of the screen.
Date & Time edit
Desktop edit
Desktop Background edit
"System Settings", "Appearance" to set the background image.
Screensaver edit
"System Settings", "Brightness & Lock" to set the lock time and password requirements.
Ubuntu's ships with only one basic screensaver that locks the screen. If you want a more screensaver follow these screensaver installation instructions.
Displays edit
Resolution edit
"System Settings", "Display" to change resolution. The big difference between this and Mac is that you have to click "Apply" to actually change the resolution. This won't be obvious if you install Ubuntu in a VM that has a very small screen size (800 x 600) because you won't be able to see the "Apply" button.
Brightness edit
Color edit
Night Shift edit
Dock edit
The Ubuntu Dock is called the Launcher.
"System Settings", "Appearance", "Look" tab allows you set it's size. The "Behavior" tab allows you to Auto-hide the Launcher. There are other ways to configure the Launcher appearance.
Energy Saver edit
Sleep display edit
"System Settings", "Brightness & Lock" to set the lock time.
Sleep computer edit
"System Settings", "Power" allows you to suspend the computer, but I'm not sure what that means.
Sleep hard drives edit
I don't see settings for this.
Wake for Network Access edit
Start up after power failure edit
Power Nap edit
Power On/Wake edit
Power Off/Sleep edit
Extensions edit
General edit
Default Web browser edit
"System Settings", "Details" pane, "Default Applications" tab allows you to change the default web browser, email, calendar, music, video, and photo applications.
Keyboard edit
Key Repeat & Delay Until Repeat edit
"System Settings", "Keyboard"
Modifier Keys edit
Text edit
Shortcuts edit
"System Settings", "Keyboard"
Input Sources edit
"System Settings", "Text Entry"
Dictation edit
Add bluetooth device edit
Mouse & Trackpad edit
Scroll Direction edit
This seems to be a grey area. You can read about it here and here
Tracking Speed edit
"System Settings", "Mouse & Trackpad"
Add bluetooth device edit
Network edit
Printers & Scanners edit
"System Settings", "Printers".
Security & Privacy edit
Screensaver Password edit
"System Settings", "Brightness & Lock"