Lower Sorbian/Grammar/Pronouns

Personal pronouns

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1. pers.

2. pers.

reflexive

NOM. sg.

ja

ty

-

GEN. sg.

mnjo; mě (mje)

tebje (tebjo); śi

sebje; se

DAT. sg.

mnjo (mnje); mě

tebje; śi

sebje; se

ACC. sg.

mnjo; mě

tebje (tebjo); śi

sebje; se

INS. sg.

mnu

tobu

sobu

LOC. sg.

mnjo (mnje)

tebje; śi

sebje; se

NOM. du.

mej

wej

cf. sg.

GEN. ACC. du.

naju

waju

cf. sg.

DAT. INS. LOC. du.

nama

wama

cf. sg.

NOM. pl.

my

wy

cf. sg.

GEN. pl.

nas

was

cf. sg.

DAT. pl.

nam

wam

cf. sg.

ACC. pl.

nas

was

cf. sg.

INS. pl.

nami

wami

cf. sg.

LOC. pl.

nas

was

cf. sg.

m

f

n

NOM. sg.

wón

wóna

wóno

GEN. sg.

njogo; jogo

njeje; jeje

njogo; jogo

DAT. sg.

njomu; jomu

njej; jej

njomu; jomu

ACC. sg.

animate: njogo; jogo inanimate: njen; jen

nju; ju

njo; jo

INS. sg.

nim

njeju

nim

LOC. sg.

njom

njej

njom

NOM. du.

wónej

GEN. du.

njeju; jeju

ACC. du.

animate: njeju; jeju inanimate: njej; jej

DAT. INS. LOC. du.

nima; jima

NOM. pl.

wóni

GEN. pl.

nich; jich

DAT. pl.

nim; jim

ACC. pl.

animate: nje; je inanimate: nich; jich

INS. pl.

nimi

LOC. pl.

nich

(a) longer form of personal pronouns are used after prepositions and to emphasise the focus on the denotate of the pronoun

(b) improper prepositions can also be followed by short forms of the pronouns, e.g. mimo mje

(c) the form wy is also a polite singular form

Possessive pronouns

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masculine feminine neuter plural dual
ceji? `whose` ceja? ceje? ceje? cejej?
mój mója móje móje mójej
twój twója twóje twóje twójej
naš naša naše naše našej
waš waša waše waše wašej
jogo jeje jogo jich jeju

singular

NOM. mój mója móje naš naša naše
GEN. mójogo mójeje mójogo našogo našeje našogo
DAT. mójomu mójej mójomu našomu našej našomu
ACC. =NOM. / GEN.
(animacy)
móju móje =NOM. / GEN.
(animacy)
našu naše
INS. mójim mójeju mójim našym našeju našym
LOC. mójom mójej mójom našom našej našom

plural and dual

NOM. móje naše mójej našej
GEN. mójich našych mójeju našeju
DAT. mójim našym mójima našyma
ACC. =NOM. / GEN.
(personal masculine)
=NOM. / GEN.
(personal masculine)
=NOM. / GEN.
(personal masculine)
=NOM. / GEN. (personal masculine)
INS. mójimi našymi mójima našyma
LOC. mójich našych mójima našyma

Declension of twój, vaš pronouns follows mój, vaš patterns accordingly. 3rd person possessive pronouns are indeclinable.

reflexive possessive pronoun

masculine feminine neuter plural dual
NOM. - - - - -
GEN. swójogo swójeje swójogo swójich swójeju
DAT. swójomu swójej swójomu swójim swójima
ACC. =NOM. / GEN.
(animacy)
swóju swójo swóje /
/ swójich
(personal masculine)
swójej /
/ swójeju
(personal masculine)
INS. swójim swójeju swójim swójimi swójima
LOC. swójom swójej swójom swójich swójima

Demonstrative pronouns

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In Lower Sorbian there is a twofold division of a deictic space, analogous to that in English: ten `this` and 2 synonymous pronouns for `that` - tamny and wóny.

Declined stem of the pronoun ten is t- and the pattern is analogous to the declension of possessive pronouns, e.g. ta (NOM. sg. f.), tomu (DAT. sg. m., n.), teju (GEN. du.). The only exception is NOM. sg. masculine ten.

Pronouns tamny and wóny are declined as adjectives

Interrogatory pronouns

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Subjective interrogatory pronouns

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personal

impersonal

NOM.

chto? `who?`

co? `what?` [1]

GEN.

kogo?

cogo?

DAT.

komu?

comu?

ACC.

kogo?

co? [1]

INS.

kim?

cym?

LOC.

kim?

com?

INS. du.

kima?

INS. pl.

kimi?

DAT. pl.

kim?

[1] after the prepositions na, wo, za, pśez the final –o can be omitted (a pśez > pśe, np. pśeco? `why?`)

Attributive interrogatory pronouns

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They are inflected as adjectives.

i) attributive interrogative referential pronoun: kótary? (kotry) `which?`

ii) attributive interrogative predicative pronoun: kaki? `what like?`


iii) attributive interrogative possesive pronoun: ceji? `whose?` - only in an agreement binding with a noun

iv) attributive interrogative manifold pronoun: wjeleseraki? `how manifold?`

Interrogatory adverbs

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ga? gdy? `when?`

źo? `where? where to?`

wotkul? `where from?`

cogodla? `why?`

kak? `how?`

wjele? kak wjele? `how much?`

Relative pronouns

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(a) derived from subjective interrogatory pronouns and the attributive referential pronouns by adding a suffix –ž, np. chtož, comuž; [the suffix –ž can be also attached to nouns or adverbs in the subordinate phrase (instead)]

(b) an alternative relative attributive referential pronoun – only in NOM. of all numbers and genders: kenž

(c) there exists also an uninflected indefinite relative pronoun ako, the content of which is complemented by an adequate personal pronoun in the subordinate phrase, e.g. ta wjaža, ako wy sćo we njej bydlili `the house, you used to live in`

Indefinite pronouns

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a) existential (detailed) indefinite pronouns – generally formed by adding a prefix ně- to the personal pronoun, e.g. něcobut: něcht ''(něchten) `somebody`

b) alternative indefinite attributive qualitative pronouns: młogi and wótery `one, some`

c) general indefinite pronoun wšen (m), wša (f), wšo (n) `every, everybody`

d) generalised indefinite pronouns – formed by adding a –kuli suffix to a personal or a relative pronoun (if in the relative function), np. chtokuli `whoever`

Indefinite negative pronouns

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Generally formed by adding a prefix ni- to a personal pronoun, e.g. niceji `no one's`, but: nicht (nichten) `no one`, nic `nothing`

Adjectival pronouns

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wšyken, wšykna, wšykno `every, everybody`

žeden, žedna, žedno `none`

wobej `both`

taki `such`

kaki `what like`

wšaki `of every sort, manifold`

kuždy `every`

kuždycki `every with no exception`

hynakšy `other`

wjelesery `manifold`

teliki `that big, that many`

někaki `somehow`

nikaki `of no qualities`

młogoraki `manifold`

wšakoraki `manifold`

wjeleseraki `manifold`

telikeraki `that manifold`