Proto-Finnic/Phonology

Consonants

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Labial Dental/Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasals /m/
⟨m⟩
/n/
⟨n⟩
Plosives Voiceless /p/
⟨p⟩
/t/
⟨t⟩
/k/
⟨k⟩
Voiced /b/
⟨b⟩
/d/
⟨d⟩
/ɡ/
⟨g⟩
Affricate /t͡s/
⟨c⟩
Fricatives /s/
⟨s⟩
/x/
⟨h⟩
Trill /r/
⟨r⟩
Approximant /ʋ/
⟨v⟩
/j/
⟨j⟩
Lateral /l/
⟨l⟩

All consonants except /b, d, ɡ, h, j, ʋ/, can be geminated. The geminated obstruents *cc, *kk, *pp, and *tt are subject to consonant gradation into half-long obstruents *c', *k', *p', and *t', respectively (see more at § Morphophonology). The voiced plosives are pronounced as fricatives [β, ð, ɣ] when following vowels and /l, r/, although the voiced plosives only fully merged with fricatives as suggested by assimilation into nasals in some languages ([mb, nd, ŋɡ][mβ, nð, ŋɣ] → Finnish mm, nn, ng /mː, nː, ŋː/). It is important to note that Estonian lacks phonemic /ŋ/, so the allophony are still preserved in some dialects.

Vowels

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Front Back
Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded
Close /i/, /iː/
⟨i⟩, ⟨ii⟩
/y/, /yː/
⟨ü⟩, ⟨üü⟩
/u/, /uː/
⟨u⟩, ⟨uu⟩
Mid /e/, /eː/
⟨e⟩, ⟨ee⟩
/ø/, /øː/
⟨ö⟩, ⟨öö⟩
(/ɤ/, /ɤː/)
(⟨ë⟩, ⟨ëë⟩)
/o/, /oː/
⟨o⟩, ⟨oo⟩
Open /æ/, /æː/
⟨ä⟩, ⟨ää⟩
/ɑ/, /ɑː/
⟨a⟩, ⟨aa⟩

There are also phonemes /ɤ/, /ɤː/ (written as ⟨ë⟩, ⟨ëë⟩ in Proto-Finnic contexts) in Southern Finnic, usually results from rounding of *e in back harmony words (*velka*vëlka → Estonian *võlg), but also from other sporadic changes such as Southern Proto-Finnic *sëna : Northern Proto-Finnic *sana, SPF *hëbëda : NPF *hobeda, and SPF *mëistadak : NPF *muistadak. Because of this, some preferred to reconstruct words with , at least dialectally (Southern Proto-Finnic).

Morphophonology

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Vowel harmony

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Southern Proto-Finnic vowel harmony as reconstructed on this page is extremely similar to Votic.

Vowel harmony is a feature occuring in many Finnic languages, notable exceptions include (North) Estonian and Livonian. Proto-Finnic morphologically distinguished back vowels *a, (in some dialects), *u, front vowels , *e, , , and neutral vowels *i, *o. The vowel ö is always followed by front vowels, but o usually followed by back and neutral vowels, but can be preceded by all vowels.

Consonant gradation

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Consonant gradation is a feature occuring in almost all Finnic languages, except Livonian, Ludic, and Veps. There are originally two types of consonant gradation:

  • Radical gradation: Occuring in non-initial closed syllables. This causes strong grade consonants become weak.
Strong grade Weak grade
*cc *c'
*k *g
*kk *k'
*p *b
*pp *p'
*t *d
*tt *t'

Radical gradation is restricted after vowels, sonorants (*l, *m, *n, *r), and homorganic stops, although it later extended to *h, *k albeit inconsistently. Gradated syllables also influenced preceding syllable's long vowel (*kee·li : *kee·len*keeeli : *keelenkeel : keele /ˈkeːːl : ˈkeːle/ "tongue") in Estonian.

Note that *s*h gradation is sporadic; and it largely occurs in s-stem nouns (nominative *pensas → genitive *pensahen "brush"), illative *-sen ~ *-hen, connegative past *-(t)tisen ~ *-(t)tihen. It also occured on the irregular noun *mees → genitive *meehen "man" (but maa → illative *maasen) All of the former examples are subject to suffixal gradation.

  • Suffixal gradation: Occuring in non-initial odd-numbered syllables. It is now less productive than radical gradation in modern languages, although it leaves some remnants such as the Finnish partitive suffix -ta changes -a after short vowels, otherwise -ta.
Strong grade Weak grade
*k *g
*p *b
*t *d

Suffixal gradation is restricted into intervocalic positions.

Examples

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"tree" "hut" "cover" "blind"
Nominative *puu *ko·ta *jä·t'ek *so·ke·da
Genitive *puun *ko·dan *jä·tte·gen *so·ke·dan
Partitive *puu·ta *ko·ta·da *jä·t'ek·tä *so·ke·da·ta
Illative *puu·sen *ko·ta·hen *jä·tte·ge·sen *so·ke·da·sen
Inessive *puus·sa *ko·das·sa *jä·tte·ges·sä *so·ke·das·sa