Sardinian/Printable version

Sardinian

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sardinian

Permission is granted to copy, distribute, and/or modify this document under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License.

Alphabet

It's a typical Latin-derived alphabet, as follows

1. A (A)
2. B (Bi)
3. C (Ci)
4. D (Di)
5. E (E)
6. F (Efa)
7. G (Gi)
8. H (Aca)
9. I (I)
10. J (Jota)
11. K (Kappa)
12. L (Ella)
13. M (Emma)
14. N (Enna)
15. O (O)
16. P (Pi)
17. R (Erra)
18. S (Essa)
19. T (Ti)
20. TZ (Zeta surda)
21. U (U)
22. V (Vu)
23. X (Ìchisi)
24. Z (Zeta sonora)

Pronounce

One of the major complications is the difference between the written form and the spoken one, given one must follow specific rules: it is important to mention at least some in the generality of cases.

It is highly recommended to learn as reported below, since the actual pronunciation of what is written shall be taken for granted.

Articles

Definite

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	Su = the	Sos = the
Feminine	Sa = the	Sas = the

Indefinite

Masculine	Feminine
Unu = a	Una = a

Prepositions

Prepositions go before a noun, pronoun, adjective or verb to indicate their function in a sentence; and may be simple, contracted or improper.

Simple prepositions

• A = to
• Chin o Cun = with
• De = of
• Dae = from / by
• In = in
• Pro = because of / to
• Tra = between / among
• Peri = towards

Contracted prepositions

These are generally formed by simple prepositions + the definite article.

• A su / sa ; A sos / sas
• Chin su / sa ; Chin sos / sas
• De su / sa ; De sos / sas
• Dae su / sa ; Dae sos / sas
• In su / sa ; In sos / sas

Improper prepositions

• Sutta = under / beneath / below
• Supra = above
• Sicunde = according to
• Chentza = without
• Francu = with the exception of

Prepositional phrases

• In fattu [de] = behind
• Finas / Fintzas [a] = until
• Prima [de] = before
• [a] Pustis [de] = after
• [a] Curtzu [de] = near / close to
• [in] S'oru [de] = near to the edge of
• Attesu [dae] = far (away) from
• Innedda [dae] = far (away) from
• [a] Largu [dae] = far (away) from
• Paris [chin] = together with
• Affaccu [de] = next to
• [a] Costazu [de] = next to
• Contr'[a] = against
• [a] Cara [de] = before / in front of
• Fora [de] = out of / outside of
• Intro [de] = inside / within
• [in] Cambiu [de] = in exchange for / in return for
• Imbetzes [de] = instead of

• Because of the abovementioned pronunciation rules, the pronunciation of the prepositions is as follows:

A ssu / ssa ; A ssos / ssas

Chi' ssu / ssa ; Chi' ssos / ssas

De ssos / ssas ; De ssos / ssas

Dae su / sa ; Dae sos / sas

I' ssu / ssa ; I' ssos / ssas

I 'ffattu 'e ...

Affacch 'e ...

• In spoken form, when in o chin are bound to the indefinite article unu / -a, a -d is added.

Cantande ind unu tzilleri (Singing in a bar)

Fipo chind un'amica (I was with a friend)

• In spoken form, the -D of De often is not pronounced; so that the preposition becomes 'e.

Cardinal numbers

• Unu = 1
• Duos = 2
• Tres = 3
• Battor = 4
• Chimbe = 5
• Ses = 6
• Sette = 7
• Otto = 8
• Nove = 9
• Deche = 10
• Undichi = 11
• Doichi = 12
• Treichi = 13
• Battordichi = 14
• Bindichi = 15
• Seichi = 16
• Dechessette = 17
• Decheotto = 18
• Dechennove = 19
• Binti = 20
• Bintunu = 21
• Bintiduos = 22
• Bintitres = 23

...

• Trinta = 30
• Trintunu = 31
• Trintaduos = 32
• Trintatres = 33

...

• Baranta = 40
• Barantunu = 41
• Barantaduos = 42
• Barantatres = 43

...

• Chimbanta = 50
• Chimbantunu = 51
• Chimbantaduos = 52
• Chimbantatres = 53

...

• Sessanta = 60
• Sessantunu = 61
• Sessantaduos = 62
• Sessantatres = 63

...

• Settanta = 70
• Settantunu = 71
• Settantaduos = 72
• Settantatres = 73

...

• Ottanta = 80
• Ottantunu = 81
• Ottantaduos = 82
• Ottantatres = 83

...

• Novanta = 90
• Novantunu = 91
• Novantaduos = 92
• Novantatres = 93

...

• Chentu = 100
• Chent'e unu = 101
• Chent'e duos = 102
• Chent'e tres = 103
• Chentuchimbantunu = 151
• Duchentos/-as = 200
• Duchentos/-as e unu/-a = 201
• Duchentos/-as e duos/-as = 202
• Duchentos/-as e tres = 203
• Duchentos/-as bintitres = 223
• Trechentos/-as = 300
• Battochentos/-as = 400
• Chimbichentos/-as == 500
• Seschentos/-as = 600
• Settechentos/-as = 700
• Ottochentos/-as = 800
• Novechentos/-as = 900
• Milli = 1000
• Mill'e unu/-a = 1001
• Mill'e duos/-as = 1002
• Duamiza = 2000
• Tremiza = 3000
• Battomiza = 4000
• Chimbemiza = 5000
• Semiza = 6000
• Settemiza = 7000
• Ottomiza = 8000
• Novemiza = 9000
• Dechemiza = 10000
• Doichimiza = 12000
• Bintunamiza e deche = 21010

Ordinal numbers

Ordinal numbers serving as adjectives

• Primu/-a = first
• Sicundu/-a = second
• Tertzu/-a = third
• Cuartu/-a = fourth
• Cuìntu/-a = fifth
• Sestu/-a = sixth
• Sèttimu/-a = seventh
• Ottavu/-a = eighth
• Nonu/-a = ninth
• Décimu/-a = tenth

Ordinal numbers serving as pronouns

• Su 'e unu = the first
• Su 'e duos = the second
• Su 'e tres = the third
• Su 'e battor = the fourth
• Su 'e chimbe = the fifth
• Su 'e ses = the sixth
• Su 'e binti = the twentieth
• Su 'e bintunu = the twenty-first
• Su 'e bintiduos = the twenty-second
• Su 'e trinta = the twenty-third
• Su 'e chentu = the one hundredth
• Su 'e milli = the one thousandth

Verbs

Sardinian has the following moods and tenses:

Indicative	Subjunctive	Conditional	Imperative	Infinitive	Participle	Gerund
• Present • Imperfect • Preterite♦ • Present Perfect • Past Perfect • Future • Future Perfect	•Present •Imperfect •Past •Pluperfect	•Present •Past	•Present •Future	•Present •Past	•Present♦♦ •Past	•Present •Past

Verbs/Conjugation of ÈSSER

Indicative

Present

• Deo so
• Tue ses
• Issu/Issa est
• Nois semus
• Bois sezis
• Issos/Issas sun

Imperfect

• Deo fippo
• Tue fis
• Issu/Issa fit
• Nois fimus
• Bois fizis
• Issos/Issas fin

Present Perfect

• Deo so istau/-da
• Tue ses istau/-da
• Issu/Issa est istau/-da
• Nois semus istaos/-das
• Bois sezis istaos/-das
• Issos/Issas sun istaos/-das

Past Perfect

• Deo fippo istau/-da
• Tue fis istau/-da
• Issu/Issa fit istau/-da
• Nois fimus istaos/-das
• Bois fizis istaos/-das
• Issos/Issas fin istaos/-das

Future

• Deo app'a esser
• Tue as a esser
• Issu/Issa at a esser
• Nois amus a esser
• Bois azes a esser
• Issos/Issas an a esser

Future Perfect

• Deo app'a esser istau/-da
• Tue as a esser istau/-da
• Issu/Issa at a esser istau/-da
• Nois amus a esser istaos/-das
• Bois azes a esser istaos/-das
• Issos/Issas an a esser istaos/-das

Subjunctive

Present

• (Chi) Deo sìa
• (Chi) Tue sìas
• (Chi) Issu/Issa sìat
• (Chi) Nois siàmus
• (Chi) Bois siàzes
• (Chi) Issos/Issas sìan

Imperfect

• (Chi) Deo (es)sèrepo
• (Chi) Tue (es)sères
• (Chi) Issu/Issa (es)sèret
• (Chi) Nois (es)sèremus
• (Chi) Bois (es)sèrezes
• (Chi) Issos (es)sèren

Past

• (Chi) Deo sìa istau/-da
• (Chi) Tue sìas istau/-da
• (Chi) Issu/Issa sìat istau/-da
• (Chi) Nois siàmus istaos/-das
• (Chi) Bois siàzes istaos/-das
• (Chi) Issos/Issas sìan istaos/-das

Pluperfect

• (Chi) Deo (es)sèrepo istau/-da
• (Chi) Tue (es)sères istau/-da
• (Chi) Issu/Issa (es)sèret istau/-da
• (Chi) Nois (es)sèremus istaos/-das
• (Chi) Bois (es)sèrezes istaos/-das
• (Chi) Issos (es)sèren istaos/-das

Conditional

Present

• Deo dìo esser
• Tue dìas esser
• Issu/Issa dìat esser
• Nois diàmus esser
• Bois diàzes esser
• Issos/Issas dìan esser

Past

• Deo dìo esser istau/-da
• Tue dìas esser istau/-da
• Issu/Issa dìat esser istau/-da
• Nois diàmus esser istaos/-das
• Bois diàzes esser istaos/-das
• Issos/Issas dìan esser istaos/-das

Imperative

Present

• Sìas (tue!)
• Sìat (issu / issa!)
• Siàmus (nois!)
• Siàzes (bois!)
• Sìan (issos / issas!)

Future

• As a esser (tue!)
• At a esser (issu / issa!)
• Amus a esser (nois!)
• Azes a esser (bois!)
• An a esser (issos / issas!)

Infinitive

Present

• Èsser

Past

• Èsser istau/-da

Participle

Istau/-da ; Istaos/-das

Gerund

Present

• (Es)sende

Past

• (Es)sende istau/-da ; (Es)sende istaos/-das

Verbs/Conjugation of other auxiliary verbs

ÁER (To have)

Indicative

Present

• Deo appo
• Tue as
• Issu/Issa at
• Nois amus
• Bois azes
• Issos/Issas an

Imperfect

• Deo aìo
• Tue aìas
• Issu/Issa aìat
• Nois abamus, ajabamus
• Bois abazes, ajabazes
• Issos aìan

Present Perfect

• Deo app'àppiu
• Tue as àppiu
• Issu/Issa at àppiu
• Nois amus àppiu
• Bois azes àppiu
• Issos/Issas an àppiu

Past Perfect

• Deo aìo àppiu
• Tue aìas àppiu
• Issu/Issa aìat àppiu
• Nois abamus àppiu
• Bois abazes àppiu
• Issos/Issas aìan àppiu

Future

• Deo app'àer
• Tue as' àer
• Issu/Issa at' àer
• Nois amus' àer
• Bois azes' àer
• Issos/Issas an' àer

Future Perfect

• Deo app'àer àppiu
• Tue as' àer àppiu
• Issu/Issa at' àer àppiu
• Nois amus' àer àppiu
• Bois azes' àer àppiu
• Issos/Issas an' àer àppiu

Subjunctive

Present

• (Chi) Deo appa
• (Chi) Tue appas
• (Chi) Issu/Issa appat
• (Chi) Nois appamus
• (Chi) Bois appazes
• (Chi) Issos/Issas appan

Imperfect

• (Chi) Deo aèrepo
• (Chi) Tue aères
• (Chi) Issu/Issa aèret
• (Chi) Nois aerèmus
• (Chi) Bois aerèzes
• (Chi) Issos/Issas aèren

Past

• (Chi) Deo app'àppiu
• (Chi) Tue appas àppiu
• (Chi) Issu/Issa appat àppiu
• (Chi) Nois appamus àppiu
• (Chi) Bois appazes àppiu
• (Chi) Issos/Issas appan àppiu

Pluperfect

• (Chi) Deo aèrep' àppiu
• (Chi) Tue aères àppiu
• (Chi) Issu/Issa aèret àppiu
• (Chi) Nois aerèmus àppiu
• (Chi) Bois aerèzes àppiu
• (Chi) Issos/Issas aèren àppiu

Conditional

Present

• Deo dìo àer
• Tue dìas àer
• Issu/Issa dìat àer
• Nois diàmus àer
• Bois diàzes àer
• Issos/Issas dìan àer

Past

• Deo dìo àer àppiu
• Tue dìas àer àppiu
• Issu/Issa dìat àer àppiu
• Nois diàmus àer àppiu
• Bois diàzes àer àppiu
• Issos/Issas dìan àer àppiu

Imperative

Present

• Appas (tue!)
• Appat (issu / issa!)
• Appamus (nois!)
• Appazes (bois!)
• Appan (issos / issas!)

Future

• As' àer (tue!)
• At' àer (issu / issa!)
• Amus' àer (nois!)
• Azes' àer (bois!)
• An' àer (issos / issas!)

Infinitive

Present

Áer

Past

Áer àppiu

Participle

Áppiu

Gerund

Present

Aènde

Past

Aènde àppiu

DÈPER (Must / To have to)

Indicative

Present

• Deo depo
• Tue depes or des
• Issu/Issa depet or det
• Nois depimus or demus
• Bois depies or dezis
• Issos/Issas depen or den

Imperfect

• Deo depìo or dìo
• Tue depìas or dìas
• Issu/Issa depìat or dìat
• Nois depiabàmus or diàmus
• Bois depiabàzes or diàzes
• Issos/Issas depìan or dìan

Present Perfect

• Deo appo dèpiu
• Tue as dèpiu
• Issu/Issa at dèpiu
• Nois amus dèpiu
• Bois azes dèpiu
• Issos/Issas an dèpiu

Past Perfect

• Deo aìo dèpiu
• Tue aìas dèpiu
• Issu/Issa aìat dèpiu
• Nois abamus dèpiu
• Bois abazes dèpiu
• Issos aìan dèpiu

Future

• Deo app' a deper
• Tue as a deper
• Issu/Issa at a deper
• Nois amus a deper
• Bois azes a deper
• Issos/Issas an a deper

Future Perfect

• Deo app' àer dèpiu
• Tue as' àer dèpiu
• Issu/Issa at' àer dèpiu
• Nois amus' àer dèpiu
• Bois azes' àer dèpiu
• Issos/Issas an' àer dèpiu

Subjunctive

Present

• (Chi) Deo depa
• (Chi) Tue depas
• (Chi) Issu/Issa depat
• (Chi) Nois depamus
• (Chi) Bois depazes
• (Chi) Issos/Issas depan

Imperfect

• (Chi) Deo dière
• (Chi) Tue dières
• (Chi) Issu/Issa dièret
• (Chi) Nois dierèmus
• (Chi) Bois dierèzes
• (Chi) Issos/Issas dièren

Past

• (Chi) Deo appa dèpiu
• (Chi) Tue appas dèpiu
• (Chi) Issu/Issa appat dèpiu
• (Chi) Nois appamus dèpiu
• (Chi) Bois appazes dèpiu
• (Chi) Issos/Issas appan dèpiu

Pluperfect

• (Chi) Deo aèrepo dèpiu
• (Chi) Tue aères dèpiu
• (Chi) Issu/Issa aèret dèpiu
• (Chi) Nois aerèmus dèpiu
• (Chi) Bois aerèzes dèpiu
• (Chi) Issos/Issas aèren dèpiu

Conditional

Present

• Deo dìo deper
• Tue dìas deper
• Issu/Issa dìat deper
• Nois diàmus deper
• Bois diàzes deper
• Issos/Issas dìan deper

Past

• Deo dìo àer dèpiu
• Tue dìas àer dèpiu
• Issu/Issa dìat àer dèpiu
• Nois diàmus àer dèpiu
• Bois diàzes àer dèpiu
• Issos/Issas dìan àer dèpiu

Imperative

Present

• Depas (tue!)
• Depat (issu / issa!)
• Depamus (nois!)
• Depazes (bois!)
• Depan (issos / issas!)

Future

• As a deper (tue!)
• At a deper (issu / issa!)
• Amus a deper (nois!)
• Azes a deper (bois!)
• An a deper (issos / issas!)

Infinitive

Present

Dèper

Past

Áer dèpiu

Participle

Dèpiu

Gerund

Present

Depende

Past

Aènde dèpiu

Verbs/All the three conjugations

FIRST CONJUGATION: verbs ending in ~ARE eg: Cantare (to sing / to chant)

Indicative

Present

• Deo cànto
• Tue càntas
• Issu/Issa càntat
• Nois cantàmus
• Bois cantàes
• Issos/Issas càntan

Imperfect

• Deo cantàbo
• Tue cantàbas
• Issu/Issa cantàbat
• Nois cantabàmus
• Bois cantabàzes
• Issos/Issas cantàban

Present Perfect

• Deo appo cantàu
• Tue as cantàu
• Issu/Issa at cantàu
• Nois amus cantàu
• Bois azes cantàu
• Issos/Issas an cantàu

Past Perfect

• Deo aìo cantàu
• Tue aìas cantàu
• Issu/Issa aìat cantàu
• Nois abamus cantàu
• Bois abazes cantàu
• Issos/Issas aìan cantàu

Future

• Deo app'a cantàre
• Tue as a cantàre
• Issu/Issa at a cantàre
• Nois amus a cantàre
• Bois azes a cantàre
• Issos/Issas an a cantàre

Future Perfect

• Deo app'àer cantàu
• Tue as' àer cantàu
• Issu/Issa at' àer cantàu
• Nois amus' àer cantàu
• Bois azes' àer cantàu
• Issos/Issas an' àer cantàu

Subjunctive

Present

• (Chi) Deo cànte
• (Chi) Tue càntes
• (Chi) Issu/Issa càntet
• (Chi) Nois cantémus
• (Chi) Bois cantézas
• (Chi) Issos/Issas cànten

Imperfect

• (Chi) Deo cantàrepo
• (Chi) Tue cantàres
• (Chi) Issu/Issa cantàret
• (Chi) Nois cantarémus
• (Chi) Bois cantarézes
• (Chi) Issos/Issas cantàren

Past

• (Chi) Deo appa cantàu
• (Chi) Tue appas cantàu
• (Chi) Issu/Issa appat cantàu
• (Chi) Nois appamus cantàu
• (Chi) Bois appazes cantàu
• (Chi) Issos/Issas appan cantàu

Pluperfect

• (Chi) Deo aèrepo cantàu
• (Chi) Tue aères cantàu
• (Chi) Issu/Issa aèret cantàu
• (Chi) Nois aerémus cantàu
• (Chi) Bois aerèzes cantàu
• (Chi) Issos/Issas aèren cantàu

Conditional

Present

• Deo dìo cantàre
• Tue dìas cantàre
• Issu/Issa dìat cantàre
• Nois diàmus cantàre
• Bois diàzes cantàre
• Issos/Issas dìan cantàre

Past

• Deo dìo àer cantàu
• Tue dìas àer cantàu
• Issu/Issa dìat àer cantàu
• Nois diàmus àer cantàu
• Bois diàzes àer cantàu
• Issos/Issas dìan àer cantàu

Imperative

Present

• Cànta (tue!)
• Càntet (issu / issa!)
• Cantémus (nois!)
• Cantàe (bois!)
• Cànten (issos / issas!)

Future

• As a cantàre (tue!)
• At a cantàre (issu / issa!)
• Amus a cantàre (nois!)
• Azes a cantàre (bois!)
• An a cantàre (issos / issas!)

Infinitive

Present

Cantàre

Past

Áer cantàu

Participle

Cantàu

Gerund

Present

Cantànde

Past

Aènde cantàu

SECOND CONJUGATION: verbs ending in ~ER eg: FÀCHER (to do / to make)

Indicative

Present

• Deo fàco
• Tue fàches
• Issu/Issa fàchet
• Nois fachìmus
• Bois fachìes
• Issos/Issas fàchen

Imperfect

• Deo fachìo
• Tue fachìas
• Issu/Issa fachìat
• Nois fachiabàmus
• Bois fachiabàzes
• Issos/Issas fachìan

Present Perfect

• Deo appo fàttu
• Tue as fàttu
• Issu/Issa at fàttu
• Nois amus fàttu
• Bois azes fàttu
• Issos/Issas an fàttu

Past Perfect

• Deo aìo fàttu
• Tue aìas fàttu
• Issu/Issa aìat fàttu
• Nois abamus fàttu
• Bois abazes fàttu
• Issos aìan fàttu

Future

• Deo app' a fàcher
• Tue as a fàcher
• Issu/Issa at a fàcher
• Nois amus a fàcher
• Bois azes a fàcher
• Issos/Issas an a fàcher

Future Perfect

• Deo app' àer fàttu
• Tue as' àer fàttu
• Issu/Issa at' àer fàttu
• Nois amus' àer fàttu
• Bois azes' àer fàttu
• Issos/Issas an' àer fàttu

Subjunctive

Present

• (Chi) Deo fàca
• (Chi) Tue fàcas
• (Chi) Issu/Issa fàcat
• (Chi) Nois facàmus
• (Chi) Bois facàzes
• (Chi) Issos/Issas fàcan

Imperfect

• (Chi) Deo fachérepo
• (Chi) Tue fachéres
• (Chi) Issu/Issa fachéret
• (Chi) Nois facherémus
• (Chi) Bois facherézes
• (Chi) Issos/Issas fachéren

Past

• (Chi) Deo appa fàttu
• (Chi) Tue appas fàttu
• (Chi) Issu/Issa appat fàttu
• (Chi) Nois appamus fàttu
• (Chi) Bois appazes fàttu
• (Chi) Issos/Issas appan fàttu

Pluperfect

• (Chi) Deo aèrepo fàttu
• (Chi) Tue aères fàttu
• (Chi) Issu/Issa aèret fàttu
• (Chi) Nois aerèmus fàttu
• (Chi) Bois aerèzes fàttu
• (Chi) Issos/Issas aèren fàttu

Conditional

Present

• Deo dìo fàcher
• Tue dìas fàcher
• Issu/Issa dìat fàcher
• Nois diàmus fàcher
• Bois diàzes fàcher
• Issos/Issas dìan fàcher

Past

• Deo dìo àer fàttu
• Tue dìas àer fàttu
• Issu/Issa dìat àer fàttu
• Nois diàmus àer fàttu
• Bois diàzes àer fàttu
• Issos/Issas dìan àer fàttu

Imperative

Present

• Fàche (tue!)
• Fàcat (issu / issa!)
• Facàmus (nois!)
• Fachìe (bois!)
• Fàcan (issos / issas!)

Future

• As a fàcher (tue!)
• At a fàcher (issu / issa!)
• Amus a fàcher (nois!)
• Azes a fàcher (bois!)
• An a fàcher (issos / issas!)

Infinitive

Present

Fàcher

Past

Áer fàttu

Participle

Fàttu

Gerund

Present

Fachénde

Past

Aènde fàttu

THIRD CONJUGATION: verbs ending in ~ÌRE eg: FINÌRE (to end / to finish)

Indicative

Present

• Deo fìno
• Tue fìnis
• Issu/Issa fìnit
• Nois finìmus
• Bois finìes
• Issos/Issas fìnin

Imperfect

• Deo finìo
• Tue finìas
• Issu/Issa finìat
• Nois finiabàmus
• Bois finiabàzes
• Issos/Issas finìan

Present Perfect

• Deo appo finìu
• Tue as finìu
• Issu/Issa at finìu
• Nois amus finìu
• Bois azes finìu
• Issos/Issas an finìu

Past Perfect

• Deo aìo finìu
• Tue aìas finìu
• Issu/Issa aìat finìu
• Nois abamus finìu
• Bois abazes finìu
• Issos/Issas aìan finìu

Future

• Deo app'a finìre
• Tue as a finìre
• Issu/Issa at a finìre
• Nois amus a finìre
• Bois azes a finìre
• Issos/Issas an a finìre

Future Perfect

• Deo app'àer finìu
• Tue as' àer finìu
• Issu/Issa at' àer finìu
• Nois amus' àer finìu
• Bois azes' àer finìu
• Issos/Issas an' àer finìu

Subjunctive

Present

• (Chi) Deo fìna
• (Chi) Tue fìnas
• (Chi) Issu/Issa fìnat
• (Chi) Nois finàmus
• (Chi) Bois finàzes
• (Chi) Issos/Issas fìnan

Imperfect

• (Chi) Deo finìrepo
• (Chi) Tue finìres
• (Chi) Issu/Issa finìret
• (Chi) Nois finirémus
• (Chi) Bois finirézes
• (Chi) Issos/Issas finìren

Past

• (Chi) Deo appa finìu
• (Chi) Tue appas finìu
• (Chi) Issu/Issa appat finìu
• (Chi) Nois appamus finìu
• (Chi) Bois appazes finìu
• (Chi) Issos/Issas appan finìu

Pluperfect

• (Chi) Deo aèrepo finìu
• (Chi) Tue aères finìu
• (Chi) Issu/Issa aèret finìu
• (Chi) Nois aerémus finìu
• (Chi) Bois aerèzes finìu
• (Chi) Issos/Issas aèren finìu

Conditional

Present

• Deo dìo finìre
• Tue dìas finìre
• Issu/Issa dìat finìre
• Nois diàmus finìre
• Bois diàzes finìre
• Issos/Issas dìan finìre

Past

• Deo dìo àer finìu
• Tue dìas àer finìu
• Issu/Issa dìat àer finìu
• Nois diàmus àer finìu
• Bois diàzes àer finìu
• Issos/Issas dìan àer finìu

Imperative

Present

• Fìni (tue!)
• Fìnat (issu / issa!)
• Finàmus (nois!)
• Finìe (bois!)
• Fìnan (issos / issas!)

Future

• As a finìre (tue!)
• At a finìre (issu / issa!)
• Amus a finìre (nois!)
• Azes a finìre (bois!)
• An a finìre (issos / issas!)

Infinitive

Present

Finìre

Past

Áer finìu

Participle

Finìu

Gerund

Present

Finìnde

Past

Aènde finìu

Verbs/Irregular verbs

A

• APÈRRER (to open)

Other verbs such as copèrrer, iscopèrrer etc. are to be conjugated just like this one.

IND.(PRES.): deo apérjo, tue apéris, issu/-a apérit, nois aperímus, bois aperíes, issos/-as apérin

IND.(IMPERF.): deo aperío, tue aperías etc.

SUB.(PRES.): (chi) deo apérja, (chi) tue apérjas etc.

IMPER.(PRES.): apèri (tue!), aperíe (bois!)

PART.(PAST): apértu

GER.(PRES.): aperìnde

• ANDÀRE (to go)

IMPER.(PRES.): bàe (tue!), bàzze (bois!)

B

• BÀLER (to be worth)

IND.(PRES.): deo bàzo, tue bàles, issu/-a bàlet, nois balímus, bois balíes, issos/-as bàlen

IND.(IMPERF.): deo balío, tue balías, etc.

SUB.(PRES.): (chi) deo bàza, (chi) tue bàzas, (chi) issu/-a bàzat, etc.

IMPER.(PRES.): bàle (tue!), balíe (bois!)

PART.(PAST): bàfiu

GER.(PRES.): balénde

• BÈNNER (to come)

Other verbs such as cumbènner, imbènner, prebènner, etc. are to be conjugated just like this one.

IND.(PRES.): deo bénzo, tue bénis, issu/-a bénit, nois benìmus, bois beníes, issos/-as bènin

IND.(IMPERF.): deo benío, tue benías, etc.

SUB.(PRES.): (chi) deo bénza, (chi) tue bénzas, (chi) issu/-a bénzat, etc.

IMPER.(PRES.): béni (tue!), beníe (bois!)

PART.(PAST): bènniu

GER.(PRES.): benìnde

• BÍER (to see)

IND.(PRES.): deo bìo, tue bìes, issu/-a bìet, nois (b)idímus, bois (b)idíes, issos/-as bìen

IND.(IMPERF.): deo bidío, tue bidías, etc.

SUB.(PRES.): (chi) deo bìa, (chi) tue bìas, (chi) issu/-a bìat, etc.

IMPER.(PRES.): bìe (tue!), (b)idíe (bois!)

PART.(PAST): bìdu oppure bìstu

GER.(PRES.): biénde

• BÒLER (to want)

IND.(PRES.): deo bòzo, tue bòles, issu/-a bòlet, nois bolímus, bois bolíes, issos/-as bòlen

IND.(IMPERF.): deo bolío, tue bolías, etc.

SUB.(PRES.): (chi) deo bòza, (chi) tue bòzas, (chi) issu/-a bòzat, etc.

IMPER.(PRES.): bòle (tue!), bolíe (bois!)

PART.(PAST): bòfiu

GER.(PRES.): bolénde

C

• CHÉRRER (to want)

IND.(PRES.): deo chérjo, tue chéres, issu/-a chéret, nois cherìmus, bois cheríes, issos/-as chéren

IND.(IMPERF.): deo cherío, tue cherías, etc.

SUB.(PRES.): (chi) deo chérja, (chi) tue chérjas, (chi) issu/-a chérjat, etc.

PART.(PAST): chérfiu

GER.(PRES.): cherénde

D

• DÀRE (to give)

IND.(PRES.): deo dào, tue dàes, issu/-a dàet, nois dàmus, bois dàzes, issos/-as dàen

IND.(IMPERF.): deo dàbo oppure daío, tue dàbas oppure daías, etc.

SUB.(PRES.): (chi) deo día, (chi) tue días, (chi) issu/-a díat, (chi) nois diàmus, (chi) bois diàzes, (chi) issos/-as dían

IMPER.(PRES.): dàe (tue!), dàze (bois!)

• DÉPER (must / to have to)

Here is the conjugation of this verb in particular.

• DÒLER (to hurt)

The conjugation is regular, with the exception of PART.(PAST) which is dòrfiu.

F

• FÉRRER (to wound)

Other verbs such as offérrer, preférrer, reférrer etc. are to be conjugated just like this one.

IND.(PRES.): deo férjo, tue féris, issu/-a férit, nois ferìmus, bois feríes, issos/-as férin

IND.(IMPERF.): deo ferío, tue ferías, etc.

SUB.(PRES.): (chi) deo férja, (chi) tue férjas, (chi) issu/-a férjat, etc.

IMPER.(PRES.): féri (tue!), feríe (bois!)

PART.(PAST): fértu

GER.(PRES.): ferìnde

I

• ISTÈRRER (to extend)

IND.(PRES.): deo istèrjo, tue isterres, issu/-a isterret, nois isterrímus, bois isterríes, issos/-as isterren

IND.(IMPERF.): deo isterrío, tue isterrías, etc.

SUB.(PRES.): (chi) deo istèrja, (chi) tue istèrjas, (chi) issu/-a istèrjat, etc.

IMPER.(PRES.): isterre (tue!), isterríe (bois!)

M

• MANTÈNNER (to maintain)

This verb is to be conjugated just like TÈNNER, with the exception of the PART.(PAST) which is mantésu.

• MÒRRER (to die)

IND.(PRES.): deo mòrjo, tue mòris, issu/-a mòrit, nois mòrimus, bois mòríes, issos/-as mòrin

IND.(IMPERF.): deo morío, tue morías, etc.

SUB.(PRES.): (chi) deo mòrja, (chi) tue mòrjas, (chi) issu/-a mòrjat, etc.

IMPER.(PRES.): mòri (tue!), moríe (bois!)

PART.(PAST): mòrtu

GER.(PRES.): morìnde

N

• NÀRRER (to say)

This verb is particular, in that it belongs to the second conjugation just for the INF.(PRES.); all of the other moods seem to belong to the first one.

IND.(PRES.): deo nàro, tue nàras, issu/-a nàrat, nois nàramus, bois nàraes, issos/-as nàran
or even
deo nàro, tue nàs, issu/-a nàt, nois nàmus, bois nàzes, issos/-as nàn

IND.(IMPERF.): deo nàbo, tue nàbas, etc.

SUB.(PRES.): (chi) deo nìe, (chi) tue nìes, etc.

IMPER.(PRES.): nàra (tue!), nàze (bois!)

PART.(PAST): naràu or even nàu

GER.(PRES.): narànde or even nànde

P

• PÀRRER (to seem)

Other verbs such as appárrer, cumpárrer, iscumpárrer are to be conjugated just like this one.

IND.(PRES.): deo pàrjo, tue pàres, issu/-a pàret, nois parìmus, bois paríes, issos/-as pàren

IND.(IMPERF.): deo parío, tue parías, etc.

SUB.(PRES.): (chi) deo pàrja, (chi) tue pàrjas, (chi) issu/-a pàrjat, etc.

PART.(PAST): pàrtu

• PÒDER (can)

IND.(PRES.): deo pòtto, tue pòdes, issu/-a pòdet, nois podìmus, bois podíes, issos/-as pòden

IND.(IMPERF.): deo podío, tue podías, etc.

SUB.(PRES.): (chi) deo pòda, (chi) tue pòdas, (chi) issu/-a pòdat, etc.

PART.(PAST): pòttiu

• PÒNNER (to put)

Other verbs such as cumpònner, dispònner, impònner, propònner etc. are to be conjugated just like this one.

IND.(PRES.): deo pònzo, tue pònes, issu/-a pònet, nois ponìmus, bois poníes, issos/-as pònen

IND.(IMPERF.): deo ponío, tue ponías, etc.

SUB.(PRES.): (chi) deo pònza, (chi) tue pònzas, (chi) issu/-a pònzat, etc.

IMPER.(PRES.): pòne (tue!), poníe (bois!)

PART.(PAST): pòstu

GER.(PRES.): ponénde

T

• TÈNNER (to have)

The following compound verbs are conjugated similarly: astènner, cuntènner, mantènner, trattènner, retènner, sustènner etc.

IND.(PRES.): deo ténzo, tue ténes, issu/-a ténet, nois tenìmus, bois teníes, issos/-as ténen

IND.(IMPERF.): deo tenío, tue tenías, etc.

SUB.(PRES.): (chi) deo ténza, (chi) tue ténzas, (chi) issu/-a ténzat, etc.

IMPER.(PRES.): téne (tue!), teníe (bois!)

PART.(PAST): téntu

GER.(PRES.): tenénde

• TRATTÈNNER (to hold)

This verb is to be conjugated just like TÈNNER, with the exception of the PART.(PAST) which is trattésu.

Interjections

The most basic and common interjections are presented here :

• Ajò ! / archaically: Ajòni ! = Come on!

• Eja! = Yes!

• Emmo! = Yes!

• Alé! = Hooray! / Come on! (different from "Ajò"; "Alé" is more "Hooray" than "Come on")

• Ello...! = So...!

• Uff'! = Phew!

• Mah! =

• Oh...! = [vocative / to call someone, or in formulation of a question]

• Puh! / Putzidda! = Yuck!

• Bo'! = Enough! [often preceded by "puntu e"]

• Tittía! = It's cold! / What a cold! [often followed by da "bette frittu!", "bette astragu!", "su frittu chi b'at!" etc.]

• Pistidda! = [for burning sensation]

• Addolumannu! = Unfortunately! [ followed by the possessive to give references , eg. "addolumannu nostru!" or "unfortunately for us!"]

• Mudu! = Shit up! (to a boy/man)

• Muda! = Shit up! (to a girl/woman)

• Innorobona! = Good luck!

• Innoromala! = Go to hell!

• Arguai! = Woe! (in the sense of "woe betide him who ...")

• Iscuru! = Poor guy!

• Iscura! = Poor girl/woman!

• Pacubene! = [lamentation, sometimes followed by the possessive to give references , eg. "pacubene tuo!"]

• Mamma mea! / Ma' Mea! = Oh my!

• Oddeu'! / Oddé! = Yikes!

• Sa làstima! = What a pity! [often ironic ]

• Mancari! = If only... (literally "Maybe!")

• Malaittu / -a! = Cursed (be you/him/her/it) [sometimes followed by "chi siat / sian"]

• Raju! = Heck!, Wow!

• Archibusada! = Wow!

• Balla! = Wow!
• Bene! = Good!

• Marranu / -a! = [to taunt a victim to a duel]

• Zée...! / Cée...! = [exclamation of surprise, especially negative]

Colours, months and seasons

Dies (days)

Sa chida (the week)

Sardu	English
Lunis	Monday
Martis	Tuesday
Mércuris	Wednesday
Jòbia	Thursday
Chenàpura	Friday
Sàpadu	Saturday
Dumìnica	Sunday

Festas (holidays)

Sardu	English
Prima di'e Annu	New Year's Day
Pasca de sos tres Res	Epiphany
Pasca de Frores	Pentecost/Whitsunday
Mes'Agustu	Mid-August/feast of the assumption
Pasca 'e Nadale	Christmas
Pasca	Easter

Meses (months)

Sardu	English
Jannàrju	January
Freàrju	February
Màrtu	March
Aprìle	April
Màju	May
Làmpadas	June
Trìbulas	July
Agùstu	August
Capidànne	September
Santu Gabìne	October
Sant'Andrìa	November
Nadàle	December

Istajones (seasons)

Sardu	English
Berànu	Spring
Istíu	Summer
Attùnzu	Fall/Autumn
Ibèrru	Winter

Colores (colours)

Sardu	English
Biancu (archaic: Arbu)	white
Nigheddu	black
Ruju	red
Grogu	yellow
Blu	blue
Biaitu	azure / sky-blue
Birde	green
Aranzu	orange
Tabachìnu	brown
Murru	gray
Rosa	pink