In this chapter, the following concepts are explained:
- strong masculine declension
- strong feminine declension
- strong neuter declension
- strong r-stem declension
- strong nd-stem declension
- weak masculine declension
- weak feminine declension
- weak neuter declension
Labial mutation (aka. u-umlaut) is marked by an L before the ending.
Front mutation (aka. i-umlaut) is marked by an F before the ending.
Strong masculine declension
edit
a-stem masculine nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
-r |
-ar
|
| genitive
|
-s, -ar |
-a
|
| dative
|
-i |
L -um
|
| accusative
|
-∅ |
-a
|
For the genitive singular, some nouns had -s, others had -ar, still others had both.
ja-stem masculine nouns
|
long stem |
short stem
|
| case |
singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
-ir |
-ar |
-r |
-jar
|
| genitive
|
-is |
-a |
-s |
-ja
|
| dative
|
-i |
L -um |
-i |
L -jum
|
| accusative
|
-i |
-a |
-∅ |
-ja
|
Masculine short stem are rare. The only ones are niðr, herr and beðr.
Long stems have i instead of j unless followed by back vowels (here a, u). j disappears anyways after a long stem, unless preceded by g or k.
wa-stem masculine nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
L -r |
L -var
|
| genitive
|
L -s, -var |
L -va
|
| dative
|
L -vi |
L -um
|
| accusative
|
L -∅ |
L -va
|
i-stem masculine nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
-r |
-ir
|
| genitive
|
-s, -ar |
-a
|
| dative
|
-∅, -i |
L -um
|
| accusative
|
-∅ |
-i
|
u-stem masculine nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
L -r |
F -ir
|
| genitive
|
-ar |
-a
|
| dative
|
F -i |
L -um
|
| accusative
|
L -∅ |
L -u
|
Consonant stem nouns
edit
Consonant stem masculine nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
-r |
F -r
|
| genitive
|
-s, -ar |
-a
|
| dative
|
(F) -i, -∅ |
L -um
|
| accusative
|
-∅ |
F -r
|
Strong feminine declension
edit
ō-stem feminine nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
L -∅ |
-ar
|
| genitive
|
-ar |
-a
|
| dative
|
L -∅, -u |
L -um
|
| accusative
|
L -∅ |
-ar
|
jō-stem feminine nouns
|
long stem |
short stem
|
| case |
singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
L -r |
-ar |
L -∅ |
-jar
|
| genitive
|
-ar |
-a |
-jar |
-ja
|
| dative
|
L -i |
L -um |
L -∅, -ju |
L -jum
|
| accusative
|
L -i |
-ar |
L -∅ |
-jar
|
wō-stem feminine nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
L -∅ |
L -var
|
| genitive
|
L -var |
L -va
|
| dative
|
L -∅, -u |
L -um
|
| accusative
|
L -∅ |
L -var
|
i-stem feminine nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
L -∅, -r |
-ir
|
| genitive
|
-ar |
-a
|
| dative
|
L -∅, -u |
L -um
|
| accusative
|
L -∅ |
-ir
|
Consonant stem nouns
edit
Consonant stem feminine nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
L -∅ |
F -r
|
| genitive
|
-ar, (F -r) |
-a
|
| dative
|
L -∅ |
L -um
|
| accusative
|
L -∅ |
F -r
|
Strong neuter declension
edit
a-stem neuter nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
-∅ |
L -∅
|
| genitive
|
-s, -ar |
-a
|
| dative
|
-i |
L -um
|
| accusative
|
-∅ |
L -∅
|
ja-stem neuter nouns
|
long stem |
short stem
|
| case |
singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
-i |
L -i |
-∅ |
L -∅
|
| genitive
|
-is |
-a |
-s |
-ja
|
| dative
|
-i |
L -um |
-i |
L -jum
|
| accusative
|
-i |
L -i |
-∅ |
L -∅
|
Long stems have i instead of j unless followed by back vowels (here a, u). j disappears anyways after a long stem, unless preceded by g or k.
wa-stem neuter nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
L -∅ |
L -∅
|
| genitive
|
L -s, -var |
L -va
|
| dative
|
L -vi |
L -um
|
| accusative
|
L -∅ |
L -∅
|
Strong r-stem declension
edit
r-stem nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
-ir |
F -r
|
| genitive
|
L -ur |
F -ra
|
| dative
|
L -ur |
F -rum
|
| accusative
|
L -ur |
F -r
|
r-stem nouns are those of family members and relationships. They are faðir, móðir, bróðir, systir and dóttir. faðir has an alternative genitive singular feðr.
Strong nd-stem declension
edit
nd-stem nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
-i |
F -r
|
| genitive
|
-a |
-a
|
| dative
|
-a |
L -um
|
| accusative
|
-a |
F -r
|
nd-stem nouns were originally present participles used substantively, like English he witnessed the killing of his mother.
Weak masculine declension
edit
an-stem masculine nouns
edit
an-stem masculine nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
-i |
-ar
|
| genitive
|
-a |
-a
|
| dative
|
-a |
L -um
|
| accusative
|
-a |
-a
|
jan-stem masculine nouns
edit
jan-stem masculine nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
-i |
-jar
|
| genitive
|
-ja |
-ja
|
| dative
|
-ja |
L -jum
|
| accusative
|
-ja |
-ja
|
Weak feminine declension
edit
ōn-stem feminine nouns
edit
ōn-stem feminine nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
-a |
L -ur
|
| genitive
|
L -u |
-na
|
| dative
|
L -u |
L -um
|
| accusative
|
L -u |
L -ur
|
jōn-stem feminine nouns
edit
jōn-stem feminine nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
-ja |
L -jur
|
| genitive
|
L -ju |
-na
|
| dative
|
L -ju |
L -jum
|
| accusative
|
L -ju |
L -jur
|
īn-stem feminine nouns
edit
īn-stem feminine nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
-i |
-ar
|
| genitive
|
-i |
-a
|
| dative
|
-i |
L -um
|
| accusative
|
-i |
-ar
|
Weak neuter declension
edit
an-stem neuter nouns
edit
an-stem neuter nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
-a |
L -u
|
| genitive
|
-a |
-na
|
| dative
|
-a |
L -um
|
| accusative
|
-a |
L -u
|
jan-stem neuter nouns
edit
jan-stem neuter nouns
| case |
singular |
plural
|
| nominative
|
-ja |
L -ju
|
| genitive
|
-ja |
-na
|
| dative
|
-ja |
L -jum
|
| accusative
|
-ja |
L -ju
|
