Statistics/Summary/Quantiles

Quantiles

Quantiles are statistics that describe various subdivisions of a frequency distribution into equal proportions. The simplest division that can be envisioned is into two equal halves and the quantile that does this, the median value of the variate, is used also as a measure of central tendency for the distribution.

When division is into four parts the values of the variate corresponding to 25%, 50% and 75% of the total distribution are called quartiles. The difference between the 1st and 3rd quartiles is called the inter-quartile range. It embraces the central 50% of the distribution and gives a measure of the dispersion of the distribution. The 2nd quartile is just the median under another name.

Other quantiles that may be encountered include quintiles (distribution divided at 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%), deciles (inter-decile range from 1st decile to 9th decile holds 80% of the distribution) and percentiles.

Division into irregular-sized quantiles can be encountered in a "normal quantile plot", used as a graphical test for the "Normality" of a sample.