Let be a not unit N'th root of unity, i.e. .
The discrete Fourier transform 's given by the symmetric Vandermonde matrix:
For example,
- Exercise (*). The square of the Fourier transform is the identity transform:
- Exercise (*). If an e-network is rotation invariant, then so 's the conductivity equation and the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map is diagonal in the Fourier coordinates (the column vectors of the matrix.