It is difficult to produce small turbines. Pumping fluid from outside is easier, but it is not simple to integrate as many tubings.
Specific solutions are needed: we list some of them below:
Electrokinetic effectsEdit
Electrostatics in solution
- Electro-osmosis
- Electro-phoresis
- Dielectrophoresis
Acoustic streamingEdit
- Quartz wind
- Boundary-induced streaming
- Cavitation micro-streaming
Fluid structure interactionsEdit
- Soft walls
- Intelligent walls made of a responsive gel