Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Defining Functions
Creating Functions
editTo start off this chapter I am going to give you an example of what you could do but shouldn't (so don't type it in):
a = 23
b = -23
if a < 0:
a = -a
if b < 0:
b = -b #Or use the command: elif (if+else)
if a == b:
print "The absolute values of", a, "and", b, "are equal"
else:
print "The absolute values of", a, "and", b, "are different"
with the output being:
The absolute values of 23 and 23 are equal
The program seems a little repetitive. Programmers hate to repeat things -- that's what computers are for, after all! (Note also that finding the absolute value changed the value of the variable, which is why it is printing out 23, and not -23 in the output.) Fortunately Python allows you to create functions to remove duplication. Here is the rewritten example:
def absolute_value(n):
if n < 0:
n = -n
return n
a = 23
b = -23
if absolute_value(a) == absolute_value(b):
print "The absolute values of", a, "and", b, "are equal"
else:
print "The absolute values of", a, "and", b, "are different"
with the output being:
The absolute values of 23 and -23 are equal
The key feature of this program is the def statement. The def keyword
(short for "define") starts a function definition. "def" is followed by the name of the function "absolute_value". Next, comes the single function parameter named, "n". A parameter holds a value passed into the function from the program that "calls" the function. Parameters of a function in the def statement, must be enclosed within a parenthesis. The value that is passed to a function parameter is called an argument. So for now, a parameter and argument points to the same thing. The block of indented statements after the ":" are then executed whenever the function is used. The statements within the function continue to be run until either the indented statements end, or a "return" statement is encountered. The return statement returns a value back to the place where the function was called in the calling program.
Notice how the values of a and b are not changed. Functions can be used to repeat tasks that don't return values. Here are some examples:
def hello():
print "Hello"
def area(w, h):
return w * h
def print_welcome(name):
print "Welcome", name
hello()
hello()
print_welcome("Fred")
w = 4
h = 5
print "width =", w, "height =", h, "area =", area(w, h)
with output being:
Hello Hello Welcome Fred width = 4 height = 5 area = 20
That example shows some more stuff that you can do with functions. Notice that you can use one or more parameters, or none at all. Notice also that a function doesn't necessarily need to "return" a value, so a return statement is optional.
Variables in functions
editWhen eliminating repeated code, you often notice that variables are repeated in the code. In Python, these are dealt with in a special way. So far, all variables we have seen are global variables. Functions work with a special type of variables called local variables. These variables only exist within the function and only while the function is running. When a local variable has the same name as another variable (such as a global variable), the local variable hides the other. Sound confusing? Well, these next examples (which are a bit contrived) should help clear things up.
a = 4
def print_func():
a = 17
print "in print_func a = ", a
print_func()
print "a = ", a,"which is global variable assigned prior to the function print_func"
When run, we will receive an output of:
in print_func a = 17 a = 4 which is global variable assigned prior to the function print_func
Variable assignments inside a function do not override global variables, they exist only inside the function. Even though a was assigned a new value inside the function, this newly assigned value exists only within the print_func function. After the function finishes running and the value of an a variable is printed again, we see the value assigned to the global a variable being printed.
Complex example
edita_var = 10
b_var = 15
c_var = 25
def a_func(a_var):
print ("in a_func a_var = ", a_var)
b_var = 100 + a_var
d_var = 2 * a_var
print ("in a_func b_var = ", b_var)
print ("in a_func d_var = ", d_var)
print( "in a_func c_var = ", c_var)
return b_var + 10
c_var = a_func(b_var)
print ("a_var = ", a_var)
print ("b_var = ", b_var)
print ("c_var = ", c_var)
print ("d_var = ", d_var)
The output is:
in a_func a_var = 15
in a_func b_var = 115
in a_func d_var = 30
in a_func c_var = 25
a_var = 10
b_var = 15
c_var = 125
d_var =
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Python24\def2", line 19, in -toplevel-
print "d_var = ", d_var
NameError: name 'd_var' is not defined
In this example the variables a_var, b_var, and d_var are all local variables when they are inside the function a_func. After the statement return b_var + 10 is run, they all cease to
exist. The variable a_var is "automatically" a local variable since it is a parameter named by the function definition. The variables b_var and d_var are local variables since they appear on the left of an equals sign within the function in the statements: b_var = 100 + a_var and d_var = 2 * a_var.
Inside of the function a_var has no value assigned to it. When the function is called with c_var = a_func(b_var), 15 is assigned to a_var since at that point in time b_var is 15, making the
call to the function a_func(15). This ends up setting the value of a_var to 15 when it is inside of a_func function.
As you can see, once the function finishes running, the local variables a_var and b_var that had hidden the global variables of the same name are gone. Then the statement print "a_var = ", a_var prints the
value 10 rather than the value 15 since the local variable that hid the global variable is gone.
Another thing to notice is the NameError that happens at the end. This appears since the variable d_var no longer exists since a_func finished. All the local variables are deleted when the function
exits. If you want to get something back from a function, then you will have to use return statement within the function.
One last thing to notice is that the value of c_var remains unchanged inside a_func since it is not a parameter and it never appears on the left of an equals sign inside of the function a_func. When a global variable is accessed inside a function, the function uses only value of the global variable but it cannot change the value assigned to the global variable outside the function.
Functions allow local variables that exist only inside the function and can hide other variables that are outside the function.
Examples
edittemperature2.py
# converts temperature to fahrenheit or celsius
def print_options():
print "Options:"
print " 'p' print options"
print " 'c' convert from celsius"
print " 'f' convert from fahrenheit"
print " 'q' quit the program"
def celsius_to_fahrenheit(c_temp):
return 9.0 / 5.0 * c_temp + 32
def fahrenheit_to_celsius(f_temp):
return (f_temp - 32.0) * 5.0 / 9.0
choice = "p"
while choice != "q":
if choice == "c":
temp = input("Celsius temperature: ")
print "Fahrenheit:", celsius_to_fahrenheit(temp)
elif choice == "f":
temp = input("Fahrenheit temperature: ")
print "Celsius:", fahrenheit_to_celsius(temp)
elif choice == "p":
print_options()
choice = raw_input("option: ")
Sample Run:
Options: 'p' print options 'c' convert from celsius 'f' convert from fahrenheit 'q' quit the program option: c Celsius temperature: 30 Fahrenheit: 86.0 option: f Fahrenheit temperature: 60 Celsius: 15.5555555556 option: q
area2.py
# By Amos Satterlee
print
def hello():
print 'Hello!'
def area(width, height):
return width * height
def print_welcome(name):
print 'Welcome,', name
name = raw_input('Your Name: ')
hello(),
print_welcome(name)
print
print 'To find the area of a rectangle,'
print 'enter the width and height below.'
print
w = input('Width: ')
while w <= 0:
print 'Must be a positive number'
w = input('Width: ')
h = input('Height: ')
while h <= 0:
print 'Must be a positive number'
h = input('Height: ')
print 'Width =', w, 'Height =', h, 'so Area =', area(w, h)
Sample Run:
Your Name: Josh Hello! Welcome, Josh To find the area of a rectangle, enter the width and height below. Width: -4 Must be a positive number Width: 4 Height: 3 Width = 4 Height = 3 so Area = 12
Exercises
editRewrite the area2.py program from the Examples above to have a separate function for the area of a square, the area of a rectangle, and the area of a circle (3.14 * radius ** 2). This program should include a menu interface.
Rewrite the area2.py program from the Examples above to have a separate function for the area of a square, the area of a rectangle, and the area of a circle (3.14 * radius ** 2). This program should include a menu interface.
def square(length):
return length * length
def rectangle(width , height):
return width * height
def circle(radius):
return 3.14 * radius ** 2
def options():
print
print "Options:"
print "s = calculate the area of a square."
print "c = calculate the area of a circle."
print "r = calculate the area of a rectangle."
print "q = quit"
print
print "This program will calculate the area of a square, circle or rectangle."
choice = "x"
options()
while choice != "q":
choice = raw_input("Please enter your choice: ")
if choice == "s":
length = input("Length of square: ")
print "The area of this square is", square(length)
options()
elif choice == "c":
radius = input("Radius of the circle: ")
print "The area of the circle is", circle(radius)
options()
elif choice == "r":
width = input("Width of the rectangle: ")
height = input("Height of the rectangle: ")
print "The area of the rectangle is", rectangle(width, height)
options()
elif choice == "q":
print "",
else:
print "Unrecognized option."
options()