OpenGL ES 2.0 has most of OpenGL 1.x just not available, and OpenGL 3.x and OpenGL 4.x deprecate it (the features are still available in the "compatibility profile", but you can expect the features to disappear soon enough).

However, little is said about how these features are replaced in the new versions. Here's how:

Matrix stack

Deprecated functions: glIdentity, glRotate, glOrtho, gluOrtho...

Matrix maths can be done:

in the shaders, using build-in operators
in the C source code using additional libraries such as:
- GLM - http://glm.g-truc.net/
  - cglm = Highly Optimized Graphics Math (glm) for C
- Kazmath - https://code.launchpad.net/~kazmath-developers/kazmath/trunk
- libSIMDx86 - http://simdx86.sourceforge.net/

GLM provides glm::ortho to replace glOrtho and gluOrtho for orthographic perspectives (and 2D programming).

Examples:

Tutorial 05: cube rotation

Vertex and texture

Deprecated functions: glVertex, glTexCoord...

These data are now sent in batch mode, as C arrays. You can use:

directly a C array : data is resent a each frame
glBufferData : send the C data once to the graphic card, then refer to the buffer

You use glVertexAttribPointer, once for each vertex attribute (position, color, texture coordinate...), passing it the C array or OpenGL buffer.

Examples:

Tutorial 01: introduction (C arrays, no buffer)
Tutorial 04: cube (elements)

Then you use glDrawArrays or glDrawElements to start drawing.

Normals

Deprecated functions: glNormal, glNormalPointer

Normals need to be passed to the shaders (namely for shading computations), like vector coordinates (glVertexAttribPointer). To compute the normal of 3 vertices a, b and c in counter-clockwise order, GLM provides:

glm::normalize(glm::cross(b - a, c - a));
glm::fastNormalize(glm::cross(b - a, c - a));  // faster but less accurate

Examples:

Tutorial 08: load .obj, computing normals on the fly

Evaluators - Bezier curves and surfaces

Deprecated functions: glMap1, glMap2, glEvalCoord, glEvalPoint...

GLU ES - http://code.google.com/p/glues/ - this is for OpenGL 1.x, so it may not work in a 2.x environment, but provides replacement code
Manual code (not that hard)

Examples:

Tutorial 07: teapot (Bézier surfaces)

Lighting

Deprecated functions: glLight (glLightfv3, etc.), glShadeModel...

The bad news is that you have to reimplement everything in the shaders. The good news is that it's not so hard, plus you have copy/pasteable code in the examples below :)

You also need to make the light parameters available to your shaders, and it's best to store them as a shader struct.

Examples: