Spanish by Choice/Novelas Cortas 15/Print version
This is the print version of Spanish_by_Choice/Novelas Cortas 15
|
Novelas Cortas: El Año en Spitzberg, pt. 1
Introduction
First part of the short story “El Año en Spitzberg,” which appears in the book “Novelas Cortas” by Pedro Antonio de Alarcón with notes by W.F. Giese. LibriVox recording read by Karen Savage.
Text
I
Estoy viendo desaparecer hacia el Mediodía el buque ballenero que me deja abandonado en esta isla desierta, sobre la arena de una playa sin nombre.
¡Heme aquí solo; solo en un ámbito de mil leguas!
Yo amaba a una mujer.... El demonio de los celos me mordió el corazón, y he matado a mi rival en desafio.... ¡Era un príncipe!...
Y el Gobierno ruso me ha condenado a pasar aquí un año...; es decir, me ha condenado a muerte.
¡Ah! ¿Por qué no me entregó al hacha[111-2] del verdugo? ¿Por qué hacerme expirar de frío, de hambre, de tristeza, de desesperación, o disputando mi cuerpo al terrible oso blanco, si mi delito no era más que uno?
¡Spitzberg!... ¡Estoy en el terrible archipiélago que ninguna raza ha podido habitar! ¡Me hallo a los 77 grados latitud Norte, a doscientas sesenta leguas del Polo!
Creo haber oído decir a mis asesinos que esta isla es la del Nordeste, la más meridional del horroroso grupo, la más templada de todas.... ¡Cruel compasión..., que prolongará algunas horas mi agonía!
Ignoro en cuál de estos témpanos de hielo eterno tiene la Rusia una colonia para la peletería y la pesca de la ballena; pero lo que sí sé[111-3] es que los colonos emigrarían[111-4] a la Laponia a fines de Agosto,[112-1] hace dos meses, y no volverán hasta la primavera...; ¡dentro de doscientos cuarenta días!
¡Estoy, pues, solo, sin hogar, sin amparo, sin víveres, sin consuelos!
¡Morir! He aquí mi inevitable y próxima suerte.
Hoy es 17 de Octubre.... El frío avanza por el Norte.... Dentro de pocos días me helaré sin remedio.
Entretanto me alimentaré con la caza. ¡Siquiera[112-2] esos crueles me han dejado una escopeta... «por si quería[112-3] suicidarme de este modo»! Mataré rengíferos, chuparé hielo y me procuraré un abrigo entre esas rocas. El inglés Parry[112-4] habitó cabañas de nieve en el Norte de América a los 73 grados.
¡Ah! Sí...; ¡pero yo estoy cuatro grados más cerca del Polo, y no tengo fuego para calentarme!
¡Morir! ¡Morir! ¡He aquí mi infalible destino!
II
Han transcurrido seis días.
Una ráfaga de esperanza brilla ante mis ojos....
Me he procurado fuego como Robinsón,[112-5] rozando dos pedazos de cedro.
Ayer encontré en el centro de inmensa roca una profunda cavidad muy reservada del frío.
Todos los días mato cinco o seis rengíferos, los despedazo y conservo la carne entre los témpanos de hielo.
Así se conservará incorrupta hasta el año que viene.
También hago provisión de combustibles. No tengo hacha; pero el frío me sirve de leñador. Todas las noches crujen algunos árboles y saltan hechos astillas por el rigor de la helada, y yo traslado a mi gruta cada mañana miles de estos fragmentos, que alimentarán mi hogar hasta que me muera.
Voy, pues, a entablar una insensata lucha con el invierno. ¡Porque deseo vivir y volver al lado de los hombres! ¡Porque la soledad me ha vuelto cobarde!... ¡Porque adoro la vida!...
III
El frío es ya irresistible....
Ha llegado el momento de encerrarme en las entrañas de esa peña; de incrustarme en su centro como un marisco en su concha.
Antes de sepultarme en la que acaso será efectivamente mi tumba; antes de vestirme esa mortaja de piedra, quiero despedirme del mundo, de la Naturaleza, de la luz, de la vida....
Camina el sol tan poco elevado en el horizonte, que desde que sale hasta que se pone(206) no hace más que recorrer su ocaso[113-1] como luminoso fantasma que da vueltas alrededor de su sepulcro.
Sus rayos pálidos y horizontales reverberan tristemente sobre el mar.
Las aguas empiezan a rizarse.... Pronto quedarán encadenadas por el hielo.
La bóveda celeste ostenta un azul cárdeno y sombrío, que la hace aparecer como más distante de la Tierra.
El soplo del aquilón quema y marchita las tristes flores que osaron desplegar aquí sus encantos, y ata con lazos de cristal el curso de los torrentes.... ¡Helos ya mudos, inmóviles, petrificados en sus enérgicas actitudes, como trágicos héroes esculpidos[113-2] en mármol!...
Reina un silencio sepulcral, un silencio absoluto. No se oye ni canto de ave, ni rumor de corriente, ni suspiro de brisa, ni columpio de planta....
¡Ni movimiento ni ruido!... ¡Nada! El mutismo del no ser: he aquí todo. La eternidad y lo infinito deben de parecerse a estas monótonas soledades, a estos páramos de inacción y muerte. El calor de mi sangre, los latidos de mi corazón, el soplo de mi aliento, el eco de mis pasos, son los únicos síntomas de vida que ofrece la Naturaleza. Me creo, pues, solo en un mundo cadáver, en un planeta posterior a su Apocalipsis;[114-1] en la Tierra misma, pasado el Juicio final....
Hoy tiene el día diez y seis minutos.
Mañana no saldrá el sol.
Mañana me ocultaré yo por seis meses; él por tres.
¡Oh, sol! ¿ Volveremos a vernos?
¡Qué frío tan(207) espantoso!... La humedad del aire se convierte en agujas de hielo que punzan mi semblante.
Mi aliento me rodea de una especie de niebla que no puede elevarse a la condensada atmósfera.
El humo de mi escopeta se dilata también horizontalmente.
Ayer toqué el gatillo sin mis gruesos guantes, y mis dedos quedaron tan fuertemente unidos al acero que, para separarlos, hube de dejarme allí la piel.
La sábana blanca que se extiende indefinidamente alrededor de mí, y las irradiaciones de la luz en ella, hanme producido en la vista una terrible inflamación....
Pronto vendrá el escorbuto....
¡Oh! ¡Qué espantosa es esta lucha de mi vida con la muerte de todo lo creado!
IV
En efecto: ayer apareció el sol; no por el Oriente, sino por el Sur. Trazó en lontananza un ligero semicírculo, y se hundió al cabo de un cuarto de hora.
Hoy es el 7 de Noviembre, el tremendo día del Spitzberg, el último en que ve el sol.... Son las once y media de la mañana.
Hace tres horas que un esplendoroso crepúsculo luce en el remotísimo confín de los cielos.
Mas el sol no aparece....
¡Ah!... ¡Sí!... ¡Helo pálido y entristecido, pugnando por asomar su frente!...
Pero el disco no se eleva....
El limbo solamente pasa rozando por el límite del cielo y de las olas....
¡Un momento más, y ha desaparecido!
¡Adiós para siempre, padre de la luz, corona de los cielos, alma del mundo!
¡Adiós, mi último amigo! ¡Adiós, y vuelve!
V
¿Cuánto tiempo ha transcurrido?
No lo sé.
Mi reloj anduvo una semana: el frío lo paró después, o, mejor dicho, lo mató.
El frío lo mata todo.[115-1]
Ignoro, pues, qué día es hoy.
Pero ¿qué significa la palabra hoy?
El hoy no existe para mí.
Mi vida carece de horas.
Lo pasado, lo presente y el porvenir forman horrible grupo en mi imaginación.
Un momento continuo: tal es el tiempo dentro de este sepulcro.
Si los muertos pensaran en el panteón, padecerían lo que yo padezco.
Los siglos caminan más de prisa(208) que aquí los instantes.
Un invierno en Spitzberg da una idea de la eternidad en el infierno. ¡Y qué abismo sin fondo el de mi tenaz meditación!
Mis ideas, indefinidamente desbordadas, explayadas, extendidas por el páramo de mi no ser,[116-1] concluirán por escapárseme..., y no me volveré loco.
Vivo náufrago y sin tabla en un océano de negaciones. Paréceme un sueño la idea de que existe el mundo. Dudo hasta de mi propia existencia. Mi desesperación es más cruel que la de los ateos: ellos niegan el porvenir; yo niego lo presente. Yo no he perdido la esperanza, sino la realidad.
VI
¡Qué lejos estoy de los hombres! ¡Qué olvidado sobre la tierra! Hacia cualquier parte que dirijo el pensamiento, disto de la humanidad centenares de leguas.
Mil quinientas millas al Occidente se halla la Groenlandia,[116-2] continente de hielo que enlaza dos mundos....
Al Norte... ¡no hay más que el Polo!
El Océano Atlántico se dilata por el Sur.... Allá está el continente europeo, con su perdurable primavera.... Luego el África, ¡la patria del sol!... Después las zonas antárticas, gozando ahora de los favores del estío....
Al Oriente, a dos mil cuatrocientas millas de este archipiélago, sólo se halla la Nueva Zembla.[116-3]
¡Oh! ¡Qué pesadilla descorrió[116-4] en mente humana ilusión tan negra como la realidad de mi desventura!
VII
El upas, árbol venenoso de la Oceanía,[116-5] no deja brotar ni una planta en el ámbito que cobija su ramaje.
Donde el caballo de Atila[116-6] sentaba el pie no volvía a nacer la hierba.
El envidioso no ve más que la sombra del bien ajeno. El egoísta está siempre asfixiado por falta de otro mundo que absorber....
El escéptico vive negativamente.
¿Y yo? ¿Qué soy? ¿Qué hago? ¿Cómo vivo?
VIII
¡Cuántos brillantes salones se abrirán en este momento a una multitud alegre y bulliciosa!
El baile... el amor... la música....
¡Condenación para mí!
Allá imagino un perfumado gabinete, una chispeante chimenea, alfombras, butacas, pieles, café, ron, tabaco...; una plática tierna, descanso del placer, incentivo de más placeres...; una alcoba tibiamente alumbrada, un lecho mullido y el sueño de la felicidad....—¡Ay, mi Alejandra!
Pero no.... Estoy en San Petersburgo. Es una tarde de Mayo. Tomamos el sol en embalsamados jardines. La gente ríe, habla acá y allá, me saluda....—¡Alejandra! ¡Alejandra mía!
¡Tampoco!
¡Ah! ¡qué perdurable noche!...
¿Cuándo llegará mañana?
IX
Nuevas eternidades han rodado sobre mi cabeza.
Duermo mucho.
¿En qué hora, en qué día, en qué mes me encuentro?
¿Ha pasado ya un año, o una semana solamente?
¿Abulto yo el tiempo con la imaginación, o no lo siento pasar y lo achico?
¿De qué pecan[117-1] mis cálculos? ¿de exagerados[117-2] o de cobardes?
¡Oh! ¿Qué es este tiempo sin medida, pro indiviso,[118-1] sin cronómetro, sin día ni noche, sin sol, luna ni estrellas? ¡Es el caos; es la nada con un solo sér, como mi pobre espíritu, abismada en el eterno vacío!
Me he puesto a veces las manos sobre el corazón; he sumado luego los latidos que he contado en distintas ocasiones, y ha pasado de un millón la suma total.
¡Un millón de latidos!... ¡Un millón de segundos!... ¡Once días y medio!
¡Y luego se deslizan los años de nuestra ventura como pájaros por el aire, sin dejar rastro en la memoria!
¡Cuántas veces me vió el crepúsculo de la tarde al lado de mi adorada, y llegó la noche, y pasó, y rayó el día..., y toda esta cantidad de tiempo no fué otra cosa que una larga mirada!
¡Oh! ¡cuántas inmensidades contiene un minuto de dolor!
Y ¡cuan pasajera es una inmensidad de dicha!
X
Las rocas crujen sobre mi cabeza.
Parece que la isla va a partirse en mil pedazos.
Este debe de ser el vendaval del equinoccio....
Es decir, que Marzo habrá[118-2] mediado ya y que el sol lucirá en el horizonte....
¡Voy a salir! ¡Quiero ver el cielo! ¡Quiero ver el sol!
Pero ¿qué oigo?
Los osos blancos rugen terriblemente.... ¡Mejor! ¡Lucharemos!...
¡También yo tengo hambre de sangre caliente, de carne que palpite entre mis uñas!
Cojo la escopeta; rompo el hielo que obstruye la entrada de esta gruta, y salgo....
¡Extraña debe ser mi aparición entre las nieves! ¡Pareceré una fiera que deja su cubil, un monstruo que sale del infierno, Lázaro[119-1] que se levanta de la tumba!
Notes
(The first figures refer to the original pages of text, and second figures to the reference figures in text).
111-1: Spitzberg: Spitzbergen, a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean north of Norway.
111-2: al hacha: cf. note al ave, p. 25, 3.
111-3: lo que sí sé: sí (yes) is often redundantly used to emphasize a verb.
111-4: emigrarían: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
112-1: a fines de Agosto: the plural forms fines, mediados, and principios are used in indefinite reference to end, middle, and beginning of the month, year, etc.
112-2: Siquiera: at least.
112-3: por si quería: in case I wished.
112-4: Parry: the English explorer who made various Arctic exploring expeditions between 1811 and 1827.
112-5: Robinsón: Robinson Crusoe.
113-1: recorrer su ocaso: revolve around its setting point.
113-2: esculpidos: cf. note estupefacto, p. 9, 1.
114-1: posterior a su Apocalipsis: after the Apocalypse (the end of the world). This is the Greek title of the Book of Revelation.
115-1: lo mata todo: kills everything. Lo... todo as object of a verb is often equivalent to everything.
116-1: mi no ser: the non ego.
116-2: Groenlandia: Greenland.
116-3: Nueva Zembla: Nova Zembla, a group of two islands in the Arctic Ocean, north of Russia.
116-4: descorrió: infused.
116-5: Oceanía: Oceanica, the collective name of the islands of the Pacific.
116-6: Atila: Attila, king of the Huns, who devastated Europe about the middle of the fifth century.
117-1: ¿De que pecan?: in what respect are they wrong (lit. do they sin)?
117-2: de exagerados: (i.e. pecan de exagerados) they have the fault of being exaggerated.
118-1: pro indiviso: (Latin) undivided.
118-2: habrá: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
119-1: Lázaro: for the story of the resurrection of Lazarus, see the Gospel of John, xi.
Idiomatic Commentary
(Review 48, 167, 185, 32).
(Review 64, 1, 7, 60, 77, 9, 46).
206. ¿Se pone el sol o sale? — Is the sun setting or rising?
(Review 12, 98, 92).
207. ¡Qué cielo tan hermoso! — What a lovely sky!
(Review 39, 77, 48).
208. Camina muy de prisa. — He goes very rapidly.
(Review 64, 47, 197, 12).
(Review 61, 15).
(Review 29, 32, 59, 132, 45).
(Review 59, 97, 149, 56, 93, 77, 99, 207).
License
| Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License." |
GNU Free Documentation License
As of July 15, 2009 Wikibooks has moved to a dual-licensing system that supersedes the previous GFDL only licensing. In short, this means that text licensed under the GFDL only can no longer be imported to Wikibooks, retroactive to 1 November 2008. Additionally, Wikibooks text might or might not now be exportable under the GFDL depending on whether or not any content was added and not removed since July 15. |
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Document to the public.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
- Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
- List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
- State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
- Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
- Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
- Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
- Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
- Include an unaltered copy of this License.
- Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
- Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
- For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
- Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
- Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified version.
- Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
- Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
11. RELICENSING
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.
"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
- Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
- Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
- under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
- or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
- with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
- A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
- Free Documentation License".
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
- with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
- Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.