Warning: This might still contain errors.
The Base Of The Russian Language
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The Russian language is one that developed with the influx of various European and Middle Eastern languages. This is largely due to the geographical location of Russia, historical trade with other countries, and cultural Renaissance started by Russian royalty and other Bourgeoisie. Because of this, the Russian language is one that can be compared to languages such as Greek, Dutch, Italian, French, Arabic, Yiddish, and others that helped to mold it into the language known today. Though the base of the language is Slavic, many alphabetical, grammatical, and vocabulary forms are distinctly foreign.
| Dutch
|
Russian
|
English translation
|
| sluis |
шлюз |
lock
|
| kabeltouw |
кабельтов |
cable length
|
| kiel |
киль |
keel
|
| ruim |
трюм |
hold
|
| kajuit |
каюта |
cabin
|
| schipper |
шкипер |
captain (skipper)
|
| vlaggestok |
флагшток |
flagstaff
|
| vrucht |
фрукт |
fruit
|
| bootsman |
боцман |
boatswain
|
| noord |
норд |
north (wind)
|
| zuid |
зюйд |
south (wind)
|
| oost |
ост |
east (wind)
|
| west |
вест |
west (wind)
|
| reis |
рейс |
journey, voyage
|
| broek |
брюки |
pants
|
| appelsien |
апельсин |
orange
|
| kraan |
кран |
tap
|
| English
|
Russian
|
| basketball |
баскетбол
|
| bodybuilding |
бодибилдинг
|
| business |
бизнес
|
| businessman |
бизнесмен
|
| chips |
чипсы
|
| computer |
компьютер
|
| football |
футбол
|
| film |
фильм
|
| filter |
фильтр
|
| hamburger |
гамбургер
|
| jeans |
джинсы
|
| office |
офис
|
| sport |
спорт
|
| tennis |
теннис
|
| internet |
интернет
|
| motor |
мотор
|
| sweater |
свитер
|
| auto |
авто
|
| automobile |
автомобиль
|
Words that entered English
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| Russian
|
English
|
| дача |
Dacha
|
| субботник |
Subbotnik
|
| тройка |
troika
|
| спутник |
sputnik
|
| German
|
Russian
|
English translation
|
| Schlagbaum |
шлагба́ум |
barrier
|
| Rucksack |
рюкза́к |
backpack
|
| Zifferblatt |
цифербла́т |
clock face
|
| Perückenmacher |
парикма́хер |
hairdresser (wigmaker)
|
| Kartoffel |
карто́фель |
potato
|
| Graf |
граф |
count (rank of nobility)
|
| Butterbrot |
бутербрóд |
sandwich (literally 'bread and butter')
|
| Schlauch |
шланг |
Hose
|
| Lager |
лагерь |
Camp
|
| Landschaft |
ландша́фт |
Landscape
|
| Staat
|
штат
|
state
|
| Strafe |
штраф |
Fine (as punishment)
|
| Quittung |
квитанция |
receipt
|
| Fackel |
факел |
torch
|
| Feuerwerk
|
фейерверк
|
fireworks
|
| Spritze
|
Шприц
|
Syringe
|
| Buchhalter
|
Бухгалтер
|
accountant
|
| Halstuch
|
галстук
|
necktie
|
| Gefreiter
|
Ефрейтор
|
Corporal
|
| Rittmeister
|
ротмистр
|
Cavalry Captain
|
| Maßstab
|
масштаб
|
scale (map)
|
| Spion
|
шпион
|
spy
|
Words that entered German
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| Russian
|
German
|
English translation
|
| граница
|
Grenze
|
border
|
| дача |
Datsche
|
weekend home, cabin
|
| субботник |
Subbotnik
|
work input on a Saturday
|
- abat-jour - абажу́р (lampshade)
- avant-garde - аванга́рд (avant-garde)
- avant-scène - авансце́на (proscenium)
- bagage - бага́ж (baggage)
- beige - беж (beige)
- béton - бетон (concrete)
- bigoudis - бигуди (hair curler)
- bijouterie - бижутерия (jewelry/jewellery)
- billet - билет
- bouquiniste - букинист
- boutique - бутик
- café - каф́е (a café, not coffee; read: каф́э)
- caisse - касса (till)
- cascadeur - каскадёр (stuntman)
- catastrophe - катастрофа (catastrophe)
- cauchemar - кошма́р (nightmare)
- chaise longue - шезлонг
- chance - шанс
- champagne - шампа́нское (champagne - sparkling white wine)
- chanson - шансон (org. song, a music style, see: Russian chanson)
- chantage - шантаж (blackmail)
- concours - конкурс (competition)
- costume - костюм (costume, suit)
- couchette - куше́тка (couch)
- coupé - купе́ (compartment)
- crevette - креветка (am.e. shrimp, br.e. prawn)
- dame - да́ма (lady)
- déjà vu - дежавю́ or дежа вю́
- débile - дебил
- douche - душ (shower)
- ensemble - анса́мбль (meaning "a band", not "together")
- équipage - экипаж (crew)
- écran - экран (screen)
- étage - этаж (floor on a building)
- fabrique - фабрика (factory)
- garage - гара́ж
- gazon - газон
- jalousie - жалюзи (jalousie, window blinds)
- journal - журнал (journal, magazine, newspaper)
- lustre - люстра (chandelier)
- magasin- магазин (store, shop)
- maquillage - макияж (makeup/cosmetics)
- massage - масса́ж
- métro(politain)- метро(политен) (subway/underground)
- meuble - ме́бель (furniture)
- mirage - мира́ж (mirage)
- mode - мода (fashion)
- musée - музей (museum)
- nature morte - натюрморт (literally "dead nature", still life)
- ostéochondrose - остеохондроз (osteochondrosis)
- parachute - парашют
- plage - пляж (beach)
- putain - путана (whore)
- régime - режи́м (regime/routine)
- reportage - репортаж
- restaurant - рестора́н
- sabotage - саботаж
- sapeur - сапёр
- sac voyage - саквояж (valise/ travel bag)
- soldat - солдат (soldier)
- souteneur - сутенёр (pimp)
- théâtre - театр (theatre)
- toilettes - туалет (toilets)
- trottoir - тротуар (sidewalk)
- ventouse - вантуз (plunger)
- virage - вира́ж (road turn)
- vitrage - витра́ж (stained glass)
- vitrine - витрина (shop window/ showcase)
- voyage - вояж (tour, journey)
| Italian
|
Russian
|
English
|
| Pomodoro |
Помидо́р |
Tomato
|
| Vino |
Вино |
Wine
|
| Cartina |
Картина |
Painting
|
| Abbreviatura |
Aббревиату́ра |
Abbreviation
|
| Boccale |
Бокал |
Drinking Glass
|
| Bravo |
Браво |
Bravo
|
| Virtuoso |
Виртуоз |
Prodigy
|
| Posta |
Почта |
Post/mail
|
| Irredentismo |
ирредентизм |
Irredentism
|
| Maccheroni |
Макароны |
Macaroni
|
| Peso netto |
Вес нетто |
Net weight
|
| Puttana |
Путана |
Prostitute
|
| Soldato |
Солдат |
Soldier
|
| Nizza |
Ницца |
Nice
|
| Torta |
Торт |
Cake
|
| Giornale |
Журнал |
Magazine
|
| Gazzetta |
Газета |
Newspaper
|
| Cultura |
Культура |
Culture
|
| Problema |
Проблема |
Problem
|
| Pasta |
Паста |
Pasta
|
| Tiramisù |
Тирамису |
Tiramisu
|
| Spaghetti |
Cпагетти |
Spaghetti
|
| Linguine
|
Лингвини
|
Linguine
|
| Graffiti |
Граффити |
Graffiti
|
| Lasagna |
Лазанья |
Lasagna
|
| Pizza |
Пицца |
Pizza
|
| Valuta |
Валюта |
Currency
|
| Vermicelli |
Bермишель |
Vermicelli
|
| Basta |
Баста |
Enough
|
| Opera |
Oпера |
Opera
|
| Moderato |
Модерато |
Moderate
|
| Paparazzi |
Папарацци |
Paparazzi
|
| Contrabbando |
Контрабанда |
Contraband
|
| Avaria |
Авария |
Failure
|
| Granata |
Граната |
Grenade
|
| Propaganda |
Пропаганда |
Propaganda
|
| Basilica
|
Базилика
|
Basilica
|
- kasztan - каштан - chestnut
- kościół - костёл - church
- królik - кролик - rabbit
- ksiądz - ксёндз - priest
- rysować - рисовать - to draw
- powidła - повидло - plum jam
- tuz - туз - ace
- Węgry - Венгрия - Hungary
Words that entered Polish
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- czajnik - чайник
- czech - чех
- mamut - мамонт
- rodny - родной
- szaszłyk - шашлык
- βιβλιοθήκη - библиотека - (Library)
- εβραίος - еврей - (Jew)
- είκών- икона - (Image)
- κάκτος - кактус - (Cactus)
- χορός - хор - (chorus)
As well as words from Greek, many letters of the Russian alphabet come from Greek.
| Cyrillic |
Greek |
English
|
| А |
Α |
A
|
| В |
Β |
V
|
| Г |
Γ |
G
|
| Е |
Ε |
E
|
| К |
Κ |
K
|
| П |
Π |
P
|
| Р |
Ρ |
R
|
| С |
ς |
S
|
| Ф |
Φ |
F
|
| Х |
Χ |
Kh
|
- גוי - гой - Gentile
- יאַרמלקע - ермолка - Yarmulke
- כתיבה - ксива - ID (slang)
- פּוץ - поц - Putz (slang)
- שמאָק - чмо - Schmuck (slang)
Furthermore, the Russian letters Ш (Sh) and Щ (Sch) are believed to come from the Yiddish/Hebrew letter ש (Sh).
- بَدَوِيُّون - бедуин - Bedouin (A nomadic North African tribe)
- وَقْف - вакф - An act of charity
- كَبَاب - кебаб - Kebab
- بازار - базар - Bazaar/Market (which originally comes from Persian : بازار)
- صندوق - cундук - Chest/box
- نفط - нефть - Oil ( Crude Oil)
Words that are very similar in Russian and other Indoeuropean languages
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- mother - moeder (Dutch) - mutter (German) - mater (Latin) - мать
- daughter - dochter (Dutch) - дочь
- son - сын
- brother - брат
- sister - сестр́а
- cat - кот
- chair/stool - stoel (Dutch) - Stuhl (German) - Stalas (Lithuanian) - стул
- cold - хо́лодно
- day - день (non is the etymologic cognate)
- door - deur (Dutch) - дверь
- go, walk - ire (Latin) - идти́
- honey, mead - мёд
- house - domus (Latin) - дом
- I - ich (German) - Yo (Spanish), Io (Italian) - я
- Our - Nuestro (Spanish), Nostro (Italian) - наш
- key - clavis (Latin) - ключ
- love - любо́вь (noun), люби́ть (verb)
- may (verb)/might - мочь (verb and noun)
- milk - молоко́
- moon - luna (Latin) -луна́
- mouse - mus (Latin) - мышь
- my/mine - мой/моя́/моё/мои́
- night - ночь
- nose - нос
- sit - sedere (Latin) - сидеть
- stand - stare - стоять
- snow - снег
- sun - со́лнце (read: со́нцэ)
- that - тот
- thou - du (German), tú (Spanish), tu (Latin, French, Italian) - ты
- water - вода́
- wolf - волк
- And - Y (Latin form) - и
- buy - kopen (Dutch) - kaufen (German) - купить
- Saturday - שבת (Hebrew) - shabbath - суббо́та
- pity/blessed/pathetic - zielig (Dutch) selig (German) - жалкий
- confection/candy - конфеты
- precārī(Latin) to beg, pray(English) - просить, спрашивать
