Lower Sorbian/Grammar/Pronouns

Personal pronouns

	1. pers.	2. pers.	reflexive
NOM. sg.	ja	ty	-
GEN. sg.	mnjo; mě (mje)	tebje (tebjo); śi	sebje; se
DAT. sg.	mnjo (mnje); mě	tebje; śi	sebje; se
ACC. sg.	mnjo; mě	tebje (tebjo); śi	sebje; se
INS. sg.	mnu	tobu	sobu
LOC. sg.	mnjo (mnje)	tebje; śi	sebje; se
NOM. du.	mej	wej	cf. sg.
GEN. ACC. du.	naju	waju	cf. sg.
DAT. INS. LOC. du.	nama	wama	cf. sg.
NOM. pl.	my	wy	cf. sg.
GEN. pl.	nas	was	cf. sg.
DAT. pl.	nam	wam	cf. sg.
ACC. pl.	nas	was	cf. sg.
INS. pl.	nami	wami	cf. sg.
LOC. pl.	nas	was	cf. sg.

	m	f	n
NOM. sg.	wón	wóna	wóno
GEN. sg.	njogo; jogo	njeje; jeje	njogo; jogo
DAT. sg.	njomu; jomu	njej; jej	njomu; jomu
ACC. sg.	animate: njogo; jogo inanimate: njen; jen	nju; ju	njo; jo
INS. sg.	nim	njeju	nim
LOC. sg.	njom	njej	njom
NOM. du.	wónej
GEN. du.	njeju; jeju
ACC. du.	animate: njeju; jeju inanimate: njej; jej
DAT. INS. LOC. du.	nima; jima
NOM. pl.	wóni
GEN. pl.	nich; jich
DAT. pl.	nim; jim
ACC. pl.	animate: nje; je inanimate: nich; jich
INS. pl.	nimi
LOC. pl.	nich

(a) longer form of personal pronouns are used after prepositions and to emphasise the focus on the denotate of the pronoun

(b) improper prepositions can also be followed by short forms of the pronouns, e.g. mimo mje

(c) the form wy is also a polite singular form

Possessive pronouns

masculine	feminine	neuter	plural	dual
ceji? `whose`	ceja?	ceje?	ceje?	cejej?
mój	mója	móje	móje	mójej
twój	twója	twóje	twóje	twójej
naš	naša	naše	naše	našej
waš	waša	waše	waše	wašej
jogo	jeje	jogo	jich	jeju

singular

NOM.	mój	mója	móje	naš	naša	naše
GEN.	mójogo	mójeje	mójogo	našogo	našeje	našogo
DAT.	mójomu	mójej	mójomu	našomu	našej	našomu
ACC.	=NOM. / GEN. (animacy)	móju	móje	=NOM. / GEN. (animacy)	našu	naše
INS.	mójim	mójeju	mójim	našym	našeju	našym
LOC.	mójom	mójej	mójom	našom	našej	našom

plural and dual

NOM.	móje	naše	mójej	našej
GEN.	mójich	našych	mójeju	našeju
DAT.	mójim	našym	mójima	našyma
ACC.	=NOM. / GEN. (personal masculine)	=NOM. / GEN. (personal masculine)	=NOM. / GEN. (personal masculine)	=NOM. / GEN. (personal masculine)
INS.	mójimi	našymi	mójima	našyma
LOC.	mójich	našych	mójima	našyma

Declension of twój, vaš pronouns follows mój, vaš patterns accordingly. 3rd person possessive pronouns are indeclinable.

reflexive possessive pronoun

	masculine	feminine	neuter	plural	dual
NOM.	-	-	-	-	-
GEN.	swójogo	swójeje	swójogo	swójich	swójeju
DAT.	swójomu	swójej	swójomu	swójim	swójima
ACC.	=NOM. / GEN. (animacy)	swóju	swójo	swóje / / swójich (personal masculine)	swójej / / swójeju (personal masculine)
INS.	swójim	swójeju	swójim	swójimi	swójima
LOC.	swójom	swójej	swójom	swójich	swójima

Demonstrative pronouns

In Lower Sorbian there is a twofold division of a deictic space, analogous to that in English: ten `this` and 2 synonymous pronouns for `that` - tamny and wóny.

Declined stem of the pronoun ten is t- and the pattern is analogous to the declension of possessive pronouns, e.g. ta (NOM. sg. f.), tomu (DAT. sg. m., n.), teju (GEN. du.). The only exception is NOM. sg. masculine ten.

Pronouns tamny and wóny are declined as adjectives

Interrogatory pronouns

Subjective interrogatory pronouns

	personal	impersonal
NOM.	chto? `who?`	co? `what?` [1]
GEN.	kogo?	cogo?
DAT.	komu?	comu?
ACC.	kogo?	co? [1]
INS.	kim?	cym?
LOC.	kim?	com?
INS. du.	kima?
INS. pl.	kimi?
DAT. pl.	kim?

[1] after the prepositions na, wo, za, pśez the final –o can be omitted (a pśez > pśe, np. pśeco? `why?`)

Attributive interrogatory pronouns

They are inflected as adjectives.

i) attributive interrogative referential pronoun: kótary? (kotry) `which?`

ii) attributive interrogative predicative pronoun: kaki? `what like?`

iii) attributive interrogative possesive pronoun: ceji? `whose?` - only in an agreement binding with a noun

iv) attributive interrogative manifold pronoun: wjeleseraki? `how manifold?`

Interrogatory adverbs

ga? gdy? `when?`

źo? `where? where to?`

wotkul? `where from?`

cogodla? `why?`

kak? `how?`

wjele? kak wjele? `how much?`

Relative pronouns

(a) derived from subjective interrogatory pronouns and the attributive referential pronouns by adding a suffix –ž, np. chtož, comuž; [the suffix –ž can be also attached to nouns or adverbs in the subordinate phrase (instead)]

(b) an alternative relative attributive referential pronoun – only in NOM. of all numbers and genders: kenž

(c) there exists also an uninflected indefinite relative pronoun ako, the content of which is complemented by an adequate personal pronoun in the subordinate phrase, e.g. ta wjaža, ako wy sćo we njej bydlili `the house, you used to live in`

Indefinite pronouns

a) existential (detailed) indefinite pronouns – generally formed by adding a prefix ně- to the personal pronoun, e.g. něco – but: něcht ''(něchten) `somebody`

b) alternative indefinite attributive qualitative pronouns: młogi and wótery `one, some`

c) general indefinite pronoun wšen (m), wša (f), wšo (n) `every, everybody`

d) generalised indefinite pronouns – formed by adding a –kuli suffix to a personal or a relative pronoun (if in the relative function), np. chtokuli `whoever`

Indefinite negative pronouns

Generally formed by adding a prefix ni- to a personal pronoun, e.g. niceji `no one's`, but: nicht (nichten) `no one`, nic `nothing`

Adjectival pronouns

wšyken, wšykna, wšykno `every, everybody`

žeden, žedna, žedno `none`

wobej `both`

taki `such`

kaki `what like`

wšaki `of every sort, manifold`

kuždy `every`

kuždycki `every with no exception`

hynakšy `other`

wjelesery `manifold`

teliki `that big, that many`

někaki `somehow`

nikaki `of no qualities`

młogoraki `manifold`

wšakoraki `manifold`

wjeleseraki `manifold`

telikeraki `that manifold`